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</html>";s:4:"text";s:39551:"Almost 60 percent of Dallas County children live below the poverty line. The white Democratic state legislature imposed Jim Crow laws of racial segregation in public facilities and other means of white supremacy. They left Selma heading to Montgomery. At 5 pm, however, Gen. Eli Long's ammunition train in the rear was attacked by advance elements of Forrest's scattered forces approaching Selma. The official website of Selma Alabama describes it as the "Queen City of the Black Belt" and the "Butterfly Capital of Alabama." The police intended to save Webb from a local lynch mob, but the mob abducted Webb from the jail and killed him. King pulled the marchers back from entering the county and having another confrontation with county and state forces. Jimmie Lee Jackson, who was unarmed, was killed in a café in nearby Marion after state police broke up a peaceful protest in the town. [12], Against fierce opposition from Dallas County Sheriff Jim Clark and his volunteer posse, blacks continued their voter registration and desegregation efforts, which expanded during 1963 and the first part of 1964. What Happened In Selma Alabama. The 25,000 square feet (2,300 m2) library is in downtown Selma.[27]. Selma was incorporated in 1820. The movie Selma, directed by Ava DuVernay and starring David Oyelowo as Martin Luther King, Jr. was nominated for Academy Awards including best picture and best original song. Finally, a Union cavalry charge broke the Confederate militia, causing Forrest to be flanked on his right. The 1965 voting rights march from Selma to Montgomery, Ala., became known as Bloody Sunday because it ended in state troopers beating nonviolent protesters as … Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which made discrimination illegal based on race, the Selma to Montgomery march was organized to help register black voters in the South and to protest against racially motivated violence. At prominent positions, earthen forts were built with artillery in position to cover the ground over which an assault would have to be made. Posted on 03/27/2008 10:36:25 AM PDT by TheDotte. Alabama Selma Edmund Pettus Bridge Edmund Pettus Bridge The Edmund Pettus Bridge, now a National Historic Landmark, was the site of the brutal Bloody Sunday beatings of civil rights marchers during the first march for voting rights. The Mayor of Selma, George Patrick Evans, is African American, as is the City Council president, seven of the ten members of the City Council, the Chief of Police, and all five members of the school board. YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE... Ch 26 Lesson 1 and 3. The current mayor is Darrio Melton. Selma, AL Directions {{::location.tagLine.value.text}} Sponsored Topics. Reese, Marie Foster, and Amelia Boynton. When state troopers met the demonstrators at the edge of the city by the Edmund Pettus Bridge, that day became known as "Bloody Sunday." As of the census of 2000, there were 20,512 people, 8,196 households, and 5,343 families living in the city. In the darkness, the Federals rounded up hundreds of prisoners, but hundreds more escaped down the Burnsville Road, including generals Forrest, Armstrong, and Roddey. They succeeded in overmounting the defenses and soon U.S. flags could be seen waving over the works from Range Line Road to Summerfield Road. They escaped in the darkness by swimming across the Alabama River near the mouth of Valley Creek (where the present day Battle of Selma Reenactment is held.). The "Black Belt" region of the South runs from Virginia through the Carolinas, Georgia, Alabama, and into the delta of the Mississippi River including portions of Arkansas, Tennessee, Louisiana, and the northwest section of Mississippi. Industries in Selma include International Paper, Bush Hog (agricultural equipment), Plantation Patterns, American Apparel, and Peerless Pump Company (LaBour), Renasol, and Hyundai. Delays caused by flooding, plus earlier contact with the enemy, resulted in Forrest's mustering fewer than 2,000 men, many of whom were not war veterans but home militia consisting of old men and young boys. Legal. The Federal commander's plan was for Upton to send in a 300-man detachment after dark to cross the swamp on the Confederate right; enter the works, and begin a flanking movement toward the center moving along the line of fortifications. Seventeen marchers were hospitalized and 50 more were treated for lesser injuries. Males had a median income of $29,769 versus $18,129 for females. Alabama “What happened in Selma is part of a far larger movement which reaches into every section and State of America. Frank Minis Johnson, Jr., the federal district court judge for the area who reviewed the injunction, decided in favor of the demonstrators, saying: The law is clear that the right to petition one's government for the redress of grievances may be exercised in large groups ... and these rights may be exercised by marching, even along public highways. Selma's Bloch Park was home to Southeastern League of Professional Baseball club the Selma Cloverleafs. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman first made an effort to reach it, but after advancing from the west as far as Meridian, Mississippi, within 107 miles (172 km) of Selma, his forces retreated back to the Mississippi River. They were 8 feet (2.4 m) to 12 feet (3.7 m) high, 15 feet (4.6 m) thick at the base, with a ditch 4 feet (1.2 m) wide and 5 feet (1.5 m) deep along the front. [13], In the summer of 1964, a sweeping injunction issued by local judge James Hare barred any gathering of three or more people under sponsorship of SNCC, SCLC or DCVL, or with the involvement of 41 named civil rights leaders. After they passed over the crest of the Edmund Pettus Bridge and left the boundaries of the city, they were confronted by county sheriff's deputies and state troopers, who attacked them using tear gas, horses and billy clubs, and drove them back across the bridge. In 1977 US 80 was named Givhan Parkway in honor of the long-serving state senator Walter C. Givhan, a segregationist to the end. Wilson's forces captured a Confederate courier, who was found to be carrying dispatches from Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest describing his scattered forces. By the time the marchers reached the capital four days later, on March 25, their strength had swelled to around 25,000 people. For every 100 females, there were 78.2 males. The SCLC leaders left having organized the citizens of Selma and further efforts to petition the governor died down. When I ask, "What happened in Selma?," I am really asking what has happened since the events portrayed in the movie and what happened to the struggle for civil rights and social justice in the United States that seemed so promising in 1965. By then local activists and residents had been joined by hundreds of protesters from across the country, including numerous clergy and nuns. Selma, Dallas County and other jurisdictions carried out the segregation laws passed by the state. The name, meaning "high seat" or "throne",[4] came from the Ossianic poem The Songs of Selma. This injunction temporarily halted civil-rights activity until Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. defied it by speaking to a crowd about the struggle at Brown Chapel AME Church on January 2, 1965. The city has eight elementary schools. He began a running fight with Forrest's forces that did not end until after the fall of Selma. Gen. Emory Upton's Division was placed across the Range Line Road with Battery I, 4th US Artillery in support. They walked approximately 12 miles a day and slept in nearby fields. Governor George Wallace had vowed that the march would not be permitted. [citation needed]. In the city, the population was spread out, with 27.3% under the age of 18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 24.9% from 25 to 44, 21.8% from 45 to 64, and 16.3% who were 65 years of age or older. Push for Voting Rights Sparked Selma Protests. Highway 80, which runs east and west through Selma and the state has reflected this in naming patterns. In June 1893, a lynch mob numbering 100 men seized "a black man named Daniel Edwards from the Selma jail, hanged him from a tree, and fired multiple rounds into his body" for allegedly becoming intimate with a white woman. Overall, the district is ranked number 85 out of 100 school districts in the state. Violent crimes are more than double the national rate and crimes against property are 40% higher. Selma To Build Monument Honoring KKK Founder", "Monument to Civil War general, Ku Klux Klan leader triggers controversy", "SelmaDallas County Public Library Main Page", "Selma, 50 years after march, remains a city divided", National Voting Rights Museum and Institute, Institute of Southern Jewish Life, History of Selma, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selma,_Alabama&oldid=996864186, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox settlement with possible nickname list, Pages using infobox settlement with possible area code list, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Selma was featured in the 1999 Disney television movie, This page was last edited on 28 December 2020, at 23:53. Later Anglo-Americans called it the Moore's Bluff settlement. [24] It was torn down in 2012, reflecting the continuing controversy about him. The North had learned of the importance of Selma to the Confederate military, and the US military planned to take the city. Selma March, also called Selma to Montgomery March, political march from Selma, Alabama, to the state’s capital, Montgomery, that occurred March 21–25, 1965. [23][25][26], The Selma-Dallas County Public Library serves the city and the region with a collection of 76,751 volumes. On March 30, 1865, Union General James H. Wilson detached Gen. John T. Croxton's brigade to destroy all Confederate property at Tuscaloosa. he would probably be just fine. Over the next weeks, more than 3,000 African-Americans were arrested, and they suffered police violence and economic retaliation. Civil rights tourism has become a new source of business.[22]:146. Although director DuVernay stated that she intended the movie as art and not as history, I found no blatant inaccuracies, just some omissions. Before the march, civil rights groups had been … Earthen forts were built to cover the grounds with artillery fire. The movie's focus is on a very narrow historical timeframe, basically January to March 1965, the final stages of the struggle to secure federal support for voting rights for African Americans. He is still at the bottom, despite the few who have penetrated to slightly higher levels. Much has changed since 1965. The fighting there was heavy, but by 7 p.m. the superior numbers of Union troops had managed to flank the Southern positions. He was forced to retreat. The Confederate forces were defeated during the Battle of Selma, in the final full month of the war. If you watch the film Selma as a way of commemorating the 50th anniversary of the march for voting rights in Selma, Ala., you may be interested to … Selma Interpretive Centre marks the beginning of the National Historic … DirecTV and Dish Network provide direct broadcast satellite television including both local and national channels to area residents. Hudson Middle School and the School of Discovery. Marching in the front row with King were Rev. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.10. In 2000 sections of Highway 80 leading into Selma were renamed in honor of leaders in the Selma Voting Rights Movement: F.D. The clashes didn’t discourage King: he organised two other marches shortly after. Selma was protected by fortifications that circled much of the city; it was protected on the north and south by the Alabama River. Six hundred marchers assembled in Selma on Sunday, March 7, and led by John Lewis and other SNCC and SCLC activists, crossed the Edmund Pettus Bridge over the Alabama River en route to Montgomery. He had placed Gen. Eli Long's Division across the Summerfield Road with the Chicago Board of Trade Battery in support. But that night, white minister James Reeb, who had traveled to the city from Boston, was attacked and killed in Selma by members of the KKK. Early the next morning, Forrest reached Selma; he advised Gen. Richard Taylor, departmental commander, to leave the city. if he has a whole bunch of secret service. I suspect that fifty years later, with increased school segregation, police attacks on Black men, continued poverty, and the loss of voting rights protection, Dr. King would give a very similar speech. In modern times, the city is best known for the 1960s civil rights movement and the Selma to Montgomery marches, beginning with "Bloody Sunday" in 1965 and ending with 25,000 people entering Montgomery at the end of the last march to press for voting rights. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 72.0 males. Get directions, maps, and traffic for Selma, AL. As of the 2010 census, there were 20,756 people living in the city. March 21, 1965 to March 25, 1965. In front of this was a 5 feet (1.5 m)-high picket fence of heavy posts planted in the ground and sharpened at the top. In Selma, with a population of a little over 20,000 people, 80% of whom are African American, the official unemployment rate hovers at about 12%, more than twice the national average. [6] Planters and other slaveholders struggled with how to deal with freed slaves after the war. The complex history is reflected in naming and monuments as well. Selma boasts the state's largest contiguous historic district, with more than 1,250 structures identified as contributing. However, seven years later, blacks had not been able to elect a candidate of their choice to the city council. Selma is a city in and the county seat of Dallas County, in the Black Belt region of south central Alabama and extending to the west. Defying intimidation, economic retaliation, arrests, firings and beatings, an ever-increasing number of Dallas County blacks tried to register to vote, but few were able to do so under the subjective system administered by whites. This broke up the charge and sent General Wilson sprawling to the ground when his favorite horse was wounded. This activism generated national attention for social justice and that summer, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was passed by Congress to authorize federal oversight and enforcement of constitutional rights of all American citizens. Share this article on Twitter. Altogether this force numbered less than 4,000. On 25 March 1965, Martin Luther King led thousands of nonviolent demonstrators to the steps of the capitol in Montgomery, Alabama, after a 5-day, 54-mile march from Selma, Alabama, where local African Americans, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and the Southern Christian … Forrest's defenders consisted of his Tennessee escort company, McCullough's Missouri Regiment, Crossland's Kentucky Brigade, Roddey's Alabama Brigade, Frank Armstrong's Mississippi Brigade, General Daniel W. Adams' state reserves, and the citizens of Selma who were "volunteered" to man the works. In February 1892, Willy Webb was put in the jail in Selma after police arrested him in Waynesville. In 1920 the east-west Highway 80 was designated as part of the Jefferson Davis Memorial Highway. The Black Belt, Dallas County, and Selma Alabama. There were 8,196 households, out of which 30.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them; 34.2% were married couples living together, 27.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.8% were non-families. The median age was 36 years. [5], During the Civil War, Selma was one of the South's main military manufacturing centers, producing many supplies and munitions, and building Confederate warships such as the ironclad Tennessee. Part of HuffPost Education. As a result of poor student performance, a state team has taken over day-to-day operation of the public schools headed by acting Superintendent Larry DiChiara, who is White. Registration increased by November, when Wilson Baker was elected as Dallas County Sheriff to replace the notorious Jim Clark. On March 7, 1965, approximately 600 civil rights marchers departed Selma on U.S. Highway 80, heading east to the capital. And organizers say this year’s Jubilee — will be a global event. It was the 55th anniversary of “Bloody Sunday,” when state troopers viciously attacked black civil rights activists who marched over the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma. As White liberals drifted away from the movement, Black communities were increasingly radicalized and less than a week after Lyndon Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act in August 1965 rioting broke out in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles. These are big changes, but much has not changed. Walk in the footsteps of civil rights legends such as Rosa Parks and Dr. Martin Luther King … King's question, "Where Do We Go from Here? Forrest had hoped to bring his entire force to bear on Wilson. Today is National Voter Registration Day! In 1935, Joe Spinner Johnson, a leader of the Alabama Sharecroppers Union, which worked from 1931 to 1936 to get better pay and treatment from white planters, was beaten by a mob near his field, taken to the jail in Selma and beaten more; his body was left in a field near Greensboro.[8]. Led by Martin Luther King, Jr. , the march was the culminating event of several tumultuous weeks during which demonstrators twice attempted to march but were stopped, once violently, by local police. Selma maintained segregated schools and other facilities, enforcing the state law in new enterprises such as movie theaters. The last one, on 25 March 1965, brought together about 25,000 people who marched from Selma to Montgomery, up to the state capitol. The new leadership in Selma did little and even stole money from the campaign. 0 0. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 14.4 square miles (37 km2), of which 13.9 square miles (36 km2) is land and 0.6 square miles (1.6 km2) is water.[19]. [clarification needed] Gen. Rousseau made a dash in the direction of Selma, but was misled by his guides and struck the railroad forty miles east of Montgomery. The per capita income for the city was $13,369. Later, the Black community gathered in Brown Chapel AME Church. Selma schools are not just poorly performing by Alabama standards but the situation is even more dire because by some measures Alabama itself has one of the poorest performing school systems in the United States. Wilson sent a brigade to destroy the bridge across the Cahaba River at Centreville, which cut off most of Forrest's reinforcements from reaching the area. What happened in Selma. Middle schools include R.B. The Voting Rights Act was seen by White supporters of civil rights as a final victory, but for Blacks it brought little immediate change. Selma, Alabama. Nearly half of Selma's residents were black, but because of the restrictive electoral laws and practices in place since the turn of the century, only one percent were registered to vote, preventing them from serving on juries or serving in local office. We also know that during the 1964 Democratic Party National Convention in Atlantic City he actively pressured key delegates and his lieutenants to push aside Black demands for greater representation at the convention. The racial makeup of the city was 70.68% Black or African American, 28.77% White, 0.10% Native American, 0.56% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.22% from other races, and 0.66% from two or more races. A year ago, Barack Obama addressed a group in Selma, AL commemorating the 1965 voting rights march. Even boosters like state house speaker Mike Hubbard concede Alabama ranks in the bottom half of the states in student performance by every measure including 44th in overall K-12 student achievement. Things to Do in Selma, Alabama: See Tripadvisor's 1,921 traveler reviews and photos of Selma tourist attractions. Actually Johnson was renown as a potty mouth who openly referred to Blacks as "niggers." It was covered by national press and television news, reaching many American and international homes.[15]. What was the first date that protesters were assembled in Selma, AL on the Court House steps having their picture taken by National TV (NBC). Selma, Dallas County and other jurisdictions carried out the segregation laws passed by the state. It is also not just a discussion of history. This march represented one of the political and emotional peaks of the modern civil-rights movement. John Lewis saw the line of Alabama state troopers a few hundred yards away as he led hundreds of marchers to the apex of the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma on March 7… There is often no bottom at which to start, and when there is there's almost no room at the top. Threatened with a lawsuit under the Voting Rights Act, the council voted to adopt a system of electing its ten members from single-member districts. Selma became the seat of Dallas County in 1866 and the county courthouse was built there. The tragedies and triumphs that took place in Alabama during the 1950s and 1960s awakened an entire nation to the reality of racial injustice and hatred that affected African-Americans all over the country. What happened in Selma is part of a far larger movement which reaches into every section and State of America. March 6, 1965 - Alabama whites, calling themselves the Concerned White Citizens of Alabama, come to Selma to march in support of black rights. The city was planned and named as Selma by William R. King, a politician and planter from North Carolina who was a future vice president of the United States. They were anchored on the north and south by the Alabama River. helped raise awareness of the difficulty faced by black voters in the South, and the need for a Voting Rights Act, passed later that year. Help. Taylor did so after giving Forrest command of the defense. White families in Selma, and some of the more affluent Black families, send their children to the better performing Meadowview Christian School where the student population is over 90% White. Selma has four private K–12 schools: John T. Morgan Academy, founded in 1965, Meadowview Christian School, Ellwood Christian Academy, and Cathedral Christian Academy. The median income for a household in the city was $21,261, and the median income for a family was $28,345. He quickly remounted his stricken horse and ordered a dismounted assault by several regiments. In less than 30 minutes, Long's men had captured the works protecting the Summerfield Road. Charter Communications provides cable television service. Forrest was wounded by a saber-wielding Union captain, whom he shot and killed with his revolver. Beginning in January 1965, SCLC and SNCC initiated a revived voting-rights campaign designed to focus national attention on the systematic denial of black voting rights in Alabama, and particularly in Selma. Area attractions include the Old Town Historic District, Old Live Oak Cemetery, Paul M. Grist State Park, and Old Cahawba Archaeological Park. In 1732, they recorded the site of present-day Selma as Écor Bienville. The federal government provided protection in the form of National Guard and military troops. Over forty percent of households are single parent families, compared to about 17% in the United States as a whole. 0 1. Their moral campaign had attracted thousands from across the country.[16]. I agree with an essay SUNY Geneseo professor of history Emilye Crosby wrote for the Zinn Education Project that the biggest problem with the movie is that its intense focus on the role of Martin Luther King and the first three months of 1965 takes attention away from the long struggle by the people of Selma and many others active in the Civil Rights movement to bring the issue of African American voting rights to a head in the United States. US History Civil Rights Movement. In the 20th century, African-Americans were also lynched for labor-organizing activities. Source(s): https://shrink.im/a08qq. The Southern artillery had only solid shot on hand, while a short distance away was an arsenal which produced tons of canister, a highly effective anti-personnel ammunition. [3] About 80% of the population is African-American. The outnumbered and outgunned Confederates fought for more than an hour as reinforcements of Union cavalry and artillery were deployed. On Sunday, March 21, 1965, approximately 3,200 marchers departed for Montgomery. The two high schools, Southside and Selma City have student populations that are virtually 100% African American. On center stage in this version of the story is Martin Luther King. Insurgents tried to keep white supremacy over the freedmen, and most whites resented former slaves being granted the right to vote. The First March From Selma March 7, 1965 When about 600 people started a planned march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama, on Sunday March 7, 1965, it was called a demonstration. From the West Alabama News Network– Preparations for the Annual Bridge Crossing Jubilee are underway in Selma. After the change, five African-American Democrats were elected to the city council, including activist Frederick Douglas Reese, who became a major power in the city; five whites were also elected to the council.[17]. Selma to Montgomery is a national historic trail in Alabama which traces the march of non-violent supporters of equal… King was also in touch with the administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson, who arranged for protection for another march. As the Selma fortifications were built to be defended by 20,000 men, Forrest's soldiers had to stand 10 to 12 feet (3.7 m) apart to try to cover the works. The Jim Crow laws and customs were enforced with violence. It is the effort of American Negroes to secure for themselves the full blessings of American life. George Corley Wallace State Community College (Wallace Community College Selma) located at the edge of the city limits near Valley Grande, Alabama. It was established as a Carnegie library in 1904, receiving matching funds for construction. [23], As part of its Civil War history, a monument to native Nathan Bedford Forrest, a Confederate General, was installed in Old Live Oak Cemetery. Thousands joined the march along the way. The Confederacy's Greatest Cavalryman by Brian Steel Wills, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, Southeastern League of Professional Baseball, "Selma, Alabama memorializes lynching victims, March 05, 2018", "Selma & the March to Montgomery-A Discussion November–June, 2004–2005", Ari Berman, "Fifty Years After Bloody Sunday in Selma, Everything and Nothing Has Changed", "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990", David J. Krajicek, "On the Road to Selma, a Jim Crow Relic", "Shameful! Activists planned a larger, more public march from Selma to the state capital of Montgomery to publicize their cause. 6 years ago. Many soldiers were struck down with clubbed muskets, but they kept pouring into the works with their greater numbers. It was initiated and organized by James Bevel, SCLC's Director of Direct Action, who was directing SCLC's Selma Movement. Colleges in Selma include Selma University, and Their cause must be our cause too. In Selma, the county registration board opened doors for registration only two days a month, arrived late and took long lunches. Visit top-rated & must-see attractions. The events at Selma helped increase public support for the cause; later that year the U.S. Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965, a bill introduced, supported and signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson. In 1996 it was designated as part of the 'National Civil Rights Trail' by President Bill Clinton and is administered by the National Park Service. But, Long decided to begin his assault against the Selma fortifications to neutralize the enemy attack in his rear. This strategic concentration of manufacturing capabilities eventually made Selma a target of Union raids into Alabama late in the Civil War.[6]. On the afternoon of April 1, opening what would be the final full month of the war, and after skirmishing all morning, Wilson's advanced guard ran into Forrest's line of battle at Ebenezer Church, where the Randolph Road intersected the main Selma road. Both Long and Upton had positioned significant numbers of troops in their rear for just such an event. The activists were attempting to walk 50 miles from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama, to protest voter suppression of African Americans. Anderson of Tabernacle Baptist Church, J.L. After the outer works fell, General Wilson led the 4th U.S. Cavalry Regiment in a mounted charge down the Range Line Road toward the unfinished inner line of works. Anonymous. The Confederates replied with heavy small arms and artillery fire. King recognized the divisions within the movement as well as continuing desperation in the African American community in a 1967 speech to the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, "Where Do We Go from Here?". 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