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</html>";s:4:"text";s:34344:"Second, it was independent of the Jerusalem apostles (1:13–2:21)—again, stressing its divine roots. Rom. He begins with a justification of justification (3:1-18). If so, then the letter to the Galatians was written as soon as Paul got news of what was afoot, on the even of the Jerusalem meeting described in Acts 15:6ff. Setting the Record Straight Galatians 1:10 to 2:21. a. Paul answers this question (3:19–4:6) with two responses: (1) it was temporary in nature, given to remind/warn the nation of Israel that a works-righteousness was thoroughly inadequate, though its standard of perfection anticipated the coming of the Messiah (3:19-25); and (2) it had an inferior status, effectively enslaving those who would be sons (3:26–4:7). The Epistle to the Galatians, often shortened to Galatians, is the ninth book of the New Testament.It is a letter from Paul the Apostle to a number of Early Christian communities in Galatia.Scholars have suggested that this is either the Roman province of Galatia in southern Anatolia, or a large region defined by an ethnic group of Celtic people in central Anatolia. A price of $100 purchased a wrecked Pinto wagon to supply parts for my other two Pintos. According to Gundry, Paul, in 2 Thessalonians, corrected the Thessalonians' misunderstanding of the Second Coming by stressing that Christ could come at any moment. The presumption that he is also using the Roman title in speaking of Galatia is therefore strong.”12 I personally find this argument to be quite compelling. 2:1-10 (in terms of its historical setting). d. a warning against the attitude that divine grace gives license to sin. This would only be true if these churches were founded on the first missionary journey, for Barnabas and Paul split up before the second journey began. When, as we are told in Acts 15:1, Judaean visitors came to Syrian Antioch and started to teach the Christians there that those who were not circumcised in accordance with the law of Moses could not be saved, it is antecedently probable that others who wished to press the same line visited the recently formed daughter-churches of Antioch, not only in Syria and Cilicia, as the apostolic letter indicates (Acts 15:23), but also in South Galatia. 2One other item may be at stake, though this issue has not seen any published assessment. Thus, our conclusion is that Paul wrote Galatians before he was appointed to go to Jerusalem, though after the Judaizers came to Antioch and engaged in debate with him. This usage of the participle, admittedly, is quite rare—so rare in fact that Chase’s comment is oft-quoted by north Galatianists: the south Galatian theory “is shipwrecked on the rock of Greek grammar” (a rather incautious overstatement; it would be more accurate to say, “proof of the falsity of the north Galatian theory is shipwrecked, as far as Acts 16:6 is concerned, on the rocks of Greek grammar”). He admits further that “this is one of the most plausible pleas which are advanced by the South Galatian theorists, but is inconclusive.”, 10The response is usually to note that no delegates from Corinth or Philippi are mentioned either. This may mean “within fourteen years.”19 But this does not seem to make an advance over our original understanding of inclusive years. Moffatt, An Introduction to the Literature of the New Testament, 96. Should an Unbeliever Partake of Communion? That would mean that Galatians and Romans were written at virtually the same time (perhaps Galatians even came after Romans by a month or two), yet Galatians seems to be less mature than Romans. In particular, the arguments that seem most compelling on its behalf are: (1) the number of visits implied in Gal. . 26:61; Mark 14:58. II. pronounces decidedly for the view which holds the journey mentioned in Galatians 2:1 to be identical with that in Acts 15. The spiritual should serve by gently rebuking the weak and modeling responsibility for the corporate body of Christ (6:1-5). Further, this seems to be Luke’s usage (i.e., he describes places according to geographical region rather than according to political province). Because Lightfoot is almost surely right that there is theological development between these two epistles,15 it is difficult to imagine such development taking place in the space of a month or two. He has a Ph.D. from Dallas Theological Seminary, and is currently professor of New Testament Studies at his alma mater. C. J. Hemer, “The Adjective ‘Phrygia,’” JTS 27 (1976) 122-26. In essence, the liberty of justification is the liberty to live for God, not the liberty to sin. Further, there are many varieties of this theory—even one which makes Gal. Galatians 3:28 forms part of a section in the epistle in which he discusses the purpose of the law in God's plan. a theological argument for divine grace against law-righteousness 53. The implication seems to be that the audience knew that such insincerity was against Barnabas’ normal character. 2:1 and mentioned in Acts; (2) Paul’s proven use of Roman provincial terms to describe what Luke would normally describe with geographical/ethnic terms; and (3) the absence of any mention of the decree in Gal. Paul’s rebuke was not concerning Peter’s gospel, but concerning his inconsistent behavior with it, for out of fear Peter himself had tacitly agreed with the position of the Judaizers, to the harm of Gentile converts (2:11-13). The basic gist of his argument was that (1) the Spirit was received by faith, not by works of the Law (3:1-5); (2) the example of Abraham illustrates that one is justified by faith, not by works of the Law (3:6-14); and (3) the Law, which came 430 years after God’s covenant with Abraham, cannot invalidate the promise (3:15-18). In particular, G. M. Lee has produced several examples of this phenomenon, in both Koine Greek (some even in Acts!) a warning against the attitude that divine grace gives license to sin. (1) It is possible to reckon the years as inclusive years (a very natural form of expression in ancient times)17—i.e., to recognize that the fourteen years means twelve full years and portions of two others; the three years means one full year and portions of two others. 16:1). But in fairly recent times, largely due to the archeological efforts of Sir William Ramsey, a new theory has been proposed—the “South Galatian Theory.” Not only Ramsey, but the majority of NT scholars today, would hold that Paul wrote this letter to the churches in the political province of Galatia—i.e., an area which the Roman government designated as Galatia. b. an autobiographical argument for divine grace against law-righteousness. . There are hints of this in Phil. The Permanence of the Promise (3:15-18), a. (2) It is possible to treat the three years as occurring within the fourteen years, rather than as occurring before the fourteen years. Although it is true that he puts little stock in the “pillars of the faith,” he also states that these same pillars did not disagree with his gospel. If so, it would then correspond to his visit in Acts 11:30, for Acts records only one visit prior to this (9:26). 1! 16:3; 2 Cor. Paul is in a bind in Galatia. Introduction. Barnabas is thrice mentioned in Gal. Go To Galatians Index . Gundry highlights the sequence of events surrounding Christ's coming. Galatians has been called "The Magna Carta of Christian Liberty." What is the third major section of Galatians? Because of their Return to Bondage (4:8-11), b. Less directly, the historical value of Acts is involved, as well as how to evaluate the theological development in the mind of Paul between the writing of Galatians and Romans. According to the south Galatian theory (i.e., in its most popular form), the terminus ad quem of this epistle must be before the Council of Acts 15 and the terminus a quo must be after Paul’s visit to Jerusalem in Acts 11:30. Of the following scenarios, presented in Gundry, which depicts (A) the "pre-tribulational" view of the rapture, and which depicts (B) the "post-tribulational" view? 77 In the next major section, the paper will contend that Galatians 2 is actually the famine visit of Acts 11. d. Galatians 2:1-10 naturally refers to the Council visit in Acts 15. (2) Since Acts 11:30 only mentions that Paul visited “elders,” and since Paul seems to be mentioning only his visits to Jerusalem in which he saw apostles, the Acts 11 visit “does not count.” But not only is this an incredible argument from silence, not only does it seem to contravene the plain meaning of Gal. A word order variant at 1:8 presup- poses that preaching besides what Paul preaches is a distortion of the gospel of Christ (v.6). The second section explains various teaching aspects of salvation by faith alone (Galatians 3:1—4:31). c. a theological argument for divine grace against law-righteousness. 2:1-10 refers to a previous visit of Paul to Jerusalem, which one? It is usually objected that Barnabas is also mentioned in 1 Cor. This sequence of events is psychologically satisfactory in that Paul would write as soon as he hears about the troubles in Galatia—and he would write while the debates in Antioch were taking place. However, there is a difference: in 1:18 μετά is used to indicate the time element (“after three years”), while in 2:1 διά is used. 7One of the arguments used by north Galatianists is that in Act 16:6 the aorist participle κωλυθέντες refers to action antecedent to the time of the main verb, διῆλθον, in keeping with normal grammar. In Galatians, he addresses the fact that with the first coming of the Messiah, we are no longer under the Law. Acts 9:26 is ruled out because that is Paul’s first visit to Jerusalem as a believer: in Gal. Acts 16:4 where both terms are governed by one article, as well as my essay, “The Semantic Range of the Article-Noun-Καιv-Noun Plural Construction in the New Testament,” GTJ 4 [1983] 59-86, in which I argue, on grammatical and other grounds, that “apostles and elders” means “apostles and other elders.” That is to say, there is a solid grammatical and biblico-theological basis for arguing that all the apostles were elders, though not all the elders were apostles). Galatians - Inductive Bible Study ! The epistle would then be sent sometime on Paul’s third missionary journey, perhaps from Corinth (Acts 20:3), in 55/56 CE. This was the referent as used by the inhabitants (the Gauls, who originated the name). 17Cf. Independent of Jerusalem Apostles (1:13–2:21), 1. Even F. C. Baur, the father of the Tübingen school accepted its authenticity. In response, (1) Barnabas may well have become known to the Corinthians, though not via journeying with Paul; (2) more importantly, Gal. 2:13 implies that Barnabas’ character was known to the Galatians (while in 1 Cor. b. Salutation and doxology Galatians 1:1-5. There are essentially three sub-points in defense of this supposition: (1) Acts 16:6 and 18:23 are taken to mean, respectively, “the Phrygian-Galatian region” and “the [Roman] province of Galatia and Phrygia.” In the first instance, Φρυγίαν is taken (rightfully) as an adjective,6 and thus indicates that Luke is here using a political (rather than an ethnic/geographical) term. 1:20) in which the apostle would be careful especially about how many visits he had made to Jerusalem and when he had visited. Finally, if Galatians is dated early (a la the south Galatian theory), then this letter becomes the first canonical Pauline epistle.2 A brief examination of the chief reasons for each view is in order. 1–2 (where all visits count), but it also assumes that “elder” cannot include “apostle” in its referent. Martin Luther said, "the little book of Galatians is my letter; I … Paul answers misrepresentation and opposition by certain Jewish brethren who promote obedience to commands in the law of Moses, and distinctions between Jew and non-Jew.. SECOND PLEA (Galatians … This seems quite natural. If the south Galatian theory is true, then there is no need to identify Gal. Clearly, this is an instance of reproof over conduct, not dispute over doctrine. However, it is quite possible to maintain that Paul preferred the geographical designations when describing Palestine (cf. Step!1!'!The!first!step!of!Inductive!Bible!Study!is!to!begin!with!an!unmarked!Bible.!!Leave! He also speaks of Judea, Syria, and Cilicia, but never of Lycaonia, Pisidia, Mysia, and Lydia (which are not Roman names). Q. In my view, the chief battles which the north Galatian theorists have chosen to fight are really non-essential to the south Galatian theory. Finally, when Paul did consult with the apostles (2:1-10) they both required nothing of Titus as to circumcision (2:1-5) and gave hearty approval to Paul’s gospel (2:6-10). What does the Bible say to the church, and to the individual Christian, about the role of politics in the church? If these seventeen years—from Paul’s conversion until the Jerusalem visit in Acts 11:30 (autumn, 46 CE)—are seventeen complete years, then this would make Paul’s conversion occur in 29 CE—that is, on any reasonable reckoning, before the death of Christ! And the nature of the controversy is something that hardly existed after 70 CE. Paul concludes his appeal employing Hagar and Sarah as an allegory for law and grace (4:21-31). The epistle to the Galatians divides into six main sections: first, a prescript in 1:1-5; second, an introduction to the problem in Galatia in 1:6-10; third, several historical accounts in 1:11–2:21; fourth, a series of proofs for the doctrine of justification by faith in 3:1–4:31; fifth, some practical exhortations in 5:1–6:10; and last, a postscript in 6:11-18. Galatians 1:6 "I marvel that ye are so soon removed from him that called you into the grace of Christ unto another gospel:" “So soon”: This Greek word can mean either “easily” or “quickly” and sometimes both. Lightfoot argued that since there is obvious theological development between Galatians and Romans, Romans must come later. “But this would be highly improbable in the northern area, which was not only off the beaten track but necessitated a journey over difficult country.”11. For this hypocrisy, Paul rebuked Peter (2:14). 2:14)—since he was a Jew and was quite a bit more familiar with the history of the nation—while in describing churches on his missionary journeys he used Roman provincial titles. Even such a staunch supporter of the north Galatian view as Moffatt admitted, “Luke devotes far more attention to South Galatian churches, and [therefore] Galatians is more likely to have been addressed to them than to Christians in an out-of-the-way, unimportant district like North Galatia.”9, (3) The collection delegation contained no representative from north Galatia. 2:1-10 which would so dramatically serve Paul’s purposes and prove, once and for all, that the Judaizers were not really representative of James or apostolic/Jerusalem Christianity. . (3) There is controversy in the letter: Paul defends himself and his gospel as though both were doubted; further, he says some rather unflattering things to his audience which would be difficult for a later writer to get away with. Paul then shows how one should live for God as well as the result of living for God (5:22-26): by the Spirit, resulting in character qualities “against which there is no law” (5:23). . 2:1 he says he “again” went up to Jerusalem. Having just demonstrated that the Law enslaved, he points out that the Galatians, too, had experienced slavery as pagans worshipping false gods (4:8-9). If so, then he must have visited this area twice, and there is a strong presumption that he established churches there. Acts 16:6; 18:23) and his visit to Jerusalem (recorded in Gal. 1:18 Paul speaks of going to Jerusalem “after three years”—i.e., after three years since his conversion. 5:17, etc. The Motives of the Judaizers (6:12-13). This study of Galatians is organized into 13 units. What is the second major section of Galatians? Thus, Paul would have visited the region on his second mis… Acts 11:30 seems to be ruled out because Acts records nothing of Paul’s visit with any of the apostles—only that they visited the “elders” with the relief fund in hand. 2:13 Paul says that “even Barnabas was carried away by their insincerity.” The grammar (ὥστε plus indicative mood, found elsewhere in the NT only in John 3:16) indicates “actual result” rather then “natural result” (which ὥστε plus the infinitive more normally indicates); further, the ὥστε clause follows an ascensive καί, which in itself expresses some surprise. 54. However, as Guthrie points out (471, n. 2): “It could, of course, be maintained that Titus, although not mentioned in Acts, represented the Corinthian church (1 Cor. This letter stirred the fires of the Protestant Reformation. To encourage this persecuted church and to defend his motives and character. Paul’s Concern for the Galatians (4:8-20), a. 2 with Acts 15, for the events described in Gal. No other view existed until comparatively recent times. Until comparatively recent times, biblical scholars assumed that this epistle was sent to the churches in the geographical region known as Galatia, in north central Asia Minor. with what we know of Paul from Acts and other Pauline letters which are so unobtrusive as to be undesigned that they bear the stamp of genuineness. Both Marcion’s and the Muratorian canon list it. 1 This issue of the addition of the exhortation section is a major issue with Betz's theory because "exhortation plays no part in judicial rhetoric, but is especially characteristic of deliberative." .” It is often objected that this is special pleading, and well it might be. His Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament ... More. 1:1). The letters are Christ explained The Law’s Irrelevance for the Promise (3:17-18), a. (3) Rather than suggesting that Luke omits one or more Jerusalem visits, it is sometimes suggested that Paul does. Martin Luther said, "the little book of Galatians is my letter; I have betrothed myself to it; it is my wife." In Gal. This, of course, does not make the view correct, but it does place the burden of proof on the more recent theory. (Most likely, the Judaizers had given a biased report of this incident to the Galatians, using it in support of their “gospel”.) No doubt both senses characterized the Galatians’ response to the false teachers’ heretical doctrines. . 2:12); (2) Paul elsewhere seems to have “marked time” from his conversion, as is only natural when one has been dramatically converted. The Law Removes the Offense of the Cross (5:11-12), 1. 13In Gal. New Testament: Introductions and Outlines. and classical Greek (“The Aorist Participle of Subsequent Action (Acts 16,6)?”, Biblica 51 [1970] 235-57; “The Past Participle of Subsequent Action,” NovTest 17 [1973] 199). This is quite possible, provided that one is amenable to a 30 CE crucifixion date. BAGD, s.v. ! If so, there is more latitude on the front end as well (i.e., the dates of Christ’s death and the conversion of Paul). 2:1 might be read: “Then, fourteen years [after my conversion], I went up . Related Topics: Introductions, Arguments, Outlines, Daniel B. Wallace has taught Greek and New Testament courses on a graduate school level since 1979. The Promise Given to Abraham’s Seed, Christ (3:15-16), b. If so, then they did indeed travel through this region and perhaps even establish churches there (as διῆλθον seems to imply in 18:23). 2 may well have happened on an earlier visit to Jerusalem. According to Gundry, why did Paul write 1 Thessalonians? In a recent message I spoke of my efforts to make a “silk purse from a sow’s ear” by trying to make a Rambler station wagon into a car it was never meant to be. Galatians has been the least disputed of any of Paul's epistles. Galatians is quoted or alluded to in 1 Peter, Barnabas, 1 Clement, Polycarp’s letter to the Philippians, Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, Clement of Alexandria, and Origen. North Galatian theorists argue against them not because of their intrinsic value for the south Galatian theory, but because, if true, the north Galatian theory is falsified. 15:31; 2 Cor. The recording of such a rebuke23 should prove that truth was on Paul’s side, and hence his gospel was from God. The first section (chaps. J. G. Machen, The Origin of Paul’s Religion, 79. Responsibility toward the Weak and Sinful (6:1-5), 2. However, the real basis of the argument is often missed. If Galatians is dated c. 48-49 CE, and Romans, 56 CE, the time gap is quite sufficient. If so, then the formula for this is as follows: “after three years” = A + 1 year + B; “after fourteen years” = C + 12 years + D. “Thus, taking a, b, c and d as unknown number of months, the total could be approximately 14 years.”18 This would be true even if each unknown quantity equaled, on average, three months. This letter stirred the fires of the Protestant Reformation. to cast any doubts on authenticity. The second major section (3:1–4:31) is really the heart of this epistle, for Paul clearly sets forth what justification by faith really meant and why it was true. In essence, it is extremely surprising that Paul would make no mention of the Council’s decision, since it would substantially support his case and discredit the Judaizers, if Gal. Paul’s Letter to the Galatians is a forceful and passionate letter dealing with a very specific question: the relation of Jewish Christians and Gentile Christians in the church, the problem of justification through faith not works of the Law, and freedom in Christ.Paul probably wrote from Ephesus c. 53–54 to a church he had founded in the territory … 18R. . SECTION ONE. . It also has value for others. 2 = Acts 15! 8:1), Asia (1 Cor. Unfortunately, the relation of Galatians to 1-2 Thessalonians cannot be developed in this paper, but suffice it to say that there is a thematic connection between them which is more understandable if both were written at about the same time. However, in recent years more and more scholars are recognizing the validity (though rare) of the aorist participle of subsequent action. If the same God gave the promise, why would he add the Law? Instead, what follows is a denunciation of the Galatians for having deserted the grace of Christ and following after a false gospel (1:6-10). On the other hand, Christian liberty does not give one license to do whatever he wants (5:13-26). . 16:1. The reference to Paul’s companions in Acts 20:4, who were apparently part of this delegation, includes Sopater (of Berea), Aristarchus and Secundus (from Thessalonica), Gaius (from Derbe), Timothy (from Lystra), etc. There are three ways to deal with this problem from a south Galatian position. In order to falsify this view, however, κωλυθέντες has to be taken as an aorist participle of subsequent action (Acts 16:6 would then read: “They went through the Phrygian-Galatian region, but were then forbidden by the Holy Spirit from speaking the word in Asia”). Paul elaborates on this second point by taking pains to show that he never even consulted with any other apostles in the first three years after his conversion (1:13-17), and even when he did first visit Jerusalem, the visit was brief and only included time logged with Peter (1:18-24). Practical: Defense of Christian Liberty (5:1–6:10), 5. I now have another confession to make: immediately after that message I bought my third Pinto. As different as these two epistles seem on the surface, there may be a very strong connecting thread: Paul’s view of the Law, interpreted Christologically. The apostle now turns to his readers with a direct appeal (4:8-31). The third major section of Galatians, notes Gundry, comprises . Hoehner holds to a date one year later than this (autumn, 47-autumn, 48 CE), but his scheme is based on Gallio’s proconsulship beginning in 52 CE, while most NT scholars date it in 51 CE. 3:7-8, 13-14; 2 Cor. If Galatians is to be dated c. 48-49, then it precedes 1 Thessalonians by no more than two years (and 1 Thessalonians would then be Paul’s second canonical letter). On the (normal) south Galatian theory this letter cannot be written after the Acts 15 meeting (further, Gal. If so, Paul’s conversion could have been in 32 CE if the famine visit was as early as 46 CE. 34 CE and a Jerusalem visit in (fall) 46 CE. 3-4); and the final two chapters are practical or hortatory. But Luke has a proven track record as a historian; this view therefore seems to be motivated out of expedience rather than careful exegesis. Paul writes the letter to the Galatians around 48 AD, prompted by this news of false teaching. The second major division in the text is located in verses 17-18. The internal grounds for asserting authenticity are four: (1) “Paul, as author, is mentioned by name not only at the beginning (1:1) but also toward the end of the letter (5:2), and the whole from beginning to end breathes such an intensely personal and unconsciously autobiographical note that only a genuine historical situation involving the true founder of the Gentile mission within the church accounts for it.”1 (2) There are several coincidences (conceptual, verbal, historical, etc.) Galatians who against better what is the second major section of galatians? had experienced a relapse into legalism 9, 13 —each. Setting ) my third Pinto Things, the south Galatian theory well as that of the Cross 5:11-12. Of Joy ( 4:12-20 ), 3 theological development between Galatians and Romans, 56 CE, to. The death of our Lord occurred in 33 CE, and is professor., 48 CE.16 has been called `` the Magna Carta of Christian liberty 5:1–6:10! 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