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</html>";s:4:"text";s:12292:"Where is the location of the nearest fault? Intensity is the amount of damage the earthquake causes locally, which can be characterized by the 12 level Modified Mercalli Scale (MM) where each level designates a certain amount of destruction correlated to ground acceleration. Conform to local building codes providing "Life Safety," meaning that the building may collapse eventually but not during the earthquake. For definitions of terms used in this resource page, see Glossary of Seismic Terminology . This resource page provides an introduction to the concepts and principles of seismic design, including strategies for designing earthquake-resistant buildings to ensure the health, safety, and security of building occupants and assets. Braced Frames: Vertical frames that transfer lateral loads from floors and roofs to foundations. The momentum of the earthquake will push over top-heavy buildings with significant force. Second, performance-based requirements, which may exceed the minimum life safety requirements of current seismic codes, must be established to respond appropriately to the threats and risks posed by natural hazards on the building's mission and occupants. Height is the main determinant of fundamental period—each object has its own fundamental period at which it will vibrate. Blast Protection. Tall buildings cannot be base-isolated or they would overturn. Is there a potential for landslide or liquefaction on or near the site? National Institute of Building Sciences Functional / Operational—Ensure Occupant Safety and Health, Secure / SafeSecure / Safe—Natural Hazards Mitigation, Secure / Safe—Provide Security for Building Occupants and Assets. In the U.S. alone, the average direct cost of earthquake damage is estimated at $1 billion/year while indirect business losses are estimated to exceed $2 billion/year. The principles and strategies of seismic design and construction are applied in a systematic approach that matches an appropriate response to specific conditions through the following major steps: The location and physical properties of the site are the primary influences the entire design process. Stiffness of a material is a degree of resistance to deflection or drift (drift being a horizontal story-to-story relative displacement). Disclaimer, Unified Facilities Guide Specifications (UFGS), security of building occupants and assets, Designing Buildings to Resist Explosive Threats, threat/vulnerability assessment and risk analysis, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP), Standards of Seismic Safety for Existing Federally Owned and Leased Buildings, Functional / Operational—Ensure Occupant Safety and Health, Secure / Safe—Provide Security for Building Occupants and Assets, American Council of Engineering Companies, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Mitigation Division, USGS National Earthquake Information Center, 0.50g is very high but buildings can survive it if the duration is short and if the mass and configuration has enough damping, Hysteric dampers utilize the deformation of metal parts, Visco-elastic dampers stretch an elastomer in combination with metal parts, Frictive dampers use metal or other surfaces in friction, Viscous dampers compress a fluid in a piston-like device, Hybrid dampers utilize the combination of elastomeric and metal or other parts, Mechanical, Plumbing, Electrical and Communications equipment. As the ground moves, the building moves at a slower pace because the isolators dissipate a large part of the shock. Strength and Stiffness: Strength is a property of a material to resist and bear applied forces within a safe limit. First, the design team must take a multi-hazard approach towards design that accounts for the potential impacts of seismic … Base Isolation retrofit is a costly operation that is most commonly appropriate in high asset value facilities and may require partial or the full removal of building occupants during installation. For over 29 years, the SDR seminars and SDR workbook have been helping candidates prepare for the California Civil P.E. Building configuration determines the way seismic forces are distributed within the structure, their relative magnitude, and problematic design concerns. Seismic designs should adequately separate reentrant corners or strengthen them. 1090 Vermont Avenue, NW, Suite 700 | Washington, DC 20005-4950 | (202) 289-7800 The goal of 'Whole Building' Design is to create a successful high-performance building by applying an integrated design and team approach to the project during the planning and programming phases. All objects, including buildings, have a natural or fundamental period at which they vibrate if jolted by a shock. Tall buildings will undergo several modes of vibration, but for seismic purposes (except for very tall buildings) the fundamental period, or first mode is usually the most significant. The materials used for Elastomeric Isolators are natural rubber, high-damping rubber, or another elastomer in combination with metal parts. The greater the mass (weight of the building), the greater the internal inertial forces generated. Additional space (a "moat") must be provided for horizontal displacement (the whole building will move back and forth a whole foot or more). Frictive Isolators are also used and are made primarily of metal parts. The following questions can serve as a checklist to identify seismic design objectives. Earthquakes are the shaking, rolling, or sudden shock of the earth's surface. Reinforced masonry walls (good energy absorption if walls and floors are well integrated; proportion of spandrels and piers are critical to avoid cracking), Reinforced concrete walls (good energy absorption if walls and floors well integrated; proportion of spandrels and piers are critical to avoid cracking), Steel frame with masonry fill-in walls (good energy absorption if bay sizes are small and building plan is uniform), Steel frame, braced (extensive bracing, detailing, and proportions are important), Steel frame, moment-resisting (good energy absorption, connections are critical), Steel frame, eccentrically braced (excellent energy absorption, connections are critical), Pre-cast concrete frame (poor performer without special energy absorbing connections). Third, and as important as the others, because earthquake forces are dynamic and each building responds according to its own design complexity, it is essential that the design team work collaboratively and have a common understanding of the terms and methods used in the seismic design process. Saada Hotel (before)—Agadir, Morocco, 1960, Saada Hotel (after) ground shaking damage—Agadir, Morocco, 1960. Are there vulnerable transportation, communication, and utilities connections? About half of the states and territories in the United States—more than 109 million people and 4.3 million businesses—and most of the other populous regions of the earth are exposed to risks from seismic hazards. Seismic Principles In the past, seismic force levels were only considered in certain earthquake-prone locations. Usually, the longer the duration, the less acceleration the building can endure. For example, were the Oklahoma Federal Building designed to seismic design standards, the damage caused by the blast would have been much less (refer to MAT Report FEMA 277). Innovative Solutions for the Built Environment The Seismic Design Principles, Using 2018 IBC (2019 CBC, AISC 7-16) version book includes lecture notes, multiple-choice questions with detailed solutions to prepare and pass the California Seismic Exam. Consider mission critical or business continuity threats of seismicity on adjacent sites or elsewhere in the vicinity that may render the project site inaccessible or causes the loss of utilities, threat of fire, or the release of toxic materials to the site. Knowledge of the building's period, torsion, damping, ductility, strength, stiffness, and configuration can help one determine the most appropriate seismic design devices and mitigation strategies to employ. Within a 30–50 year life cycle the cost is negligible. Damping is a rate at which natural vibration is absorbed. Base Isolation Bearings are used to modify the transmission of the forces from the ground to the building. Ground shaking (pushing back and forth, sideways, up and down) generates internal forces within buildings called the Inertial Force (FInertial), which in turn causes most seismic damage. Soft First Story is a discontinuity of strength and stiffness for lateral load at the ground level. The prospect of structural and nonstructural damage is not likely to be eliminated without the prudent use of energy-dissipating devices. The natural period is a primary consideration for seismic design, although other aspects of the building design may also contribute to a lesser degree to the mitigation measures. Increase shaking which may damage the contents or the function of the built near... Loads but are used to calculate forces that earthquakes impose on buildings and is the use of energy-dissipating devices Making... 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