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a:5:{s:8:"template";s:46130:"<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">

   <head>
       <meta charset="UTF-8">
       <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1">
       <title>{{ keyword }}</title>
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto%3A400%2C700%2C900%7CPoppins%3A400%2C700%2C900" rel="stylesheet"><script type="text/javascript">
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		<style type="text/css">
img.wp-smiley,
img.emoji {
	display: inline !important;
	border: none !important;
	box-shadow: none !important;
	height: 1em !important;
	width: 1em !important;
	margin: 0 .07em !important;
	vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
	background: none !important;
	padding: 0 !important;
}
</style>
	<link rel="stylesheet" id="evenex-widget-styles-pro-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/evenex-essential/modules/elements/assets/css/widget-styles-pro.css?ver=1.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="sweetalert2-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/user-registration/assets/css/sweetalert2/sweetalert2.min.css?ver=8.17.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="user-registration-general-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/user-registration/assets/css/user-registration.css?ver=1.9.6" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="user-registration-smallscreen-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/user-registration/assets/css/user-registration-smallscreen.css?ver=1.9.6" type="text/css" media="only screen and (max-width: 768px)">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="user-registration-my-account-layout-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/user-registration/assets/css/my-account-layout.css?ver=1.9.6" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="dashicons-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/css/dashicons.min.css?ver=5.8.2" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="tribe-common-skeleton-style-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/css/common-skeleton.min.css?ver=4.13.0.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="tribe-tooltip-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/css/tooltip.min.css?ver=4.13.0.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="tribe-common-full-style-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/css/common-full.min.css?ver=4.13.0.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="event-tickets-tickets-css-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/event-tickets/src/resources/css/tickets-v1.min.css?ver=5.1.2.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="event-tickets-tickets-rsvp-css-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/event-tickets/src/resources/css/rsvp-v1.min.css?ver=5.1.2.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="wp-block-library-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=5.8.2" type="text/css" media="all">
<style id="wp-block-library-theme-inline-css" type="text/css">
#start-resizable-editor-section{display:none}.wp-block-audio figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-audio figcaption{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.65)}.wp-block-code{font-family:Menlo,Consolas,monaco,monospace;color:#1e1e1e;padding:.8em 1em;border:1px solid #ddd;border-radius:4px}.wp-block-embed figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-embed figcaption{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.65)}.blocks-gallery-caption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .blocks-gallery-caption{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.65)}.wp-block-image figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-image figcaption{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.65)}.wp-block-pullquote{border-top:4px solid;border-bottom:4px solid;margin-bottom:1.75em;color:currentColor}.wp-block-pullquote__citation,.wp-block-pullquote cite,.wp-block-pullquote footer{color:currentColor;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal}.wp-block-quote{border-left:.25em solid;margin:0 0 1.75em;padding-left:1em}.wp-block-quote cite,.wp-block-quote footer{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;position:relative;font-style:normal}.wp-block-quote.has-text-align-right{border-left:none;border-right:.25em solid;padding-left:0;padding-right:1em}.wp-block-quote.has-text-align-center{border:none;padding-left:0}.wp-block-quote.is-large,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large{border:none}.wp-block-search .wp-block-search__label{font-weight:700}.wp-block-group.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}.wp-block-separator{border:none;border-bottom:2px solid;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;opacity:.4}.wp-block-separator:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){width:100px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-dots){border-bottom:none;height:1px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){height:2px}.wp-block-table thead{border-bottom:3px solid}.wp-block-table tfoot{border-top:3px solid}.wp-block-table td,.wp-block-table th{padding:.5em;border:1px solid;word-break:normal}.wp-block-table figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-table figcaption{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.65)}.wp-block-video figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-video figcaption{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.65)}.wp-block-template-part.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}#end-resizable-editor-section{display:none}
</style>
<link rel="stylesheet" id="pmpro_frontend-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/paid-memberships-pro/css/frontend.css?ver=2.5.7" type="text/css" media="screen">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="pmpro_print-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/paid-memberships-pro/css/print.css?ver=2.5.7" type="text/css" media="print">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="theme-my-login-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/theme-my-login/assets/styles/theme-my-login.min.css?ver=7.1.3" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="elementor-icons-ekiticons-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/modules/elementskit-icon-pack/assets/css/ekiticons.css?ver=2.5.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="elementskit-parallax-style-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/evenex-essential/modules//parallax/assets/css/style.css?ver=1.5.9" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="event-tickets-rsvp-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/event-tickets/src/resources/css/rsvp.min.css?ver=5.1.2.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="event-tickets-tpp-css-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/event-tickets/src/resources/css/tpp.min.css?ver=5.1.2.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="fonts-css" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Poppins%3A300%2C400%2C500%2C600%2C700%26display%3Dswap%7CRoboto%3A400%2C500%2C700%26display%3Dswap%7CRubik%3A400%2C500%2C700%26display%3Dswap%7CArchivo%3A400%2C500%2C600%2C700&amp;ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="bootstrap-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/bootstrap.min.css?ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="fontawesome-min-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/fontawesome.min.css?ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="select2-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/user-registration/assets/css/select2.css?ver=1.9.6" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="evenex-image-choose-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/image-choose-control.css?ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="evenex-icon-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/iconfont.css?ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="xs-grid-line-animation-css-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/grid-line-parallax.css?ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="evenex-blog-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/blog.css?ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="evenex-master-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/master.css?ver=1641050289" type="text/css" media="all">
<style id="evenex-master-inline-css" type="text/css">

      h1{
         font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;color:#101010;font-size:36px;
      }
      h2,
      .post .entry-header .entry-title,
      .search .page .entry-header .entry-title{
            font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;color:#101010;font-size:30px;
      }
      h3{
            font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;color:#101010;font-size:24px;
      }
      h4{
            font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;color:#101010;font-size:18px;
      }
      h5{
            font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;color:#101010;font-size:16px;
      }
      h6{
            font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;color:#101010;font-size:14px;
      }
      body{
         background:#ffffff;
         font-family: Roboto, sans-serif;color:#666666;line-height:1.625;font-size:16px;
      }
      .logo-area .site-title a , .logo-area .site-desc{
         color:#ec962d;
      }

      .post .entry-header .entry-title a:hover,
      .sidebar ul li a:hover, .xs-footer-section ul li a:hover,
      .post-meta a:hover,
      .header .navbar-light .navbar-nav li a:hover {
         color:  #ec962d;
      }
      .tag-lists a:hover, .tagcloud a:hover,
      .sticky.post .meta-featured-post,
      .widget-title:before,
      .xs-custom-widget > h5:before,
      .block-title.title-border .title-bg,
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      .header .navbar-light .navbar-nav>li.active>a:before,
      .main-slider .owl-prev.disabled,
      .owl-dots:before,
      .featured-tab-item .nav-tabs .nav-link.active:before,
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      .ts-footer .widget-title:before,
      .main-slider .owl-next:hover, .main-slider .owl-prev:hover,
      .sidebar .widget.widget_search .input-group-btn, .xs-footer-section .widget.widget_search .input-group-btn,
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      .banner-solid,
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      .wp-block-button:not(.is-style-outline) .wp-block-button__link,
      .wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background),
      .wp-block-file .wp-block-file__button,
      .back_to_top > a,
      .post .meta-featured-post::after {
         background:#ec962d;
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      .post .meta-featured-post::before {
         border-top-color: #ec962d;
         border-left-color: #ec962d;
         border-right-color: #ec962d;
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      .xs-search-group .search-button:hover,
      .pagination li.active a:hover,
      .wp-block-button:not(.is-style-outline) .wp-block-button__link:hover,
      .wp-block-file .wp-block-file__button:hover {
         background:#ff7c49;
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      .header-btn {
         background: linear-gradient(90deg,#ec962d 0,#ff7c49 100%);
      }
      .header-btn::before {
         box-shadow: 0 15px 25px 0 #ec962d;
      }
      .is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:hover,
      .wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:active:not(.has-text-color):hover,
      .wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:focus:not(.has-text-color):hover,
      .wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color):hover,
      .breadcrumb>li a:hover {
         color: #ff7c49;
      }
      .wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:active:not(.has-text-color),
      .wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:focus:not(.has-text-color),
      .wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color),
      .navbar-nav .nav-link:hover,
      .dropdown-item.active,
      .dropdown-item:active,
      .navbar-nav .dropdown-menu li:hover>a,
      .xs-recent-post-widget .widget-post .entry-title>a:hover {
         color: #ec962d;
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      .tag-lists a:hover, .tagcloud a:hover,
      .owl-theme .owl-dots .owl-dot.active span{
         border-color: #ec962d;
      }
      .block-title.title-border .title-bg::after{
         border-left-color: #ec962d;
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      .block-title.title-border{
         border-bottom-color: #ec962d;
      }

      .topbar .top-nav li a:hover,
      .comments-list .comment-author a:hover,
      .comments-list .comment-reply-link:hover,
      .post-title a:hover,
      .copyright-area a:hover,
      .ts-footer .widget ul li a:hover,
      .featured-tab-item .nav-tabs .nav-link.active .tab-head>span.tab-text-title,
      .social-links li a:hover,
      .comment-author cite a:hover {
         color:#ec962d;
      }
      .xs-footer-section{
         background-color:   #FFF;
      }
      .btn-primary {
         background: linear-gradient(90deg, #ec962d 0, #ff7c49 100%);
      }
      .sidebar .widget .widget-title:before {
         background: #ec962d;
      }
      
</style>
<link rel="stylesheet" id="ekit-widget-styles-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/widgets/init/assets/css/widget-styles.css?ver=2.5.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="ekit-responsive-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/widgets/init/assets/css/responsive.css?ver=2.5.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.6.0" id="jquery-core-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.3.2" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script>
<script src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/js/underscore-before.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/js/underscore.min.js?ver=1.13.1" id="underscore-js"></script>
<script src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/js/underscore-after.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/js/wp-util.js?ver=5.8.2" id="wp-util-not-in-footer-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/evenex-essential/modules//parallax/assets/js/jarallax.js?ver=1.5.9" id="jarallax-js"></script>
<meta name="et-api-version" content="v1"><meta name="et-api-origin" content="https://higroup.coding.al"><link rel="https://theeventscalendar.com/" href="https://higroup.coding.al/index.php/wp-json/tribe/tickets/v1/"><meta name="tec-api-version" content="v1"><meta name="tec-api-origin" content="https://higroup.coding.al"><link rel="https://theeventscalendar.com/" href="https://higroup.coding.al/index.php/wp-json/tribe/events/v1/">
			<script type="text/javascript">
				var elementskit_module_parallax_url = "https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/evenex-essential/modules//parallax/"
			</script>
		<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/cropped-Bag-page-001-270x270.jpg">
		<style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css">
			

.xs-price::before {
    background: linear-gradient(to left,#FF924B 0,#F25022 100%);
}		</style>
		   </head>

<body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-9047 single-format-standard pmpro-body-has-access user-registration-page tribe-no-js check sidebar-active elementor-default elementor-kit-8181">

<header id="header" class="header header-classic header-main ">
   <div class="container">
      <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg">
         <a class="logo" href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 0 }}">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 0 }}<img class="img-fluid" src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/New-Project-4.png" alt="MixieSocialHub">
         </a>
         <button class="navbar-toggler p-0 border-0" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#primary-nav" aria-controls="primary-nav" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation">
            <span class="header-navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
            <span class="header-navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
            <span class="header-navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
         </button>

         

	<div id="primary-nav" class="collapse navbar-collapse"><ul id="main-menu" class="navbar-nav ml-auto"><li id="menu-item-8650" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-8650 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 1 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 1 }}</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-8928" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8928 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 2 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 2 }}</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-8500" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8500 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 3 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 3 }}</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-8219" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8219 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 4 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 4 }}</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-8169" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8169 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 5 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 5 }}</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-8170" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8170 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 6 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 6 }}</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-8168" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8168 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 7 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 7 }}</a></li>
</ul></div>
         
                                    </nav>
   </div><!-- container end-->
</header>
<section class="xs-banner banner-single banner-bg" style="background-image: url(https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/images/banner/bg_banner.png)">
    <div class="container">
        <div class="d-flex align-items-center banner-area">
            <div class="row">
                <div class="col-12">
                    <h1 class="xs-jumbotron-title" style="color: #ffffff">{{ keyword }}</h1>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
            </div>
</section><div id="main-content" class="main-container blog-single sidebar-active" role="main">
    <div class="container">
        <div class="row">
                    <div class="col-lg-8 col-md-12 mx-auto">
									<article id="post-9047" class="post-content post-single post-9047 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry pmpro-has-access">
						
	<div class="post-body clearfix">

		<!-- Article header -->
		<header class="entry-header clearfix">
				<div class="post-meta">
		<span class="post-meta-date">
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</html>";s:4:"text";s:32760:"Figure 2.1 shows a photon fluence and an energy fluence spectrum Photon fluence •dNis the number of photons that enter an imaginary sphere of cross-sectional area dA. The photon flux is defined as the number of photons per second per unit area: T he photon flux is important in determining the number of electrons which are generated, and hence the current produced from a solar cell. At intermediate exposure to high-flux illumination, significant spectral broadening . <a href="https://ionactive.co.uk/resource-hub/glossary/fluence-rate">Ionactive | Fluence Rate</a> 4310 14 m2 1 Dt 16 16 2 3 2 8 2 2 16 2 100 10 100 10 1.336 10 1.602 10 2.14 m 2.14 10 m The energy fluence is the energy crossing an imaginary sphere of with cross-sectional area A located perpendicular to a photon beam. 6.2.2. <a href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/P04635">IUPAC - photon fluence rate (P04635)</a> <a href="https://www.utoledo.edu/med/depts/radther/pdf/Attix%20Ch1-2handout.pdf"><span class="result__type">PDF</span> Introduction Ionizing Radiation Types and sources of ...</a> @article{osti_7058905, title = {Photon and neutron fluence-to-kerma conversion factors for ICRP-1975 reference man using improved elemental compositions for bone and marrow of the skeleton}, author = {Kerr, G. D.}, abstractNote = {A twelve-element approximation of the total-body, soft-tissue and skeletal components of ICRP-1975 Reference Man is used to investigate particle fluence-to-kerma . b) What would be the photon fluence in one hour? Ai,,/isco . Equivalent definition of fluence . Fluence concept by knowing the amount of energy of a photon and its mass allows determining both the solar radiation incoming to the hearth and the mass flow of the photons impacting the hearth system such as doing the same for laser beams. Uncharged particles, such as neutrons and photons, provided they have sufficient kinetic energy. [L. fluentia , a flowing, fr. We are devoted to fill-in the long-standing market gap of truly service-free femtosecond lasers for . coefficients from photon fluence to respectively effective dose equivalent and effective dose are presented for several geometries of irradiation of an anthropomorphic phantom, in the energy range from 50 keV to 10 GeV. <a href="https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2199&context=min_nuceng_facwork">Equivalent Electron Fluence for Space Qualification of ...</a> The distances have been calculated to guess or pre-estimate the source-detector separations to be able to draw the human head boundaries. <a href="https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/fluence">Fluence | definition of fluence by Medical dictionary</a> The variations of the effective dose E and Hp( 30 ) water versus energy shows that Hp( 30 ) water constitutes a good function of E in the photon energy range considered. Search over 14 million words and phrases in more than 490 language pairs. 3. 2.5(i) Photon Fluence A monoenergetic beam of 25 MeV X-rays used in therapy has an energy fluence rate of 120 mJ.m-2.s-1. 14. λis the excitation wavelength, and λ . Elastic coherent scattering of the photon by an atom 8. If the beam has a cross-sectional area of 5 cm2, what is the photon fluence rate? Under conditions of secondary charged particle equilibrium, a condition that normally prevails in calibration procedures, the air kerma should be about equal . What is energy fluence? It should be noted that the fluence to dose conversion coefficients at high energies are the basic data for various purposes, Photon spectra and direct beam fluence distribution. The energy fluence Y describes the energy flow in a photon beam and is. k is a collective constant to convert energy fluence rate to dose rate; if the dose rate is in gray/hour, k will have a value of 5.76 x 10-7. Fluence can be defined as the total number of particles (typically Gamma Ray Photons) crossing over a sphere of unit cross section which surrounds a Point Source of Ionising Radiation.The Fluence rate is the number of particles crossing per unit time (which is numerically equal to the product of number of particles and their average speed). Also, if the photon fluence is expressed as μeinstein m −2, the photon fluence at 253.7 nm is 2.121 times the fluence in J m −2. Same as photon. Fluence: a measure of instantaneous power output from the laser typically measured in Watts. Lasers emit light that is monochromatic (a single color or wavelength), coherent (in phase), and collimated. This is so as the absorption of the different photon energies may be Photosynthetic Photon Fluence Rate listed as PPFR. . ¾Photon fluence decreases with depth, and fewer photons available to eject electrons as depth increases ¾Thus, there is a dose build up region with until certain depth (depth of maximum, D max) that depends on the energy of the incident photon beam (helps skin sparing in MV beam RT) . Term.  Tube current (mA) is the electron flow (i.e. Mathematical definition: Ep,o = dNp / (dtdS) = dHp,o / dt. Ψ is the photon energy fluence Key Point: KERMA and Dose are related by the relationship between Mass Energy Transfer Coefficient (which relates to energy transferred to charged particles that travel some distance) and Mass Energy Absorption Coefficient (which relates to local energy deposition). The change in incident fluence can be modeled by the collimation of a primary source at the target and a radially symmetric planar extended scattered-radiation source close to the target. PPFR stands for Photosynthetic Photon Fluence Rate (plants). 14-20 The volumes of these two sources that are not . Determination of field size for S c. The function S c models the change in incident fluence as the collimation in the treatment head is varied. Photosynthetic Photon Fluence Rate - How is Photosynthetic Photon Fluence Rate abbreviated? Definition. Photon Efficacy Many horticulture lighting manufacturers use total electrical watts or watts per square foot as a metric to describe light intensity. Hence there has been a great interest to determine the beam spectra. The photon fluence rate distributions are generated by using MC simulation output data and the minimum differences of mathematical method has been applied. The more formal term for photon concentration is photon fluence. in radiometry, radiant exposure or fluence is the radiant energy received by a surface per unit area, or equivalently the irradiance of a surface, integrated over time of irradiation, and spectral exposure is the radiant exposure per unit frequency or wavelength, depending on whether the spectrum is taken as a function of frequency or of … In Fig. If Ep,o is constant over the time interval and the surface . Because voltage across the tube is not constant, kVp is higher than mean kV. PPFR is defined as Photosynthetic Photon Fluence Rate (plants) rarely. Mathematical definition: Ep,o = dNp / (dtdS) = dHp,o / dt. It should be noted that the fluence to dose conversion coefficients at high energies are the basic data for various purposes, PPFR - Photosynthetic Photon Fluence Rate. In general physics, the fluence is defined as the time-integrated flux of some radiation or particle stream. Thus, Eq. equal to 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 rep- 0.21 10 14 Electron . Fluence can be defined as the total number of particles (typically Gamma Ray Photons) crossing over a sphere of unit cross section which surrounds a Point Source of Ionising Radiation. Compared to the values adopted in 1996 by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), the new values . This technique results in higher contrast . The intensity profile is computed as the photon energy fluence (number × energy of photons) as a function of the radial distance from the CAX. SI unit is m − 2 s − 1. In diagnostic radiology, photon fluence per unit time. E. p,o. 1. External Photon beams: Physical Aspects • Photon fluence rate ϕ is defined as the photon fluence per unit time: ϕ= dφ dt, (6.2) with units of photons cm-2 ⋅s-1. photon beam. We found a way to make femtosecond lasers extremely environmentally stable and immune to shock. Using this eye model, conversion coefficients for electrons have already been presented. For a monoenergetic beam, dE is the number of photons dN times their. The figure shows an example of the intensity profile for a 18 MV beam: Intensity Profile Intensity . In Chapter 5, we described an x-ray beam in terms of photon fluence and energy fluence. The energy of a single photon is: h or = (h/2 ) where h is Planck&#x27;s constant: 6.626 x 10-34 Joule-sec. II.A.2.a. Photon fluence spectrum and energy fluence spectrum generated by an orthovoltage x-ray unit with a kV p value of 250 kV and an added filtration Definition; PPFR: Photosynthetic Photon Fluence Rate (plants) PPFR: Powered . Translation for: &#x27;photon fluence&#x27; in English-&gt;Spanish dictionary. Total number of photons ( Np) incident from all directions on a small sphere divided by the cross-sectional area of the sphere and per time interval. This quantity can be used on a chemical amount basis by dividing Hp,o by the Avogadro constant ¾Photon fluence decreases with depth, and fewer photons available to eject electrons as depth increases ¾Thus, there is a dose build up region with until certain depth (depth of maximum, D max) that depends on the energy of the incident photon beam (helps skin sparing in MV beam RT) 13. Fluence sp. . Rate of photon fluence. Omar, 2000. For example, at 253.7 nm, a fluence of 400 J m −2 (40 mJ cm −2) is equivalent to a photon fluence of 848 μeinstein m −2. The Fluence rate is the number of particles crossing per unit time (which is numerically equal to the product of number of particles and their average speed). Fluence always publishes the average PPFD over a defined growing area at a recommended mounting height for all of our lighting systems. Fluence always publishes the average PPFD over a defined growing area at a recommended mounting height for all of our lighting systems. Looking for abbreviations of PPFR? For a photon beam traversing a medium, kerma at a point is directly proportional to the photon energy fluence Ψ and is given by where is the mass energy transfer coefficient for the medium averaged over the energy fluence spectrum of photons. For an explanation of the fluence rate equations used in the unshielded and shielded calculations, visit this US Health Physics Society webpage: . Fluence: Fluence is the energy delivered per unit . Equivalent to photon fluence rate for a parallel beam not scattered or reflected. 3, banana weight matrix of photon trajectories from one source position to other detector position could be seen. The fluence in each voxel is composed of uncollided photons directly from the source and collided photons scattered from other voxels, energies, and directions. = P / h where P is the beam power (in watts). Many horticulture lighting manufacturers use total electrical watts or watts per . Same as photon. Photon-counting CT detectors count the number of incoming photons and measure photon energy. mA/mAs. number of electrons per second) from cathode to anode within an X-ray tube. The fluence in a vacuum decreases following the inverse square law, given by 1 r2 (2) where r is the distance from the point source andΦ(1) is the fluence at r=1 (relative units).The inverse square law is illustrated in Fig 2. A. Fluence rate is the photon fluence per unit time, . If the coherently scattered photons are included in the fluence of primaries a corre- sponding reduction of p has to be introduced. LASER: acronym that stands for Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. a) What is the photon flux density at P? One photon of visible light contains about 10-19 Joules (not much!) The photon fluence rate is defined as the time rate of change of the fluence. Ambient dose conversion factors listed in ICRU Report 47, for example, allow conversions to ambient dose equivalent at 10 mm and 0.07 mm depths from photon fluence, exposure, or air kerma. A Medical Physics based problem series on Fluence, Fluence Rate, Energy Fluence and Energy Fluence Rate. The rate of chemical or physical transformation or translocation of a substance per unit time. [L. fluxus, a flow] Data were normalized to fluence per energy per incident photon fluence resulting in units of MeV -1. . Given an energy fluence spectrum of direct photons, many dosimetric quantities such as attenuation, kerma, etc., are trivial to calculate directly using generally available tabulations of interaction data. 22.55 &quot;Principles of Radiation Interactions&quot; Absorbed dose from neutrons • Elastic scatter (higher energies) • Capture (thermal neutrons) primary photon fluence differential in energy at r. For a spectrum of primary photons the terma becomes: To calculate the terma for dose planning purposes, the fluence is given by 2 -~~~(E,UdUd/ @dr) = QE(ro) (:) e (6) where a&amp;,) is the primary photon fluence at a point ro on a reference surface in front of the patient and the expo- It is Photosynthetic Photon Fluence Rate. As the photon flux does not give information about the energy (or wavelength) of the photons, the energy or wavelength of the photons in the light source must also be specified. Limiting fluence to the transport of radiative particles is then a limiting and confusing model, which is . The photon fluence can be controlled by varying either the integrated exposure time or the flux itself. Specifically in optics, the fluence F e.g. (15) The threshold for the excitation of the GTPase activity in vitro is less than 10(-1) mumol.m-2 of blue light, consistent with participation in the blue low-fluence system identified in the same tissue. The strength of a field of force (for example, magnetic) orthogonal to a unit area. E. p,o. SI unit is m − 2 s − 1. The short-circuit current change was evaluated as a function of proton energy and fluence. k is a collective constant to convert energy fluence rate to dose rate; if the dose rate is in gray/hour, k will have a value of 5.76 x 10-7. This number equals the For beams with a finite width of the photon spectrum, p will necessarily vary with depth. was founded in 2016 to commercialize a cutting-edge all-fiber femtosecond technology developed in Polish academic institutions. Photon: Photon is an elementary particle responsible for electromagnetic phenomena. How is Photosynthetic Photon Fluence Rate (plants) abbreviated? Mathematical definition: Hp,o = Fp,o = dNp / dS = ∫tEp,odt with Ep,o the photon fluence rate , integrated over the duration of the irradiation , t. If Ep,o is constant over the time interval, Hp,o = Fp,o = Ep,ot. . For the estimation of dose equivalent, a poly-allyl-diglicol-carbonate-based neutron dosimeter was used for neutron fluence measurements and, additionally, Monte Carlo simulations were performed to obtain the energy spectrum of the . The electron fluence and absorbed dose increase until reach a maximum ( approximate range of electrons) • Same time -- photon fluence decreases with depth at constant rate. Fluence, e/cm* Fig. Photon fluence rate is defined as photon fluence per unit time. direction of motion of the photons is called the fluence,Φ. fluence and energy fluence, respectively. Kilovoltage peak (or peak kilovoltage) is the maximum voltage across the X-ray tube. The photon fluence rate is defined as the photon fluence per unit time: (6.2) • Secondary electrons deposit energy downstream. Its most common units are J / cm 2 (joules per square centimeter). N = photon fluence (photons/cm2) E = energy per photon ρ = density x = thickness A = area Dose Calculations Page 3 of 7 . Definition: The energy fluence Ψis the quotient dR by dA, where dR is the radiant energy incident on a sphere of cross- . The electron fluence per unit incident 60 Co photon fluence under the CPE condition was calculated using Eqs. The photon fluence, in photon/cm 2 between 50 and 300 keV (BATSE standard), for a smoothly broken power law fit to a single spectrum over the time range of the peak flux of the burst. 4-6 for W cc set to 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 keV and presented in Fig. Figure 2. is the &quot;photon flux,&quot; or the number of photons per second in a beam. Equivalent Electron Fluence . On the central axis ( figure 4a, b), the contaminant electron fluence was about 0.4 % and 0.8 % of the photon&#x27;s fluence for 10 × 10 cm 2 and 40 × 40 cm 2 fields, respectively. Fluence rate distributions were transferred through forward model generation geometry. Because it is normalized, so, if you assume the launched photon has a total of 1 W, the output unit is W/(mm^2*s)/W. They are defined respectively as: (2.4) and (2.5) where F E (E) and Y E (E) are shorthand notations for the particle fluence spectrum and the energy fluence spectrum differential in energy E, respec-tively. •Unit of photon fluence rate is cm-2 .s-1. c) What is the corresponding energy fluence, in J/m 2and erg/cm ? In this paper, the same eye model-with the addition of the whole body-was used to calculate conversion coefficients from fluence (and air kerma) to equivalent dose to the lens for photon radiation from 5 keV to 10 MeV. Total number of photons ( Np) incident from all directions on a small sphere divided by the cross-sectional area of the sphere and per time interval. In this paper, the same eye model—with the addition of the whole body—was used to calculate conversion coefficients from fluence (and air kerma) to equivalent dose to the lens for photon radiation from 5 keV to 10 MeV. •Unit of photon fluence is cm-2. coefficients from photon fluence to respectively effective dose equivalent and effective dose are presented for several geometries of irradiation of an anthropomorphic phantom, in the energy range from 50 keV to 10 GeV. PHOTON BEAM DESCRIPTION • Many terms are used to describe a photon beam, these include: FLUENCE (ф): • Quotient dN by da, where dN is the number of photons that enter an imaginary sphere of cross-sectional area da. Two types of medical environments were chosen for the irradiations: a photon- and a proton-therapy facility. II.A.2.a. This quantity depends on the size of the exposed area and the radiation concentration. also, the default output of mcxlab, flux, is actually fluence rate - with a unit of 1/(mm^2*s). Example: Problem 1.8 Energy spectrum of a flux density 7.5x108 photons/m2-sec-keV a) Photon flux density b) The photon fluence in one hour Such a description requires the knowledge of the number and energy of the photons in the beam. Energy fluence and energy fluence rate • Energy fluence ψ describes the energy flow in a photon beam and is defined as the amount of energy dE crossing a unit area dA: Model: the photon fluence rate is the number of photons per unit area per second. The fluence-to- Hp(30) water conversion coefficients for photon energies from 0.02 to 10 MeV are calculated using full transport of secondary charged particles. 14-20 The volumes of these two sources that are not . The equivalent fluence ratio was calculated using (1) and (2) for 1-MeV electron fluence levels corresponding to . z o.o. defined as the amount of energy dE crossing a unit area dA: (6.3) The unit of energy fluence Y is MeV/cm2. Total Photons CONTENTS If we count the number of photons entering the total exposed area, we will have an indication of the total amount of radiation energy delivered to the patient. Therefore, fewer photons to 9. The change in incident fluence can be modeled by the collimation of a primary source at the target and a radially symmetric planar extended scattered-radiation source close to the target. • Interaction of incident photon with phantom yields an ejected secondary electron. ( 1) can be rewritten as. Shielded primary photon dose rate The primary photon dose rate is attenuated exponentially, and the dose rate from primary photons, taking account of the shield, is given by 4 r2 kSE e D en T π ρ μ − . Pflx_SBPL_Phtflncb_Error Compare: flux . Photon-counting CT detectors count the number of incoming photons and measure photon energy. Shielded primary photon dose rate The primary photon dose rate is attenuated exponentially, and the dose rate from primary photons, taking account of the shield, is given by 4 r2 kSE e D en T π ρ μ − . If Ep,o is constant over the time interval and the surface . Photon Efficacy refers to how efficient a horticulture lighting system is at converting electrical energy into photons of PAR. = dN dA d dt fluence: ( flū&#x27;ens ), A measure of the quantity of x-radiation in a beam in diagnostic radiology, either particle fluence, the number of photons passing an aperture of unit cross-sectional area, or energy fluence, the sum of the energies of the photons passing through a unit area. fluo , to flow] &quot;New Photon Exposure Buildup Factors&quot;, Nuclear Science and Engineering, Volume 137, 2001 has supplemental numbers to the ANS/ANSI tables at low . The K-Edge in the photon attenuation of tungsten can be noticed as a drop of the continuum at the binding energy of 69.5 keV For tungsten targets the fraction of K-radiation contributing to the total energy fluence is &lt;10%for 150 kV tube voltage 5.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF X-RAY PRODUCTION 5.2.3 X-ray Spectrum Chapter 6. The photon fluence f is defined as the quotient d N by dA, where d N is the number of photons that enter an imaginary sphere of cross-sectional area dA: (6.1) The unit of photon fluence f is cm-2. Also, in the case of photon activation, the amount of activated tissue for each radionuclide will, besides the above given correction factors, also have to include the number of target atoms per volume as well as the photon fluence rate. Quality of X-Ray Beams. (14) This threshold is given by the product of photon fluence, photosensitizer concentration and specific absorption coefficient. Photon-counting CT is an emerging technology with the potential to dramatically change clinical CT. Photon-counting CT uses new energy-resolving x-ray detectors, with mechanisms that differ substantially from those of conventional energy-integrating detectors. . An ejected electron that receives sufficient energy from ionizing radiation to produce a secondary ionization track of its own is called a _____. Terminology - Regenerative Laser Therapy. **ICRU definition: the quotient of ∆Q by ∆m, where ∆Q is the absolute value of the total charge of . of a laser pulse is the optical energy delivered per unit area. Photon-counting CT is an emerging technology with the potential to dramatically change clinical CT. Photon-counting CT uses new energy-resolving x-ray detectors, with mechanisms that differ substantially from those of conventional energy-integrating detectors. In this chapter, we will characterize an x-ray beam in terms of its ability to penetrate materials of known composition. This technique results in higher contrast . IV.A. Determination of field size for S c. The function S c models the change in incident fluence as the collimation in the treatment head is varied. The statistical uncertainty (relative standard uncertainty Type A) for absorbed dose and hence for restricted cema was obtained by repeating the simulation multiple times; in most cases, it was below 0.3%. Gamma Exposure Fluence Rate Equations . Factors Impacting Photon Fluence kVp. Fluence rate distributions were computed for specific radial r and depth z distances. The varying photon fluence is modeled with the help of a parameter called the intensity profile curve. a) Photon flux density b) The photon fluence in one hour r c) The corresponding energy fluence, in J/m2 2and erg/cm 2 (E) 7.5 108 90 6.75 1010 m2s x n E 6 75 10 3600 2. Definition from [2]; synonymous with radiant energy power, radiant energy fluxdefined in [3]. Rate of photon fluence. In . 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From the laser typically measured in watts light that is monochromatic ( a single color or wavelength ) and! Have sufficient kinetic energy z distances are 3.9 cm Regenerative laser Therapy,!, the new values constant, kVp is higher than mean kV of visible light contains about 10-19 joules not. Energy power, radiant energy fluxdefined in [ 3 ] span class= '' result__type '' > X-ray! Sources that are not position to other detector position could be seen a cross-sectional area located... Of proton energy and fluence energy of the intensity profile intensity Key < >! Guess or pre-estimate the source-detector separations to be able to draw the human head boundaries and measure photon energy long-standing.";s:7:"keyword";s:25:"photon fluence definition";s:5:"links";s:1267:"<a href="https://higroup.coding.al/v2n24/bull-sheath-leather-wallet.html">Bull Sheath Leather Wallet</a>,
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