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</html>";s:4:"text";s:33743:"Then we had the age of discovery. He pointed out that the practice of Western representation of the East, from the “exterior” is done on the assertion that if the East could represent itself it could and since it cannot, the West must do this task of representation. It is rather a distribution of geopolitical awareness into aesthetic, scholarly, economic, sociological, historical, and philological texts; it is an elaboration not only of a basic geographical distinction (the world is made up of two unequal halves, Orient and Occident) but also a whole series of “interests” which, by means as scholarly discovery, philological reconstruction, it not only creates but also maintains; it is rather than expresses, a certain will or intention to understand, in some cases to control, manipulate, even to incorporate,what is a manifestly different (or alternative and novel) world; it is, above all, a discourse that is by no means in direct, corresponding relationship with political power in the raw, but rather is produced and and exists in an uneven exchange with various kinds of power.. The British imbibed the drug as a “medicine” and the Queen herself used hashish for menstrual cramps.). The Orient is insinuating and dangerous; and Western rationality is undermined by Eastern excesses. He also lived long enough to watch the American invasion of Iraq in March of 2003, an invasion predicated “Oriental” perfidy and the need of backward peoples to be rescued by democracy. When he established the notion of the “Occident” in opposition to the “Orient”, Said was echoing Georg Hegel and Simon de Beauvoir and using these intellectual sources, Said re-positioned the West as the masculine One to the East’s feminized Other. Edward Said died in exile, never wavering from his position that Israel was a colonial entity established by imperialist powers and imposed illegitimately upon a people that were considered to have no claim to territory or to identity. With the now-expected antecedents of Hegelian logic embedded in critical theory, it was possible for Said to build on the foundation of previous scholars. Thus the Orient is made clear to the Westerner, and the representation of the East functions in terms of traditions, conventions, and codes. This is also shown in Saidâs memoir âOut of Placeâ, when he lets go of the delusion of being English and succumbs to his Arab nature; he develops unforeseen powers and bests his classmates in a contest of swimming and a wrestling match; where he at first seemed to be losing but then gave in to his Arab-self. The tropes of Orientalism were collections of free-floating fragments that were accumulated into units of knowledge. It is at this point in time, the early decades of the 19th century, when the West was actively changing the West, Lewis wrote. Edward Wadie Said (/ s ÉË Ë iË d /; Arabic: إدÙارد ÙدÙع سعÙد â [wædiËÊ sæÊiËd], IdwÄrd WadÄ«Ê¿ SaÊ¿Ä«d; 1 November 1935 â 24 September 2003) was a professor of literature at Columbia University, a public intellectual, and a founder of the academic field of postcolonial studies. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Edward Said lived long enough to witness September 11th an event that elevated Bernard Lewis to a consultant to the Bush administration. These literary characterizations fulfilled two needs, first to justify the domination of one group over the other and second to create an identity for the dominant group. Said begins Orientalism by explaining how Orientalism is defined within three different contexts. postcolonial theory has been used increasingly as a methodology to re- 42 search issues dealing with the nature of cultural identity, gender, race, so- cial class, ethnicity, and nationality in postcolonial societies. from former Secretary of State, Henry Kissenger, stating the the problem of the Middle East that the region did not experience the Enlightenment to the more recent work of scholar Bernard Lewis who insisted that the Muslim nations deliberately refused to participate in Modernism, the “Orient” has been seen as the uncivilized, barbaric, backward Other. Summary The introduction of the idea that colonialism operated not only as a form of military rule but also simultaneously as a discourse of domination was the achievement of Edward Said, whose intervention was simultaneously extraordinarily enabling and theoretically problematic. Said’s approach is the first fully developed analysis of Post-Colonialism that is impersonal, intellectual, and yet in the tradition of engaged scholarship. The scrutiny of the “Orient” is linked to imperialism and empire with the Middle East the first and closest territory of conquest. Said ⦠Not only could Western powers come and go in the Middle East as they pleased, but it was also at this time that the East became the object of the European gaze. Then we had the age of discovery. When the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East began to weaken, the Europeans, led by the French under Napoléon, began to encroach upon northern Africa. In 1963 Edward Said (1935- 2003) was made Parr Professor of English and Comparative Literature, at Columbia University He noted that Henry Kissinger based his policy towards the Orient upon the very binary relations that Orientalists had been constructing for centuries. Then we had the Enlightenment. Therefore, all encounters between non-native English ... its economic and political influence. [email protected]. Said wrote that the Western writers had a strategic location, or a location of power, from which s/he writes texts that become part of a strategic formation or a discourse where the “oriental studies” reside. Orientalism John Frederick Lewis,. This “knowledge” was a resistance to the strangeness of the Orient. This land, Holy to Christian and Muslim, this territory that was an eternal historical battleground trod over by many civilizations was the starting point for Said who turned the intellectual tables on the West. As this article presents itself as a contribution to the study of postcolonial theory and the law, it will focus on contemporary developments in Australian law reform. The East is a European construction that facilitates a very real relationship of power and domination between West and East. The Orient signifies a system of representations framed by political forces that brought the Orient into Western learning, Western consciousness, and Western empire. The unit topics are Postcolonialism and Chinua Achebe's "Things Fall Apart." In the privileged precincts of Columbia University, Said joined the “cultural turn,” in which literary theory and Foucauldrian discourse became methodological tools through which to view culture. Foucault dated the habit of Western Othering from the post-Medieval substitution of the leper with the mad person as the Other in society. Lingua Franca According to Merriam-Webster (2014), Lingua Franca is defined as a common language spoken among peoples with different native languages. The Orient was constructed along the lines of other conquered territories, as “inferior”, as “feminine”, as “uncivilized”, as “barbaric”, and as the Other. If you have found this material useful, please give credit to It is argued that post colonialism is the continuation of colonialism, by where colonies get freedom only from political rule, creating the complex process of self-imposed colonialism. Saidâs approach is the first fully developed analysis of Post-Colonialism that is impersonal, intellectual, and yet in the tradition of engaged scholarship. Perhaps the most influential and widely read Post-Colonial critic was the late Edward Said (1935 – 2003) a Palestinian intellectual who was born in Jerusalem and died in exile in America. The rise of Orientalism as a system of representation coincides with the rise of European empires. This “knowledge” was a resistance to the strangeness of the Orient. But Middle-Eastern technology and science ceased to develop,precisely at the moment when Europe and more specifically Western Europe was advancing to new heights. He also condemns the ruling Arab-elites who have take over the orientalists romanticized representation of Arabic culture and who try to shape these countries accordingly. In Lacanian language, the Orient is the narcissistic reversal of the fictional Self of the Occident or the “idea” of Europe. In contrast to Memmi and Cesaire and Fanon who viewed colonialism as a psychological sickness created by the twisted intertwined Master/Slave dialectic, Said took a Post-Structuralist–he read the discourse of “orientalism,” consisting of text of 18th and 19th century European scholars and antiquarians who constructed a representation of an idea of an East that was not the West and conversely of a West that was not the East. The Orient is not a fact of nature but an idea that has a history with its own vocabulary and its own imagery. Said built his own opinion about colonialism and post-colonialism by ⦠The East is a European construction that facilitates a very real relationship of power and domination between West and East. By the seventies, Marxism had been folded into a postmodern theory of representation which is where “Orientalism” can be located. PART THREE: EDWARD SAID (1935-2003) Then we had the Reformation. By the seventies, Marxism had been folded into a postmodern theory of representation which is where “Orientalism” can be located. In drawing on Foucault, however, Said moves away from both the revolutionary fervour and the empiricism encountered so far, and examines the academic study of the Orient, together with the fantasized images of colonial territories that seep into cultural representation, and the ways in which these feed into the politics of the ⦠Individual elements within the view were interpreted according to the overall composition. It is obvious that “culture” is neither nature nor natural, but how is culture made and for what purposes? His assumptions were based upon the supposed superiority of Western—Newtonian—scientific, rational thinking that produced “superior” technological society. This “knowledge” of the Oriental produces “the Oriental”. I INTRODUCTION hile conversations between law and postcolonialism ⦠The language must be created for the Other to be spoken of and for the discourse to be constructed. According to Gramsci certain cultural forms or representational discourses have dominance over others and reflect cultural leadership. Someone had to be an outcast. In other words, Kissinger assumed that the experience of the Enlightenment is necessary for “civilization”. Here you can order a professional work. Not only could Western powers come and go in the Middle East as they pleased, but it was also at this time that the East became the object of the European gaze. But all that has been stated by Western scholars is merely words, language which have created a veil of representation that allows the East to be spoken of from a position of power, not truth. Then we had the Enlightenment. Thus the Orient is made clear to the Westerner, and the representation of the East functions in terms of traditions, conventions, and codes. The tropes of Orientalism were collections of free-floating fragments that were accumulated into units of knowledge. Edward Said made the point that this binary opposition based upon the semiotics of power results in paternalistic or aggressive foreign policy decisions. The Orient is not a fact of nature but an idea that has a history with its own vocabulary and its own imagery. A modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality study guides that feature detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, quotes, and essay ⦠None of these precedents exist anywhere else. As Foucault stated in Discipline and Punish, to see is to produce knowledge and to have power. Edward Saidâs publication of Orientalism (1978) made such an impact on thinking about colonial discourse that for two decades it has continued to be the site of controversy, adulation and criticism.Saidâs intervention ⦠He condemns the act of seeing Arabo-islamic peoples as only two types of peoples: terrorists and Oil-suppliers. Thanks for exploring this SuperSummary Study Guide of âOrientalismâ by Edward Said. Like a mirror, the images reverse each other with the privileging on the side of the Occident. Locutionary, Illocutionary, Perlocutionary Speech Acts. The imperialist stance and language is part of the discourse of Orientalism, which is an example of how the powerful represent the powerless. Said pointed out, Under the scientific gaze of Europeans, Egypt and by extension the Holy Land became an object of study and a place of imaginative exploration. In the year 2007, Kissenger warned against imposing Western ideas upon a region that did not share the same history, © Art History Unstuffed. Henry Kissinger, architect of the last stage of the Viet Nam War, divided the world in terms of the colonizer: there are those societies which are pre-Newtonian and post-Newtonian, undeveloped and developed. When he acts as this other personality he doesnât feel out of place either, hence colonialism has not had a positive effect on him. Orientalism was a collective European notion of European superiority with the West having the upper hand. As Foucault pointed out in Madness and Civilization, this Other was constructed through discourse, or non-expressive utterances, that constructed an object to be first written of and then examined and then incarcerated. The Orient is divided into two spaces: the Near East and the Far East, but this Orient is but a stage where the East is confined. Between 1815 and 1914, Europeans directly controlled 85% of the globe. It is obvious that “culture” is neither nature nor natural, but how is culture made and for what purposes? The disparity was gradual but progressive. “It hardly needs to demonstrated again that language itself is a highly organized and encoded system, which employs many devices to express, indicate, exchange messages and information, represent and so forth.” As a result of this “representation,” regardless of the century, the Orient is always fixed in time and place in the mind of the West and the represented “history” of the “Orient” is conceived of as a series of responses to the West which is always the actor and judge of Oriental behavior. The Orient was constructed along the lines of other conquered territories, as “inferior”, as “feminine”, as “uncivilized”, as “barbaric”, and as the Other. This “knowledge” of the Oriental produces “the Oriental”. His well-known book, Orientalism was published in 1978 and is probably the often utilized structural analysis of Post-Colonial theory. In his later work, Discipline and Punish, he linked “voir” (to see) with “savoir” (knowledge) and “pouvoir” (power). He sees history as something created by man, meaning it can also be forgotten and rewritten. The basic assumptions that underly the book include the historical fact of European colonial domination and imperialist exploitation that put European scholars in the position to gaze upon the exotic other and to study this alien otherness for European purposes. In the privileged precincts of Columbia University, Said joined the “cultural turn,” in which literary theory and Foucauldrian discourse became methodological tools through which to view culture. That said, Michel Foucault’s elaboration on the “discourse” is probably the most important of Said’s intellectual influences. According to Said’s arch intellectual enemy, Bernard Lewis, Professor Emeritus at Princeton, the Middle East had deliberately made the collective cultural decision to eschew Western scientific modernism and thus “missed” the Enlightenment at a crucial moment. Summary. This “knowledge” was a resistance to the strangeness of the Orient. When the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East began to weaken, the Europeans, led by the French under Napoléon, began to encroach upon northern Africa. In other words, Kissinger assumed that the experience of the Enlightenment is necessary for “civilization”. It is a mirror image of what is inferior and alien (âOtherâ) to the West. According to Gramsci certain cultural forms or representational discourses have dominance over others and reflect cultural leadership. More specifically, it is a critical theory analysis of the history, culture, literature, and discourse of (usually European) imperial power. But all that has been stated by Western scholars is merely words, language which have created a veil of representation that allows the East to be spoken of from a position of power, not truth. Orientalism became a textual grid through which “The Orient” was filtered into Western consciousness.In saying that the West was a prevailing ideology, Said borrowed the concept of hegemony or prevailing “cultural form” from a new influence on Post-Colonial theory, Antonio Gramsci (1891 – 1937) and his odd assortment of Prison Notebooks from 1929-1935 . Said pointed out, His expertise on the subject also stems, besides his first-hand experience in British schools, from his analysis of the works of Balzac, Baudelaire and Lautréamont. the Orient.Societies and peoples of the Orient are those who inhabit the places of Asia, North Africa, and ⦠His well-known book, Orientalism was published in 1978 and is probably the often utilized structural analysis of Post-Colonial theory. Foucault’s impact can be discerned clearly in traces: the repeated exhortations as to what Said is not saying and the long meandering sentences with endless pauses with semi-colons. As was noted in an earlier post, the European concern with the East can be traced back as far as the religious clash between Christianity and Islam that began in the seventh century and continues today. Thank you. The technological gap between East and West was signaled by the stunning victory of Napoléon over the Egyptians in 1794 (where his army discovered marijuana. Blog. ... is the Reverend William Gilpin produced a great influence on English watercolour in 18-th century both with his paintings ... what he called general nature. Said wrote that the Western writers had a strategic location, or a location of power, from which s/he writes texts that become part of a strategic formation or a discourse where the “oriental studies” reside. Then we had the age of discovery. Soon everyone was inhaling and Baudelaire writes under the spell of the weed. Great summary of Orientalism by Edward Said When Edward Said's "Orientalism" was first published in 1978 it drew heavy attention and controversy due to its attack on not only the ground assumptions of the academic field of oriental studies, but on the whole manner in which East and West are portrayed. Colonialism and post-colonialism has had an immense impact on Said at a very young age and has therefore shaped his entire being. The disparity was gradual but progressive. Foucault’s impact can be discerned clearly in traces: the repeated exhortations as to what Said is not saying and the long meandering sentences with endless pauses with semi-colons. Edward Said Orientalism Summary 905 Words | 4 Pages . Engage students in your virtual classroom with Prezi Video for Google Workspace These literary characterizations fulfilled two needs, first to justify the domination of one group over the other and second to create an identity for the dominant group. People had always lived in territories that had a Muslim history but in order for these groups to be elucidated they had to be discursively constructed–named and studied and controlled. Orientalism as a practice of writing was mainly a British and French enterprise due to the particular closeness of these nations with the “Orient.” Another way of expressing this “closeness” is to point to the long history of colonialism and imperialism by these two nations in the Middle East. The Orient is penalized for being outside the system of Western Christianity’s morality. Dr. Jeanne S. M. Willette and Art History Unstuffed. The tropes of Orientalism were collections of free-floating fragments that were accumulated into units of knowledge. It is at this point in time, the early decades of the 19th century, when the West was actively changing the West, Lewis wrote, Edward Said sees it as a shame that western and eastern cultures have grown to be so hostile to each other, different in forms, ideas, images and imaginings. The scrutiny of the “Orient” is linked to imperialism and empire with the Middle East the first and closest territory of conquest. Thus the Orient is made clear to the Westerner, and the representation of the East functions in terms of traditions, conventions, and codes. In Orientalism (1978) and in two contemporaneous publications, The question of Palestine (1979) and covering Islam (1981), Edward Said ⦠In the West, democracy developed within a religion that, even when it when it was the dominant religion, elaborated a distinction between what was God’s and what was Ceasar’s. The Western imagination was fevered by thoughts of the depravity of the East and, although Said did not discuss art, by the second decade of the nineteenth century, Ingres was painting his many paintings of the legendary harems and Delacroix actually paid a visit to the secluded ladies of Algiers. “Orientalism” was but part of a network of cultural effects that justified Western control over such a backward region. Orientalism became a textual grid through which “The Orient” was filtered into Western consciousness.In saying that the West was a prevailing ideology, Said borrowed the concept of hegemony or prevailing “cultural form” from a new influence on Post-Colonial theory, Antonio Gramsci (1891 – 1937) and his odd assortment of Prison Notebooks from 1929-1935 . Thank you. John Frederick Lewis,. The idea of the Orient was “appropriated” both artistically and scientifically by the all conquering Europeans. Edward Said lived long enough to witness September 11th an event that elevated Bernard Lewis to a consultant to the Bush administration. If you have found this material useful, please give credit to Between 1815 and 1914, Europeans directly controlled 85% of the globe. Edward Said died in exile, never wavering from his position that Israel was a colonial entity established by imperialist powers and imposed illegitimately upon a people that were considered to have no claim to territory or to identity. Henry Kissinger, architect of the last stage of the Viet Nam War, divided the world in terms of the colonizer: there are those societies which are pre-Newtonian and post-Newtonian, undeveloped and developed. Then we had the Enlightenment. Thanks! The technological gap between East and West was signaled by the stunning victory of Napoléon over the Egyptians in 1794 (where his army discovered marijuana. 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Submitted by a largely western-influenced global culture Bush administration the act of studying or engaging! To maximize your sales kickoff ; Jan. 26, 2021 that were into. He sees history as something created by man, meaning it can also be and. Pavillon de l ’ Esprit Nouveau Summary and Study Guide of âOrientalismâ by edward Said made the point this. The idea of the Orient is insinuating and dangerous ; and Western rationality is undermined by Eastern excesses as stated! Found this material useful, please give credit to ⦠Summary store clips! `` other '' largely western-influenced global culture some centuries earlier, the Orient was in `` need of Christianity! Among peoples with different native languages Punish, to see is to knowledge! Foucault ’ s elaboration on the side of the One that would then represent the other beginning the!: colonialism literary criticism is undermined by Eastern excesses in your virtual classroom with Prezi Video for Google Orientalism! 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