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</body></html>";s:4:"text";s:29276:"Used as the example throughout the book ! MIPS uses three-address instructions for data manipulation. Typical of many modern ISAs ! The company was purchased buy Silicon Graphics, Inc. in 1992, and was spun off as MIPS Technologies, Inc. in 1998. Pseudo-Instruction. You may find it helpful to refer to the definition of IR trees in tree.h, and the MIPS reference. After you’ve done this, your compiler should pass the first 2 test cases. Most assemblers have a collection of macros to make your life easier. • Chapter 7: Linkage Conventions describes linkage conventions for The full MIPS ISA reference documents are listed below. In MIPS, this is a 16 bit signed integer that "MARS MIPS simulator This is a list of processors that implement the MIPS instruction set architecture , sorted by year, process size , frequency, Load Address la Rd, address Load computed address - not the contents of the location-into register Rd. MIPS Today MIPS Computer Systems, Inc. was founded in 1984 upon the Stanford research from which the first MIPS chip resulted. A Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) is one alternative. Easier to fetch and decode in one cycle MIPS to ARM Conversion. Each is 32 bits wide. This move instruction is a pseudo instruction implemented as: ADDI x1, x2, 0. A zero-mask bit clears the corresponding destination bit; a one mask bit preserves the corresponding destination bit. Neither the mult nor the multu instruction … MIPS uses this simple address calculation; other architectures such as PowerPC and x86 support different methods CS/CoE0447: Computer Organization and Assembly Language University of Pittsburgh 25 Hint on addresses (la - load address) ! .data var: .word 1000 ! They are described in the table below. The MIPS-161 has 10 supervisor registers in coprocessor 0. Use MIPS add, addi, sub instructions ! MIPS IV Instruction Set. For an example of an enhanced instruction, beq in MIPS can only compare two registers, but SPIM will happily compare a register and an intermediate. – The destination and sources must all be registers. Notice that that is the opposite of t0 < t1. Instruction Formats: Instruction formats: all 32 bits wide (one word): 6 5 5 5 5 6 •Copy contents of register: move rdest, rsrc. If you want to move a value from one register to another then this is always just a simple add instruction: MV x1, x2. It is the most efficient way to multiply the number in power of 2. Chapter 2 —MIPS I-Type Instructions 7 Deciphering the LW instruction n lwRegister1, Offset(Register2) n Register1–where the data from memory is placed. MIPS uses three-address instructions for data manipulation. register preceded by $ in assembly language instruction two formats for addressing: ... contents accessed with special instruction mfhi ("move from Hi") and mflo ("move from Lo") stack grows from high memory to low memory ; This is from Figure 9.9 in the Goodman&Miller text; ... Template for a MIPS assembly language program: Keywords: MIPS-X processsor, RISC, processor architecture, streamlined instruction set. The AND instruction can be used to CLEAR specific destination bits while preserving the others. This is an example of a pseudo-instruction. MIPS uses "load" (lui) and "move… Lab Schedule Activities ì This Week ì Lab work time ì MIPS functions ì MIPS Random Number Generator Assignments Due ì Lab 11 ì Due by Apr 19th5:00am ì Lab 12 ì Due by May 3rd5:00am Computer Systems and Networks Spring 2017 2 The MIPS R2000 Instruction Set Arithmetic and Logical Instructions In all instructions below, Src2 can either be a register or an immediate value (a 16 bit integer). movsx then sign-extends the 16- or 32-bit value to the operand-size attribute of the instruction. In all examples, $1, $2, $3 represent registers. So if you have a way to do that let me know. 2) load that thing into a register 3) have a way to get the address of the line you need to replace. A MIPS assembler, or SPIM, may be designed to support such extensions that make it easier to write complex programs. I was practicing converting C code into MIPS assembly language, and am having trouble understanding the usage of move and li in variable assignment. The sample ADDI instruction demonstrated in the datapath above is ADDI $24, $27, . Derek Meyer Going open source is “a big plan” that Wave CEO Derek Meyer, a MIPS veteran, has been quietly fostering since Wave acquired MIPS Technologies in June , explained Swift. MIPS has a multiply instruction, mult, and a multiply unsigned, multu, instruction. The regularity and simplicity of the MIPS instruction set means that a simple decoding process can be used to determine how to set the control lines. A multiplication of 2 32-bit numbers leaves the most significant 32 bits in HI, and the least significant 32 bits in LO. Inconsistent words have been used in various assembly language mnemonics to describe what is a copy over the history of CPUs. Supports only one memory addressing mode: c(rx). EX, MEM, or WB cycle) So FETCH instruction could MIPS Pipelining: Hazards 41 Hazards occur because data required for executing the current instruction may not be available Example: An instruction in the FETCH cycle may need data from a register whose value will be changed by an instruction elsewhere but still in process in the pipeline: e.g. Some processors have different instructions for loading registers and storing to memory, while other processors have a single instruction with flexible addressing modes. There are multiple versions of MIPS: including MIPS I, II, III, IV, and V; as well as five releases of MIPS32/64 (for 32- and 64-bit implementations, respectively). 6502 uses "load" (LDA) and "transfer" (TXA, etc.) mips store instruction offset, and move instruction. The program will utilize only a subset of the MIPS R2000 instruction set (see Section 3). A Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) is one alternative. The information given here is also found in Columns 1 and So… read the discussion on pages 97-99 in P&H. a data and instruction memory stress based on random memory access pattern: dc_stress.s a data-only memory stress based on random memory access pattern: move.s just a single move pseudo-instruction: smc.s self-modifying MIPS code, modification is performed 'in-flight' static_arrays.s example of a memory-located static array ## LSU EE 4720 -- Spring 2014 -- Computer Architecture # ## MIPS Floating Point # # Time-stamp: <22 January 2014, 15:00:04 CST, koppel@sky.ece.lsu.edu> ## Contents # # MIPS Floating-Point Instructions ## Objectives # # Floating Point # Read and write MIPS … Introduction Pseudoinstructions means "fake instruction". Intel’s x86 is the most prominent example; also Motorola 68000 and DEC VAX. Transfer control to another part of the instruction space. 1 MIPS Assembly Language Programming ICS 233 Computer Architecture & Assembly Language Prof. Muhamed Mudawar College of Computer Sciences and Engineering MIPS is a register-to-register, or load/store, architecture. For more MIPS instructions, refer to the Assembly Programming section on the class Resources page. MIPS Instruction Set 3 move from hi mfhi $2 $2=hi Copy from special register hito general register move from lo mflo $2 $2=lo Copy from special register loto general register move move $1,$2 $1=$2 Pseudo-instruction (provided by assembler, not processor!) 4.Others: coprocessor and special instructions. mips32® instruction set quick reference rd destination register rs, rt source operand registers ra return address register (r31) pc program counter acc 64-bit accumulator lo, hi accumulator low (acc31:0) and high (acc63:32) parts ± signed operand or sign extension ∅ unsigned operand or zero extension:: concatenation of bit fields MIPS Intro Computer Organization 9 # Instruction Next instruction is at: j Label # Label Addresses in Jump Instruction J op 26-bit address If the assembler simply replaces the label with its address, that would limit the size of the address space for MIPS programs to 226 words, or 256 MiB. Tom Kelliher, CS26. For example, to implement the following C line in MIPS: int x = 0; If I understand it correctly (I highly doubt this, though), it looks like both of these work in MIPS assembler: Integer arithmetic and logical operations are executed directly by the CPU. MIPS is a Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC). ... Move the contents register Rdest to the hi (lo) register. This is a description of the MIPS instruction set, their meanings, syntax, semantics, and bit encodings. Example movsxbl 1(%esi), %edx movsxwl 5(%ebx), %edx Move With Zero Extend (movzb) movzb[wl] r/m8, reg[16|32] movzwl r/m16, reg32 Operation. The MIPS Info Sheet MIPS Instructions Arithmetic/Logic In the instructions below, Src2 can either be a reg- ... b label Branch instruction Unconditionally branch to the instruction at the label. A MIPS processor consists of an integer processing unit (the CPU) and a collection of coprocessors that perform ancillary tasks or operate on other types of data such as floating-point numbers. Nonetheless, the resultant MIPS/mA ratio differs drastically. a) Write MIPS assembly code that implements the FIR filter. heyy, I study software so i'm absolutely new when it comes to drawing electrical circuits and I need to add a new instruction to This MIPS machine here The new instruction i have to add jt - jump table - is an instruction which makes it possible to go to the address indicated by a value in memory at the address indicated by two registers: The move instruction copies a value from one register to another. AND Instruction. The XOP (eXtended Operations) instruction set, announced by AMD on May 1, 2009, is an extension to the 128-bit SSE core instructions in the x86 and AMD64 instruction set for the Bulldozer processor core, which was released on October 12, 2011. MIPS also provides two special instructions to move data from Hi and Lo to the general purpose registers: move from Lo, mflo, and move from Hi, mfhi. Your simulator should provide two modes: single step and run-to-completion. The li instruction loads a specific numeric value into that register. MIPS interrupt • With external interrupt, if an event happens that must be processed, the following things will happen: – The address of the instruction that is about to be executed is saved into a special register called EPC – PC is set to be 0x80000180, the starting address of the interrupt handler • … Instruction 1 Instruction 2 Instruction 3 Instruction 4 data data 1028 Fetch Execute Addr. ... Issue the SYSCALL instruction. There’s a hardware interlock to stall further multiplications, divisions, or move from LO or HI to execute until the operation is finished. Multiply and Division Instructions •mul rd, rs, rt –puts the result of rs times rt in rd •div rd, rs, rt –A pseudo instruction –puts the quotient of rs/rt into rd ... • Special ‘addressable’ registers –you can not use these directly, you have to use special move … However AMD removed support for XOP from Zen (microarchitecture) onward.. – Special instructions, which we’ll see later, are needed to access main memory. MIPS Multiplication Using SLL. MIPS instruction set is a Reduced Instruction Set Computer ISA(Instruction Set Architecture). •It is a pseudo-instruction •It’s easy for us to use, but it’s actually a “macro” of another MIPS Instruction Set (RISC) Instructions execute simple functions. – Each ALU instruction contains a destination and two sources. MIPS-X is a high performance second generation reduced instruction set microprocessor. 2. PC-RELATIVE: a data or instruction memory location is specified as an offset relative to the incremented PC.. 4. There are always 2 operands, a register and an address. The registers are identified by a integer, numbered 0 - … The Text tab displays the MIPS instructions loaded into memory to be executed. Often, you need to reference a particular variable. In this work, I analyze MIPS instruction format, instruction data path, control module function and design theory based on RISC CPU instruction … MIPS Instructions: 32-bit Core Subset General notes: a. R s, R t, and R d specify general purpose registers b. f s, f t, and f d specify floating point registers c. C d specifies coprocessor 0 registers d. PC (Program Counter) specifies the instruction address register and contains address of instruction … MIPS Instructions 1. MIPS move. The following is a list of the standard MIPS instructions that are implemented as pseudoinstructions: • blt • bgt • ble • blt • bge • li • move Branch Pseudoinstructions Branch if less than (blt) The blt instruction compares 2 registers, treating them as signed integers, and takes a branch if … Instruction execution involves the following activities, which are approximately in order. Execution flow jumps to the MIPS instruction at memory location 0x800000180. There are only three different instruction word formats: Register format ... Move the immediate value imm into register Rd. This mnemonic does not correspond to a new machine instruction. The ALU is designed to combine two source operands to produce a result. IMMEDIATE: a numeric value embedded in the instruction is the actual operand.. 3. Local variables can be allocated and destroyed. Now of course I keep trying to change it but once I get to the end of patching it says its invalid and wont let me change it. A pseudo-instruction is an instruction that are accepted by the MIPS assembler, but that does not exist in the MIPS architecture. Its specification requires only the toolkit's basic features, and the regularity of the instruction set lends itself to factoring, making the specification small. For this question, implement two tiles: one that looks like and emits the move instruction, 2. Rev 3.2 MIPS Technologies, Inc. All Right Reserved RESTRICTED RIGHTS LEGEND Use, duplication, or disclosure of the technical data contained in this document by put "under the hood". Some students will be approaching my text having already taken a course based on the MIPS microprocessor. Today, MIPS … The instruction formats for jump and branch J 10000 is represented as 6-bits 26 bits This is the J-type format of MIPS instructions. Figure 2.1 shows more details of the MIPS architecture revealed in this chapter. The extended assembler allows you to use the mnemonic move instead of addu. Example Multiplication Program Using SLL. The program counter (PC) hold the address of the next instruction. – Each ALU instruction contains a destination and two sources. MIPS R2000 Instructions, Program Structure. •It is a pseudo-instruction •It’s easy for us to use, but it’s actually a “macro” of another These instructions are used to move data between memory and the processor. 3. MIPS Assembly Language Guide MIPS is an example of a Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) which was designed for easy instruction pipelining. Interactive course at http://test.scalable-learning.com, enrollment key YRLRX-25436.Contents: MIPS 3-operand format, add, addi, MIPS register file, R0. beq instruction. The assembler will translate the ... Move the contents of the hi (lo) register to register Rdest. Save PC in exception program counter (EPC) register ! – The destination and sources must all be registers. Regarding the RFE instruction, see the trap handling section, also below. MIPS Instruction Format MIPS uses a 32-bit fixed-length instruction format. We'll start in the classroom, then move into the lab. Floating point operations are executed by Coprocessor 1. The immediate forms of the instructions are only included for reference. Document Number: MD00082 Revision 0.95 March 12, 2001 MIPS Technologies, Inc. 1225 Charleston Road Mountain View, CA 94043-1353 MIPS32™ Architecture For Programmers 9/16/09 1 From C to MIPS David E. Culler CS61CL Sept 16, 2009 Lecture 4 UCB CS61CL F09 Lec 4 On MIPS architecture similar instruction is used to transfer function arguments that were previously held in 32-bit register but for purpouse of call are transfered into 64-bit. MIPS uses this simple address calculation; other architectures such as PowerPC and x86 support different methods CS/CoE0447: Computer Organization and Assembly Language University of Pittsburgh 25 Hint on addresses (la - load address) ! However there is a further complication on MIPS hardware: Rule: Do not use a multiply or a divide instruction within two instructions after mflo or mfhi.The reason for this involves the way the MIPS pipeline works. 6. Others include ARM, PowerPC, SPARC, HP-PA, and Alpha. The 80×86 has a much richer and larger set of operations. MIPS Addressing Modes 1. mips if statement greater than. The branch instruction (bge) stands for branch-if-greater-than-or-equal-to. Art Swift, hired by Wave this month as president of its MIPS licensing business, described the move as critical to accelerate the adoption of MIPS in an ecosystem.  We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. The arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic and logical operations such as adds and subtracts. – The destination and sources must all be registers. All R-type instructions have the following format: OP rd, rs, rt Where "OP" is the mnemonic for the particular instruction. It is a pseudoinstruction that the assembler translates into the appropriate basic assembly instruction. 1 pseudo instruction Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: MIPS Pseudo Instructions and Functions 2 October 2019 points to the next instruction to be executed. Assembler Directives •Directives tell the assembler how to function •Groups of directives ... •After entering a “step” command to SPIM, the MIPS instruction that has just completed is displayed •Here is an example of SPIM instruction display ... Move the floating float double (single) from register FRsrc to register FRdest. 0. how MIPS load an double value into a register? • MIPS branch tests if register = 0 or 0 • MIPS Solution: – Move Zero test to ID/RF stage – Adder to calculate new PC in ID/RF stage – 1 clock cycle penalty for branch versus 3 Adder IF/ID Pipelined MIPS Datapath Memory Access Write Back Instruction Fetch Instr. MIPS (Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipelined Stages) is a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) instruction set architecture (ISA): A-1: 19 developed by MIPS Computer Systems, now MIPS Technologies, based in the United States.. MIPS uses conventions again to split the register spilling chores. Constant-Manipulating Instructions ... Unconditionally jump to the instruction at target × 4. Jump to predefined handler address ! The MIPS Instruction Set ! These may be accessed with the MFC0 (move from coprocessor 0) and MTC0 instruction, as follows: mfc0 $4, $12 • Important trends: growing transistors, move to multi-core, slowing rate of performance improvement, power/thermal constraints, long memory/disk latencies. Load instructions move data from memory to registers. mips reference sheet. Conditional branch is represented using I-type format: 1028 1032 1036 PC CPU MEMORY Ordinarily, PC is incremented by 4 after each instruction is executed. – Special instructions, which we’ll see later, are needed to access main memory. I Instruction set: 1.Load/Store: move data between memory and general registers. 2. instructions have executed. 1/1 Regarding the MFC0 and MTC0 instructions, see the next section. this is easy in ASM. The MIPS architecture, which was introduced in 1985, is based on the reduced instruction set computer—also referred to as RISC—developed at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1980. REGISTER: a source or destination operand is specified as content of one of the registers $0-$31. b Move the logically preceding instruction into the delay slot The optimizer from CS 102 at COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad Conditional Branch PROGRAM When designing a modern ISA, one criteria is to decide whether an instruction should be part of the ISA or not. • Chapter 6: Coprocessor Instruction Set describes the coprocessor instruction sets. In order to move the result to a register, we used instruction mflo. All of these except nor also have immediate counterparts where the 16-bit immediate value is treated as unsigned (not sign-extended) when the operation is performed. 3. This is a **partial list** of the available MIPS32 instructions, system calls, and assembler directives. mul.d FRdest, FRsrc1, FRsrc2Floating Point Multiply Double Others include ARM, PowerPC, SPARC, HP-PA, and Alpha. Pseudo-instructions These are simple assembly language instructions that do not have a direct machine language equivalent. The source and destination locations are determined by the addressing modes, and can be registers or memory. ... , and discusses how these are encoded in the MIPS instruction … Addresses can take several forms, as we shall see, the simplest is the label of a data item. MIPS- How to add one string to another. There are three instruction formats: I-type (immediate), J-type (jump), and R-type (register). This document describes the visible architecture of the machine, the basic timing of the instructions, and the instruction set. The MIPS is a good machine to start with because it has a small, regular instruction set. I think that it should be treated as copy? The branch instruction (bge) stands for branch-if-greater-than-or-equal-to. Data movement instructions move data from one place, called the source operand, to another place, called the destination operand. Instruction encoding is totally different than MIPS (more instruction formats) but (almost) all MIPS instructions can be translated to exactly one LoongArch instruction. Lack of precision The XOP (eXtended Operations) instruction set, announced by AMD on May 1, 2009, is an extension to the 128-bit SSE core instructions in the x86 and AMD64 instruction set for the Bulldozer processor core, which was released on October 12, 2011. ## LSU EE 4720 -- Spring 2014 -- Computer Architecture # ## MIPS Floating Point # # Time-stamp: <22 January 2014, 15:00:04 CST, koppel@sky.ece.lsu.edu> ## Contents # # MIPS Floating-Point Instructions ## Objectives # # Floating Point # Read and write MIPS … A branch instruction alters the flow of control by modifying the PC. So, we're telling MIPS to go to the else statement if t0 >= t1. The MIPS has a floating point coprocessor (numbered 1) that operates on single precision (32-bit) and double precision (64-bit) floating point numbers. All 199 instructions from MIPs ISA Release 2 are summarized below. And how they are handled in MIPS: — New instructions for calling functions. The move making it the latest company to abandon MIPS after Wave Computing's move to … For class, you should use the register names, not the corresponding register numbers. These are used to store the results of a division or multiplication. 7 MIPS: register-to-register, three address MIPS is a register-to-register, or load/store, architecture. MIPS has a “Load/Store” architecture since all instructions (other than the load and store instructions) must use register operands. Intel’s x86 is the most prominent example; also Motorola 68000 and DEC VAX. Chinese chip maker Loongson Technology on Thursday unveiled its fully in-house developed instruction set architecture, Loongson Architecture, or LoongArch, marking a major milestone for the Chinese IC industry.. Loongson was previously one of the key proponents of the MIPS instruction system. Yours may be different, but probably will need to accomplish the same thing. Chinese chip maker Loongson used to make processors based on MIPS architecture, but MIPS isn’t what it used to be and the company that developed … Hyphens in the encoding indicate "don't care" bits which are not considered when an instruction is being decoded. As an example, the add mnemonic can be used as: Sll also called shift left logical. Appendix B (Section B.10) describes the full MIPS architecture. RISC’s underlying principles, due to Hennessy and Patterson: É Simplicity favors regularity In MIPS assembly language, there is a multiplication instruction for signed integers, mult, and for unsigned integers multu. A number of system services, mainly for input and output, are available for use by your MIPS program. Let’s just look at multiplication from the MIPS programmer’s perspective. FIGURE 2.44 The MIPS instruction set covered so far, with the real MIPS instructions on the left and the pseudoinstructions on the right. MIPS Pseudo-Instructions • Pseudo-instructions: extend the instruction set for convenience •Examples • move $2, $4 # $2 = $4, (copy $4 to $2) Translates to: add $2, $4, $0 • li $8, 40 # $8 = 40, (load 40 into $8) addi $8, $0, 40 • sd $4, 0($29) # mem[$29] = $4; Mem[$29+4] = $5 sw $4, 0($29) sw $5, 4($29) Functions in MIPS We’ll talk about the 3 steps in handling function calls: 1. mips jump instruction. The MIPS also has two special-purpose 32-bit registers, HI and LO. MIPS is a modular architecture supporting up to four coprocessors (CP0/1/2/3). 4) move the instruction from the register in step 2 into the memory position from step 3 under the appropriate condition. What type is the break instruction on MARS (MIPS … •MIPS instruction set architecture •MIPS basic instructions •Arithmetic instructions: add, addi, sub •Data transfer instructions: lw, sw •Control instructions •Logical operations •MIPS instruction format •Encoding/decoding assembly code • Division is like multiplication but most likely slower. .data var: .word 1000 ! You can read more about RISC-V pseudo instructions here, on page 110. During single-step you should be able to print out the value of a specified register or to print all registers (see Section 4 … But with the MIPS architecture fading away, the company has decided to create its own CPU instruction set architecture (ISA) called LoongArch, short for Loongson Architecture, that is … In fact, most would prefer a single instruction to three if the same task were accomplished. Loongson is a Chinese company better known for its MIPS processors, and we often see the company being mentioned in mainline Linux changelogs with regards to updated to Loongson MIPS SoC’s.. MIPS can be confusing as there is no instruction specifically for copying from one register to another, but then that's the essence of RISC - why have a MOVE instruction when you can perform the same operation with an OR? beq Rsrc1, Src2, label Branch on Equal ... Load/Store/Move Instructions move Rdest, Rsrc Move Move the contents of Rsrcto Rdest. MIPS Instructions. Figure 6 Instruction Formats This approach simplifies instruction decoding. MIPS is a simple and easy-to-pipeline instruction set architecture, and it is representative of the RISC architectures being used in 2006. 7: MIPS Functions and the Stack Segment Page 3 is used to call methods whose addresses are variables known at runtime. There is similar instruction for MIPS that I've covered. Step 4. Two groups of Autumn 2002. Notice that that is the opposite of t0 < t1. Non-integers? Observe that the MIPS ISA is designed in such a way that it is suitable for pipelining. 2. Use MIPS addu, addui, subu instructions ! Move … An effect is that the instruction after a branch will be performed regardless of whether the branch is taken. If the branch is taken, we jump to the label else_statement, otherwise, the branch instruction does nothing and we execute the instruction directly underneath it. The result is stored in the destination register by movsx. Mips coprocessor 0. Three types of instructions: Register (R) … “1.1” or “2.99792E10” • Not always precise. register preceded by $ in assembly language instruction two formats for addressing: using register number ex $0 ... contents accessed with special instruction mfhi ("move from Hi") and mflo ("move from Lo") stack grows from high memory to low memory MIPS Assembly Language Program Structure. Mips instruction set has a variety of operational code AKA opcodes.These opcodes are used to perform different types of task such as addition, subtraction, multiplication of signed or unsigned numbers. Data movement instructions can be grouped into loads, stores, moves, and immediate loads. 3.Jump and Branch: Change control ow of a program. In effect, the assembler supports an extended MIPS architecture that is more sophisticated than the actual MIPS architecture of the underlying hardware. STOSB instruction not storing byte when run from a bootloader. Save the address of the next instruction in register ... move Name Op-Code Dest Src Comment Move * move rdest, rsrc # rdest = rsrc . Instruction Set Compiler (RISC) is a microprocessor that had been designed to perform a small set of instructions, with the aim of increasing the overall speed of the processor. 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