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a:5:{s:8:"template";s:46130:"<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">

   <head>
       <meta charset="UTF-8">
       <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1">
       <title>{{ keyword }}</title>
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto%3A400%2C700%2C900%7CPoppins%3A400%2C700%2C900" rel="stylesheet"><script type="text/javascript">
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		<style type="text/css">
img.wp-smiley,
img.emoji {
	display: inline !important;
	border: none !important;
	box-shadow: none !important;
	height: 1em !important;
	width: 1em !important;
	margin: 0 .07em !important;
	vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
	background: none !important;
	padding: 0 !important;
}
</style>
	<link rel="stylesheet" id="evenex-widget-styles-pro-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/evenex-essential/modules/elements/assets/css/widget-styles-pro.css?ver=1.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="sweetalert2-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/user-registration/assets/css/sweetalert2/sweetalert2.min.css?ver=8.17.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="user-registration-general-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/user-registration/assets/css/user-registration.css?ver=1.9.6" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="user-registration-smallscreen-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/user-registration/assets/css/user-registration-smallscreen.css?ver=1.9.6" type="text/css" media="only screen and (max-width: 768px)">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="user-registration-my-account-layout-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/user-registration/assets/css/my-account-layout.css?ver=1.9.6" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="dashicons-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/css/dashicons.min.css?ver=5.8.2" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="tribe-common-skeleton-style-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/css/common-skeleton.min.css?ver=4.13.0.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="tribe-tooltip-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/css/tooltip.min.css?ver=4.13.0.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="tribe-common-full-style-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/css/common-full.min.css?ver=4.13.0.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="event-tickets-tickets-css-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/event-tickets/src/resources/css/tickets-v1.min.css?ver=5.1.2.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="event-tickets-tickets-rsvp-css-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/event-tickets/src/resources/css/rsvp-v1.min.css?ver=5.1.2.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="wp-block-library-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=5.8.2" type="text/css" media="all">
<style id="wp-block-library-theme-inline-css" type="text/css">
#start-resizable-editor-section{display:none}.wp-block-audio figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-audio figcaption{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.65)}.wp-block-code{font-family:Menlo,Consolas,monaco,monospace;color:#1e1e1e;padding:.8em 1em;border:1px solid #ddd;border-radius:4px}.wp-block-embed figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-embed figcaption{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.65)}.blocks-gallery-caption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .blocks-gallery-caption{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.65)}.wp-block-image figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-image figcaption{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.65)}.wp-block-pullquote{border-top:4px solid;border-bottom:4px solid;margin-bottom:1.75em;color:currentColor}.wp-block-pullquote__citation,.wp-block-pullquote cite,.wp-block-pullquote footer{color:currentColor;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal}.wp-block-quote{border-left:.25em solid;margin:0 0 1.75em;padding-left:1em}.wp-block-quote cite,.wp-block-quote footer{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;position:relative;font-style:normal}.wp-block-quote.has-text-align-right{border-left:none;border-right:.25em solid;padding-left:0;padding-right:1em}.wp-block-quote.has-text-align-center{border:none;padding-left:0}.wp-block-quote.is-large,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large{border:none}.wp-block-search .wp-block-search__label{font-weight:700}.wp-block-group.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}.wp-block-separator{border:none;border-bottom:2px solid;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;opacity:.4}.wp-block-separator:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){width:100px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-dots){border-bottom:none;height:1px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){height:2px}.wp-block-table thead{border-bottom:3px solid}.wp-block-table tfoot{border-top:3px solid}.wp-block-table td,.wp-block-table th{padding:.5em;border:1px solid;word-break:normal}.wp-block-table figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-table figcaption{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.65)}.wp-block-video figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-video figcaption{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.65)}.wp-block-template-part.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}#end-resizable-editor-section{display:none}
</style>
<link rel="stylesheet" id="pmpro_frontend-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/paid-memberships-pro/css/frontend.css?ver=2.5.7" type="text/css" media="screen">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="pmpro_print-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/paid-memberships-pro/css/print.css?ver=2.5.7" type="text/css" media="print">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="theme-my-login-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/theme-my-login/assets/styles/theme-my-login.min.css?ver=7.1.3" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="elementor-icons-ekiticons-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/modules/elementskit-icon-pack/assets/css/ekiticons.css?ver=2.5.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="elementskit-parallax-style-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/evenex-essential/modules//parallax/assets/css/style.css?ver=1.5.9" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="event-tickets-rsvp-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/event-tickets/src/resources/css/rsvp.min.css?ver=5.1.2.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="event-tickets-tpp-css-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/event-tickets/src/resources/css/tpp.min.css?ver=5.1.2.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="fonts-css" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Poppins%3A300%2C400%2C500%2C600%2C700%26display%3Dswap%7CRoboto%3A400%2C500%2C700%26display%3Dswap%7CRubik%3A400%2C500%2C700%26display%3Dswap%7CArchivo%3A400%2C500%2C600%2C700&amp;ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="bootstrap-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/bootstrap.min.css?ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="fontawesome-min-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/fontawesome.min.css?ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="select2-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/user-registration/assets/css/select2.css?ver=1.9.6" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="evenex-image-choose-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/image-choose-control.css?ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="evenex-icon-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/iconfont.css?ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="xs-grid-line-animation-css-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/grid-line-parallax.css?ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="evenex-blog-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/blog.css?ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="evenex-master-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/master.css?ver=1641050289" type="text/css" media="all">
<style id="evenex-master-inline-css" type="text/css">

      h1{
         font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;color:#101010;font-size:36px;
      }
      h2,
      .post .entry-header .entry-title,
      .search .page .entry-header .entry-title{
            font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;color:#101010;font-size:30px;
      }
      h3{
            font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;color:#101010;font-size:24px;
      }
      h4{
            font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;color:#101010;font-size:18px;
      }
      h5{
            font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;color:#101010;font-size:16px;
      }
      h6{
            font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;color:#101010;font-size:14px;
      }
      body{
         background:#ffffff;
         font-family: Roboto, sans-serif;color:#666666;line-height:1.625;font-size:16px;
      }
      .logo-area .site-title a , .logo-area .site-desc{
         color:#ec962d;
      }

      .post .entry-header .entry-title a:hover,
      .sidebar ul li a:hover, .xs-footer-section ul li a:hover,
      .post-meta a:hover,
      .header .navbar-light .navbar-nav li a:hover {
         color:  #ec962d;
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      .tag-lists a:hover, .tagcloud a:hover,
      .sticky.post .meta-featured-post,
      .widget-title:before,
      .xs-custom-widget > h5:before,
      .block-title.title-border .title-bg,
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      .header .navbar-light .navbar-nav>li.active>a:before,
      .main-slider .owl-prev.disabled,
      .owl-dots:before,
      .featured-tab-item .nav-tabs .nav-link.active:before,
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      .ts-footer .widget-title:before,
      .main-slider .owl-next:hover, .main-slider .owl-prev:hover,
      .sidebar .widget.widget_search .input-group-btn, .xs-footer-section .widget.widget_search .input-group-btn,
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      .banner-solid,
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      .wp-block-button:not(.is-style-outline) .wp-block-button__link,
      .wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background),
      .wp-block-file .wp-block-file__button,
      .back_to_top > a,
      .post .meta-featured-post::after {
         background:#ec962d;
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      .post .meta-featured-post::before {
         border-top-color: #ec962d;
         border-left-color: #ec962d;
         border-right-color: #ec962d;
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      .xs-search-group .search-button:hover,
      .pagination li.active a:hover,
      .wp-block-button:not(.is-style-outline) .wp-block-button__link:hover,
      .wp-block-file .wp-block-file__button:hover {
         background:#ff7c49;
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      .header-btn {
         background: linear-gradient(90deg,#ec962d 0,#ff7c49 100%);
      }
      .header-btn::before {
         box-shadow: 0 15px 25px 0 #ec962d;
      }
      .is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:hover,
      .wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:active:not(.has-text-color):hover,
      .wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:focus:not(.has-text-color):hover,
      .wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color):hover,
      .breadcrumb>li a:hover {
         color: #ff7c49;
      }
      .wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:active:not(.has-text-color),
      .wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:focus:not(.has-text-color),
      .wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color),
      .navbar-nav .nav-link:hover,
      .dropdown-item.active,
      .dropdown-item:active,
      .navbar-nav .dropdown-menu li:hover>a,
      .xs-recent-post-widget .widget-post .entry-title>a:hover {
         color: #ec962d;
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      .tag-lists a:hover, .tagcloud a:hover,
      .owl-theme .owl-dots .owl-dot.active span{
         border-color: #ec962d;
      }
      .block-title.title-border .title-bg::after{
         border-left-color: #ec962d;
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      .block-title.title-border{
         border-bottom-color: #ec962d;
      }

      .topbar .top-nav li a:hover,
      .comments-list .comment-author a:hover,
      .comments-list .comment-reply-link:hover,
      .post-title a:hover,
      .copyright-area a:hover,
      .ts-footer .widget ul li a:hover,
      .featured-tab-item .nav-tabs .nav-link.active .tab-head>span.tab-text-title,
      .social-links li a:hover,
      .comment-author cite a:hover {
         color:#ec962d;
      }
      .xs-footer-section{
         background-color:   #FFF;
      }
      .btn-primary {
         background: linear-gradient(90deg, #ec962d 0, #ff7c49 100%);
      }
      .sidebar .widget .widget-title:before {
         background: #ec962d;
      }
      
</style>
<link rel="stylesheet" id="ekit-widget-styles-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/widgets/init/assets/css/widget-styles.css?ver=2.5.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="ekit-responsive-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/widgets/init/assets/css/responsive.css?ver=2.5.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.6.0" id="jquery-core-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.3.2" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script>
<script src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/js/underscore-before.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/js/underscore.min.js?ver=1.13.1" id="underscore-js"></script>
<script src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/js/underscore-after.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/js/wp-util.js?ver=5.8.2" id="wp-util-not-in-footer-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/evenex-essential/modules//parallax/assets/js/jarallax.js?ver=1.5.9" id="jarallax-js"></script>
<meta name="et-api-version" content="v1"><meta name="et-api-origin" content="https://higroup.coding.al"><link rel="https://theeventscalendar.com/" href="https://higroup.coding.al/index.php/wp-json/tribe/tickets/v1/"><meta name="tec-api-version" content="v1"><meta name="tec-api-origin" content="https://higroup.coding.al"><link rel="https://theeventscalendar.com/" href="https://higroup.coding.al/index.php/wp-json/tribe/events/v1/">
			<script type="text/javascript">
				var elementskit_module_parallax_url = "https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/evenex-essential/modules//parallax/"
			</script>
		<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/cropped-Bag-page-001-270x270.jpg">
		<style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css">
			

.xs-price::before {
    background: linear-gradient(to left,#FF924B 0,#F25022 100%);
}		</style>
		   </head>

<body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-9047 single-format-standard pmpro-body-has-access user-registration-page tribe-no-js check sidebar-active elementor-default elementor-kit-8181">

<header id="header" class="header header-classic header-main ">
   <div class="container">
      <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg">
         <a class="logo" href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 0 }}">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 0 }}<img class="img-fluid" src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/New-Project-4.png" alt="MixieSocialHub">
         </a>
         <button class="navbar-toggler p-0 border-0" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#primary-nav" aria-controls="primary-nav" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation">
            <span class="header-navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
            <span class="header-navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
            <span class="header-navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
         </button>

         

	<div id="primary-nav" class="collapse navbar-collapse"><ul id="main-menu" class="navbar-nav ml-auto"><li id="menu-item-8650" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-8650 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 1 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 1 }}</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-8928" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8928 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 2 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 2 }}</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-8500" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8500 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 3 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 3 }}</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-8219" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8219 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 4 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 4 }}</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-8169" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8169 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 5 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 5 }}</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-8170" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8170 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 6 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 6 }}</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-8168" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8168 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 7 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 7 }}</a></li>
</ul></div>
         
                                    </nav>
   </div><!-- container end-->
</header>
<section class="xs-banner banner-single banner-bg" style="background-image: url(https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/images/banner/bg_banner.png)">
    <div class="container">
        <div class="d-flex align-items-center banner-area">
            <div class="row">
                <div class="col-12">
                    <h1 class="xs-jumbotron-title" style="color: #ffffff">{{ keyword }}</h1>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
            </div>
</section><div id="main-content" class="main-container blog-single sidebar-active" role="main">
    <div class="container">
        <div class="row">
                    <div class="col-lg-8 col-md-12 mx-auto">
									<article id="post-9047" class="post-content post-single post-9047 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry pmpro-has-access">
						
	<div class="post-body clearfix">

		<!-- Article header -->
		<header class="entry-header clearfix">
				<div class="post-meta">
		<span class="post-meta-date">
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</html>";s:4:"text";s:33171:"Owing to the thinking and acting of human beings and his experience from the English Civil War, Hobbes is of the opinion that the traditional community and individualism cannot meet the primary . Two, the sovereign will perform any initial distribution of land that might be required. During the war, King Charles I, the rightful sovereign of England, was overthrown and executed by the parliamentarians for tyranny. Leviathan. While Hobbes prefers to establish the sovereign as a demigod, Locke understands the sovereign as a mortal, and thus fallible, man. We start Hobbes. Third, the sovereign will develop rules concerning contracts. In Leviathan, Hobbes creates a human machine with the citizens of the state as the body and the sovereign as the head controlling the entire contraption. Hobbes borrowed a concept from English contract law: an implied agreement. Furthermore, the American Founding Fathers, including James A Commonwealth is said to be instituted when a multitude of men do agree, and covenant, every one with every one, that to whatsoever man, or assembly of men, shall be given by the major part the right to present the person of them all, that is to say, to be their representative; every one, as well he . The Right of Nature; The Law of Nature. <a href="https://education.minecraft.net/wp-content/uploads/Hobb-Loc-Mon-Ross-readings.pdf"><span class="result__type">PDF</span> Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau on Government</a> No other rights are given up, only the right to be a vigilante. Plamenatz examines Hobbes&#x27; claims that the sovereign can never act unjustly; that unlimited sovereign authority should be concentrated in the hands of one man whose subjects cannot rightfully disobey; and that the sovereign&#x27;s right is unlimited. It is a realm of reality that would ensue if society was disbanded and human nature dictated man&#x27;s actions. The Second Part the end, which is the common peace and defence, he is understood to have power to use such means as he shall think most fit for his discharge. The duty of obedience is generated through consent. <a href="https://janetpanic.com/what-were-the-ideas-of-hobbes-and-locke/">What were the ideas of Hobbes and Locke? - JanetPanic.com</a> Hobbes believes that the natural right of human beings to preserve their own lives necessitates the first law of nature, which compels them to seek peace to fulfill that right . The sovereign, created by the people, might be a person or a group. Hobbes however, preferred that the Sovereign should be the Monarch, as according to him, more the number of leaders as the &#x27;sovereign&#x27;, greater was the chance of dissonance. These ideas are a recipe for tyranny. <a href="http://homepages.gac.edu/~arosenth/160/Hobbes_Leviathan_2.pdf"><span class="result__type">PDF</span> Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan Selections (2)</a> <a href="https://searchanswer.net/what-is-the-sovereign-according-to-hobbes/718629/">What is the sovereign according to Hobbes? - Search Answer</a> The power given to the sovereign permits him to do whatever he deems necessary in order to protect the commonwealth. This chapter examines Thomas Hobbes&#x27;s ideas about the concept of the sovereign in politics. Handout A: Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, and Consent of the Governed Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (1660) CHAPTER XVII: The only way to erect such a common power, as may be able to defend them from the invasion of foreigners, and the injuries of one another, and thereby to secure them in such sort as that by their own industry and by the fruits of the earth they may nourish themselves and live . Agency and authorisation; de facto authority, protection and obedience. Leviathan Book II, Chapters 20-24 Summary &amp; Analysis | SparkNotes. <a href="https://parama.blog.moldeo.org/did-thomas-hobbes-believed-in-natural-rights/">Did Thomas Hobbes Believed In Natural Rights?</a> <a href="https://iep.utm.edu/hobmoral/">Hobbes, Thomas: Moral and Political Philosophy | Internet ...</a> <a href="https://arcade.stanford.edu/rofl/indivisibility-sovereignty">On the Indivisibility of Sovereignty - ARCADE</a> . <a href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315263182-13/evolving-human-rights-discourse-council-europe-renouncing-sovereign-right-death-penalty-jon-yorke">The Evolving Human Rights Discourse of the Council of ...</a> <a href="https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199791941.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199791941-e-008">Sovereign - Oxford Handbooks</a> Indivisibility has long been among the defining characteristics of sovereignty. One, the sovereign is to establish property rights, with the proviso that none can exclude the right of the sovereign. Answer: You&#x27;re essentially asking why the social contract is adhered to, what the Sovereign provides in return for the obedience of their subjects, and the limits of this obligation are. the contract is among the future subjects, who then give the sovereign power as a gift, with no conditions. I argue that despite apparently supporting . As per Hobbe&#x27;s view that a sovereign must be &#x27;self-perpetuating&#x27;, &#x27;undivided&#x27; and &#x27;ultimately absolute&#x27;. Finally, since the entire purpose of the sovereign is to force the subjects to refrain from harming each other, there can be no doubt that executive power is also his or her exclusive prerogative. These arguments depend on two fine points in the formulation of the social contract. I argue that despite apparently supporting absolutism, Hobbes, in Leviathan, also undermines that absolutism in at least two and possibly three ways.First, he makes sovereignty conditional upon the sovereign&#x27;s ability to ensure the safety of the people. The argument for absolute authority ignores the need for security of those who covenant, the distinction between sovereignty by consent and . Hobbes&#x27;s Leviathan: Absolute Sovereignty. However, Hobbes does not think that the right can or should be transferred exclusively to a monarch, but also to an assembly. The concept of sovereignty is discussed in Hobbesian terms. Even when Hobbes does place a need for virtue upon the sovereign, stating that the Sovereign is simply obligated to &quot;make a right application of punishments and rewards,&quot; he includes no element of the Sovereign being held to account before the subjects; that is, &quot;to make oneself beloved and feared by the people, to make one&#x27;s soldiers . In sum, Hobbes believed in an almost infallible sovereign with nearly limitless power to take and use any and all property for the good of society. According to Locke, the natural rights of individuals limited the power of the king. A sovereign&#x27;s dominion can be acquired in two ways: 1) through generation, or paternal dominion ; and 2) through conquest, or despotical dominion . drastically on the notion of who the sovereign is. Although sovereign jurisdictional authority is not itself a kind of property right for Hobbes, it is the object of the sovereign&#x27;s (not the state&#x27;s) proprietary rights. By the concept of &#x27;liberty&#x27; he means the non-existence . Hobbes propounds the idea that the sovereign must have absolute power over their subjects so as to maintain the rule of law. Hobbes&#x27;s Political Project 4:42 . Sovereign is the ultimate source of all administrative, legislative and judicial authority. the &#x27;sovereign&#x27;, who sits at the intersection of the domestic and international, I suggest that Hobbes&#x27; solution to political instability in the state—the institution of the glorious sovereign—exposes the state to greater international instability and therefore ultimately undermines the Hobbesian promise of an everlasting commonwealth. Ninthly, is annexed to the sovereignty the right of making war and peace with other nations and Commonwealths; that is to say, of judging when it is for the public good, and how great forces are to be assembled, armed, and paid for that end, and to levy money upon the subjects to defray the expenses thereof. State of nature, law of nature, right of nature. He cannot be called oppressive unless he&#x27;s put all his subjects in chains. 5 Finally, apart from the rights of the sovereign, there are also the liberties of subjects. The right that Hobbes declares here is the right to resist. In Second Treatise Government and The Leviathan, John Locke and Thomas Hobbes, suggest contrasting views as to whether citizens have the right of revolution against the sovereign. 1700 Words7 Pages. As Hans J. Morgenthau once stated this point, &quot;sovereignty over the same territory cannot reside simultaneously in two different authorities, that is, sovereignty is indivisible.&quot; Sovereignty cannot be divided without ceasing to be sovereignty proper, and precisely this quality of being indivisible To do this, he believes both that individual&#x27;s natural rights must to some extent be violated, and that the sovereign itself be above the law. Hobbes nowhere overtly states that the &quot;sovereignty&quot; of the ruler stems from the wisdom he employs in ruling. The only one that looks dodgy is the one about controlling doctrines, but even here I think we would concede the point. Hobbes Locke Sovereignty. …Hobbes believed that a government headed by a king was the best form that the sovereign could take. The sovereign power cannot be forfeited because the sovereign cannot breach the covenant in any way. Hobbes stated that law is the command of the sovereign not its counsel. It is the duty of the subjects to obey the sovereign. Hobbes borrowed a concept from English contract law: an implied agreement. Although Hobbes challenged the doctrine of the divine right of kings saying that the power of the sovereign derived originally from the people, he maintained that the sovereign&#x27;s power is absolut. (2) Locke has two contracts (between citizens and citizens, and between citizens and the government) in place of Hobbes&#x27; single contract (between citizens to obey the sovereign). According to Hobbes, society is a population and a sovereign authority, to whom all individuals in that society cede some right for the sake of protection. According to Hobbes on pp. Thomas Hobbes&#x27;S Leviathan, Written In Amid The English 1933 Words | 8 Pages. Hobbes&#x27;s concept of the social contract led to investigations by other political theorists, notably Locke, Spinoza, and Rousseau, who formulated . Hobbes asserted that the people agreed among themselves to &quot;lay down&quot; their natural rights of equality and freedom and give absolute power to a sovereign. Thomas Hobbes. Hobbes asserted that the people agreed among themselves to &quot;lay down&quot; their natural rights of equality and freedom and give absolute power to a sovereign. Hobbes, in his political writing, is generally understood to be arguing for absolutism. Hobbes called this agreement the &quot;social contract.&quot;. The sovereign has a right to command the subjects. Christopher R. Hallenbrook: &#x27;Leviathan No More: The Right of Nature and the Limits of Sovereignty in Hobbes&#x27;, The Review of Politics, 78, 2 (2016).. Abstract: This article challenges the prevailing interpretations of Hobbes&#x27;s thought as providing only minimal protection for the natural right of individuals in political society.Natural right requires the protection of not just the . Hobbes therefore defines natural law as &quot;right or liberty to preserve oneself&quot;, this according to Hobbes endures the fundamental right of self-preservation. These are equally legitimate ways of establishing sovereignty, according to Hobbes, and their underlying motivation is the same—namely fear—whether of one&#x27;s fellows or of a conqueror. In addition, Hobbes makes many points that are obviously aimed at contemporary debates about the rights of King and Parliament—especially about the sovereign&#x27;s rights as regards taxation and the seizure of property, and about the proper relation between religion and politics. Power exercised by this authority cannot be resisted, because the protector&#x27;s sovereign power derives from individuals&#x27; surrendering their own sovereign power for protection. Eleventhly, to the sovereign is committed the power of rewarding with riches or honour; and of punishing with corporal or pecuniary punishment, or with ignominy, every subject according to the law he hath . What a joy! A subject has the right of self-preservation . What did Hobbes and Locke disagree on? What did Thomas Hobbes think about natural . Sovereign has absolute right to declare war and make peace, to levy taxes and to impose penalties. The new science: solipsism, scepticism, mechanicism, empiricism. The social covenant involves both the renunciation or transfer of right and the authorization of the sovereign power. From the lesson. Locke also disagreed with Hobbes about the social contract. Property legislation, according to Hobbes, has three general functions. Hobbes, T. 1651 - Leviathan . In the development of the commonwealth, Hobbes introduces the role of reason, by defining the &#x27;Right of Nature&#x27; jus naturale[11] and the &#x27;Law of Nature&#x27; lex naturalis. Request PDF | Hobbesian Sovereignty and the Rights of Subjects | Hobbes, in his political writing, is generally understood to be arguing for absolutism. Thomas Hobbes&#x27; Leviathan explores the idea of &quot;right of nature,&quot; by going through a number of laws and explaining the necessity of a sovereign government. No other rights are given up, only the right to be a vigilante. Hobbes and Locke on the Rights of Man . Hobbes prefers to establish the sovereign as a demigod, yet Locke understands the sovereign to be a mortal and fallible . Hobbes, through his key features of sovereignty desires to set life on a securely reasonable basis to render the society secure from self-destruction. Alienation of some rights to the sovereign typically follows upon authorization of him. In addition, Hobbes makes many points that are obviously aimed at contemporary debates about the rights of King and Parliament—especially about the sovereign&#x27;s rights as regards taxation and the seizure of property, and about the proper relation between religion and politics. And Hobbes specifies ways by which the sovereign can advance the interests of subjects, for example, by making sure that justice is administered equally to all people regardless of their social or economic position. HOBBES - RIGHTS CURB SOVEREIGN 245 the subjects, albeit in an indirect way. Introduction: Thomas Hobbes [00:00:00] Professor Steven Smith: O.K., today, what a joy. Thomas Hobbes envisioned the possibility of the punishment when he stated, &#x27;a subject may be put to death by the command of the sovereign&#x27; (Hobbes 1996, 141), John Locke reasoned that the political power of the sovereign encompassed &#x27;a right of making laws with penalties of death&#x27; (Locke 1980, 8), Jean-Jacques Rousseau affirmed that . Hobbes adopted various methods in the field of geometry, physics and mathematics. Sovereignty and Right in the Eyes of Hobbes and Locke The state of nature is the common thread between Hobbes and Locke. Total and unequivocal transfer of rights and liberties of the people into the hands of the sovereign may well seem excessively authoritarian, however, we should not overlook, as John Austin notices, the &quot;[apparent] hatred of misrule, which actually should have made us rank Hobbes &#x27;with the ablest and most zealous of [tyranny&#x27;s] foes&quot;[23]. Agency and authorisation; de facto authority, protection and obedience. Here, Hobbes implicitly calls out the English Civil War as an injustice. (D Weber) This is the process of unconditional and unified sovereign authority looking at no collective right of resistance. In Hobbes&#x27;s view, the parliamentarians did not have the right to usurp the King&#x27;s power, nor did they have the right to execute him for . Argentina on Monday reaffirmed its &quot;legitimate sovereignty rights&quot; over the Islas Malvinas, also known as the Falkland Islands. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan Selections (2) OF THE RIGHTS OF SOVEREIGNS BY INSTITUTIONS A COMMONWEALTH is said to be instituted when a multitude of men do agree, and covenant, every one with every one, that to whatsoever man, or assembly of men, shall be given by the major part the right to present This view has no obvious supporters amongst Hobbes scholars, although a leaning to wards elements of it can be found in the works of Edwin Curley,4 Conal Condren5 and, perhaps most significantly, Jean Hampton.6 The sovereign represents an absolute power and unlimited authority whose purpose is to… Hobbes bases his idea in the Law of Nature, Lex Naturalis, which is explained by the political philosopher as &quot;a Precept, or generall Rule, found out . Hobbes rejected traditional higher law doctrines and encouraged people to accept the established laws and customs . Laurens van Apeldoorn&#x27;s chapter, &#x27;Property and Despotic Sovereignty&#x27;, presses a novel reading of Hobbes&#x27;s theory of property, whereby ownership requires not merely right but also de facto possession. It is because of this distinction that Hobbes and Locke disagree on the notion of the right of revolution. It is in this way the natural law became a moral guide or directive to the sovereign for preservation of the natural rights of the subjects. Individual rights did not exist; whatever &quot;rights&quot; an individual had were merely at the discretion of the sovereign and could be revoked at any time. Hobbes and the Scientific Revolution 16:28. Absolute sovereignty, social contract. These ideas are a recipe for tyranny. [12] He defines the Right of Nature as that of the liberty each one possesses to use his own power forself-preservation. This negative view of natural law can be traced to Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), whose writings are largely devoted to showing the anarchy and civil wars caused by appeals to natural and divine laws above the will of the sovereign. Jurisdictional authority for Hobbes is foundationally over persons rather than territory, so that the sovereign&#x27;s territorial jurisdiction is parasitic on jurisdiction over persons. The sovereign has the right to allow or takes away freedom of speech and opinion. citizens, who are the literal members of the Leviathan body. Thomas Hobbes was the author of the first and, I believe, undoubtedly the greatest, work of political theory written in . And he is one of the great treats. Lecture 14 - The Sovereign State: Hobbes, Leviathan Overview. . BUENOS AIRES - Argentina on Monday reaffirmed its &quot;legitimate sovereignty rights&quot; over the Malvinas Islands, also known as the Falklands. Hobbes believed that a government headed by a king was the best form that the sovereign could take. Hobbes&#x27; Views on Sovereignty! (1) Hobbes&#x27; sovereign is not a party to any contract and has no obligation to protect his citizens&#x27; natural rights. It explains that Hobbes believed that there are no meaningful limitations on who can be sovereign and on what sovereigns are entitled to do and suggests that both accounts are fairly radical for their uncompromising insistence on natural equality and political inequality. …Hobbes believed that a government headed by a king was the best form that the sovereign could take. Absolute sovereignty, social contract. Hobbes asserted that the people agreed among themselves to &quot;lay down&quot; their natural rights of equality and freedom and give absolute power to a sovereign. (1) Hobbes&#x27; sovereign is not a party to any contract and has no obligation to protect his citizens&#x27; natural rights. 1660 The Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes Chapter XVIII: Of the Rights of Sovereigns by institution. Hobbes&#x27;s overall belief in people is not that they are evil, but rather they are moved by passions that control their behavior. What is the purpose of the state according to Hobbes? Hobbes&#x27; furthers his argument that sovereignty established by force (acquisition) carries the same rights as when it is established by agreement (institution) in his treatment of dominion. Hobbes argues that the &quot;state of nature&quot; of man is rules of reason contrary to human instincts. Leviathan rests upon the right of the sovereign to command because he alone retains the rights of the state of nature. Hobbes held that for a proper functioning society, the authority of the Sovereign had to be absolute and supreme and nobody had the right to challenge it. While this view … Expand Hobbes on rights of a ruler or sovereign The sovereign cannot be unjust, because the covenant has given him the right to do whatever he feels is necessary. The English philosophers Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) and John Locke (1632-1704) promulgated divergent views of human rights that reflected both the influence of their respective times and fundamentally different attitudes towards human nature. [1] While Hampton was right to argue that Hobbes&#x27;s principles entail the right to rebel, it is not correct to say that his justification for absolute sovereignty is &quot;invalid.&quot; If Hobbes&#x27;s principles are contradictory, as I think they are, then they entail both that individuals have a right to rebel and that the sovereign is absolute. According to Hobbes, the only way to escape civil war and to maintain a state of peace in a commonwealth is to institute an impartial and absolute sovereign power that is the final authority on all political issues. In any case, this social pact is not made between the subjects and a sovereign (or assembly), but only between the subjects who transfer their rights to an external subject. For him, it was not just an agreement among the people, but between them and the sovereign (preferably a king). The new science: solipsism, scepticism, mechanicism, empiricism. PLSC 114 - Lecture 12 - The Sovereign State: Hobbes, Leviathan. Hobbes is on the right conceptual track when he treats the sovereign&#x27;s right to rule as founded on the authorization of his subjects, so that the neo-Hobbesian definition of punishment is plausible, and the idea that each person is the author of his or her punishment makes excellent sense. 111-112, under what circumstances, if any, does the sovereign forfeit the sovereign&#x27;s right to govern the subjects of the commonwealth? Hobbes claims that sovereigns can never forfeit their right to rule and that they cannot treat subjects unjustly, no matter what they do. In Leviathan, Hobbes holds that prospective subjects authorize a sovereign to represent them. In light of this theory of property, a Hobbesian sovereign can be said to own their subjects and all their subjects&#x27; possessions, regardless of . To do this, he believes both that individual&#x27;s natural rights must to some extent be violated, and that the sovereign itself be above the law. In compilation to these facts about natural rights and the sovereign state, Hobbes used various methods. Similarities Between Locke And Hobbes. (2) Locke has two contracts (between citizens and citizens, and between citizens and the government) in place of Hobbes&#x27; single contract (between citizens to obey the sovereign). State of nature, law of nature, right of nature.  The sovereign also reserves the right of &quot;hearing and deciding all controversies&quot; - that is, the judicial power (Hobbes 114). 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