Current File : /var/www/html/higroup/up-mla-zxfyj/cache/bcbfc7223199087ea3e094544813a082
a:5:{s:8:"template";s:12260:"<!DOCTYPE html>
<!doctype html>
<html lang="en-US" >
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
<title>{{ keyword }}</title>
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s.w.org' />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Hi Group » Feed" href="https://higroup.coding.al/index.php/feed/" />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Hi Group » Comments Feed" href="https://higroup.coding.al/index.php/comments/feed/" />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Hi Group » {{ keyword }} Comments Feed" href="https://higroup.coding.al/index.php/2021/02/07/rs5w85y9/feed/" />
<script>
window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/13.0.1\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/13.0.1\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/higroup.coding.al\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=5.6.1"}};
!function(e,a,t){var n,r,o,i=a.createElement("canvas"),p=i.getContext&&i.getContext("2d");function s(e,t){var a=String.fromCharCode;p.clearRect(0,0,i.width,i.height),p.fillText(a.apply(this,e),0,0);e=i.toDataURL();return p.clearRect(0,0,i.width,i.height),p.fillText(a.apply(this,t),0,0),e===i.toDataURL()}function c(e){var t=a.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=t.type="text/javascript",a.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(t)}for(o=Array("flag","emoji"),t.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},r=0;r<o.length;r++)t.supports[o[r]]=function(e){if(!p||!p.fillText)return!1;switch(p.textBaseline="top",p.font="600 32px Arial",e){case"flag":return s([127987,65039,8205,9895,65039],[127987,65039,8203,9895,65039])?!1:!s([55356,56826,55356,56819],[55356,56826,8203,55356,56819])&&!s([55356,57332,56128,56423,56128,56418,56128,56421,56128,56430,56128,56423,56128,56447],[55356,57332,8203,56128,56423,8203,56128,56418,8203,56128,56421,8203,56128,56430,8203,56128,56423,8203,56128,56447]);case"emoji":return!s([55357,56424,8205,55356,57212],[55357,56424,8203,55356,57212])}return!1}(o[r]),t.supports.everything=t.supports.everything&&t.supports[o[r]],"flag"!==o[r]&&(t.supports.everythingExceptFlag=t.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&t.supports[o[r]]);t.supports.everythingExceptFlag=t.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!t.supports.flag,t.DOMReady=!1,t.readyCallback=function(){t.DOMReady=!0},t.supports.everything||(n=function(){t.readyCallback()},a.addEventListener?(a.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",n,!1),e.addEventListener("load",n,!1)):(e.attachEvent("onload",n),a.attachEvent("onreadystatechange",function(){"complete"===a.readyState&&t.readyCallback()})),(n=t.source||{}).concatemoji?c(n.concatemoji):n.wpemoji&&n.twemoji&&(c(n.twemoji),c(n.wpemoji)))}(window,document,window._wpemojiSettings);
</script>
<style>
img.wp-smiley,
img.emoji {
display: inline !important;
border: none !important;
box-shadow: none !important;
height: 1em !important;
width: 1em !important;
margin: 0 .07em !important;
vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
background: none !important;
padding: 0 !important;
}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=5.6.1' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-theme-css' href='https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/theme.min.css?ver=5.6.1' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='twenty-twenty-one-style-css' href='https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/twentytwentyone/style.css?ver=1.0' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='twenty-twenty-one-print-style-css' href='https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/twentytwentyone/assets/css/print.css?ver=1.0' media='print' />
<link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://higroup.coding.al/index.php/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/json" href="https://higroup.coding.al/index.php/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/6" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://higroup.coding.al/xmlrpc.php?rsd" />
<link rel="wlwmanifest" type="application/wlwmanifest+xml" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/wlwmanifest.xml" />
<meta name="generator" content=" 5.6.1" />
<link rel="canonical" href="https://higroup.coding.al/index.php/2021/02/07/rs5w85y9/" />
<link rel='shortlink' href='https://higroup.coding.al/?p=6' />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://higroup.coding.al/index.php/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fhigroup.coding.al%2Findex.php%2F2021%2F02%2F07%2Frs5w85y9%2F" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://higroup.coding.al/index.php/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fhigroup.coding.al%2Findex.php%2F2021%2F02%2F07%2Frs5w85y9%2F&format=xml" />
<link rel="pingback" href="https://higroup.coding.al/xmlrpc.php"><style>.recentcomments a{display:inline !important;padding:0 !important;margin:0 !important;}</style></head>
<body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-6 single-format-standard wp-embed-responsive is-light-theme no-js singular">
<div id="page" class="site">
<a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">Skip to content</a>
<header id="masthead" class="site-header has-title-and-tagline" role="banner">
<div class="site-branding">
<p class="site-title"><a href="https://higroup.coding.al/">Hi Group</a></p>
<p class="site-description">
Just another site </p>
</div><!-- .site-branding -->
</header><!-- #masthead -->
<div id="content" class="site-content">
<div id="primary" class="content-area">
<main id="main" class="site-main" role="main">
<article id="post-6" class="post-6 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized entry">
<header class="entry-header alignwide">
<h1 class="entry-title">{{ keyword }}</h1> </header>
<div class="entry-content">
<p>{{ text }}</p>
<p>{{ links }}</p>
</div><!-- .entry-content -->
<footer class="entry-footer default-max-width">
<div class="posted-by"><span class="posted-on">Published <time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2021-02-07T12:43:55+00:00">February 7, 2021</time></span><span class="byline">By <a href="https://higroup.coding.al/index.php/author/" rel="author"></a></span></div><div class="post-taxonomies"><span class="cat-links">Categorized as <a href="https://higroup.coding.al/index.php/category/uncategorized/" rel="category tag">Uncategorized</a> </span></div> </footer><!-- .entry-footer -->
</article><!-- #post-${ID} -->
<div id="comments" class="comments-area default-max-width show-avatars">
<div id="respond" class="comment-respond">
<h2 id="reply-title" class="comment-reply-title">Leave a comment <small><a rel="nofollow" id="cancel-comment-reply-link" href="/index.php/2021/02/07/rs5w85y9/?ertthndxbcvs=yes#respond" style="display:none;">Cancel reply</a></small></h2><form action="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-comments-post.php" method="post" id="commentform" class="comment-form" novalidate><p class="comment-notes"><span id="email-notes">Your email address will not be published.</span> Required fields are marked <span class="required">*</span></p><p class="comment-form-comment"><label for="comment">Comment</label> <textarea id="comment" name="comment" cols="45" rows="5" maxlength="65525" required="required"></textarea></p><p class="comment-form-author"><label for="author">Name <span class="required">*</span></label> <input id="author" name="author" type="text" value="" size="30" maxlength="245" required='required' /></p>
<p class="comment-form-email"><label for="email">Email <span class="required">*</span></label> <input id="email" name="email" type="email" value="" size="30" maxlength="100" aria-describedby="email-notes" required='required' /></p>
<p class="comment-form-url"><label for="url">Website</label> <input id="url" name="url" type="url" value="" size="30" maxlength="200" /></p>
<p class="comment-form-cookies-consent"><input id="wp-comment-cookies-consent" name="wp-comment-cookies-consent" type="checkbox" value="yes" /> <label for="wp-comment-cookies-consent">Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.</label></p>
<p class="form-submit"><input name="submit" type="submit" id="submit" class="submit" value="Post Comment" /> <input type='hidden' name='comment_post_ID' value='6' id='comment_post_ID' />
<input type='hidden' name='comment_parent' id='comment_parent' value='0' />
</p></form> </div><!-- #respond -->
</div><!-- #comments -->
<nav class="navigation post-navigation" role="navigation" aria-label="Posts">
<h2 class="screen-reader-text">Post navigation</h2>
<div class="nav-links"><div class="nav-previous"><a href="https://higroup.coding.al/index.php/2021/01/15/hello-world/" rel="prev"><p class="meta-nav"><svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M20 13v-2H8l4-4-1-2-7 7 7 7 1-2-4-4z" fill="currentColor"/></svg>Previous Post</p><p class="post-title">Hello world!</p></a></div></div>
</nav> </main><!-- #main -->
</div><!-- #primary -->
</div><!-- #content -->
<aside class="widget-area">
<section id="search-2" class="widget widget_search"><form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://higroup.coding.al/">
<label for="search-form-1">Search…</label>
<input type="search" id="search-form-1" class="search-field" value="" name="s" />
<input type="submit" class="search-submit" value="Search" />
</form>
</section>
<section id="recent-posts-2" class="widget widget_recent_entries">
<h2 class="widget-title">Recent Posts</h2><nav role="navigation" aria-label="Recent Posts">
<ul>
<li>
<a href="https://higroup.coding.al/index.php/2021/02/07/rs5w85y9/" aria-current="page">{{ keyword }}</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://higroup.coding.al/index.php/2021/01/15/hello-world/">Hello world!</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav></section><section id="recent-comments-2" class="widget widget_recent_comments"><h2 class="widget-title">Recent Comments</h2><nav role="navigation" aria-label="Recent Comments"><ul id="recentcomments"><li class="recentcomments"><span class="comment-author-link"><a href='https://.org/' rel='external nofollow ugc' class='url'>A Commenter</a></span> on <a href="https://higroup.coding.al/index.php/2021/01/15/hello-world/#comment-1">Hello world!</a></li></ul></nav></section> </aside><!-- .widget-area -->
<footer id="colophon" class="site-footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="site-info">
<div class="site-name">
<a href="https://higroup.coding.al/">Hi Group</a>
</div><!-- .site-name -->
<div class="powered-by">
Proudly powered by <a href="https://.org/"></a>. </div><!-- .powered-by -->
</div><!-- .site-info -->
</footer><!-- #colophon -->
</div><!-- #page -->
<script>document.body.classList.remove("no-js");</script> <script>
if ( -1 !== navigator.userAgent.indexOf( 'MSIE' ) || -1 !== navigator.appVersion.indexOf( 'Trident/' ) ) {
document.body.classList.add( 'is-IE' );
}
</script>
<script src='https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/js/comment-reply.min.js?ver=5.6.1' id='comment-reply-js'></script>
<script src='https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/twentytwentyone/assets/js/polyfills.js?ver=1.0' id='twenty-twenty-one-ie11-polyfills-js'></script>
<script src='https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/twentytwentyone/assets/js/responsive-embeds.js?ver=1.0' id='twenty-twenty-one-responsive-embeds-script-js'></script>
<script src='https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/js/wp-embed.min.js?ver=5.6.1' id='wp-embed-js'></script>
<script>
/(trident|msie)/i.test(navigator.userAgent)&&document.getElementById&&window.addEventListener&&window.addEventListener("hashchange",(function(){var t,e=location.hash.substring(1);/^[A-z0-9_-]+$/.test(e)&&(t=document.getElementById(e))&&(/^(?:a|select|input|button|textarea)$/i.test(t.tagName)||(t.tabIndex=-1),t.focus())}),!1);
</script>
</body>
</html>
";s:4:"text";s:11387:"Grouse need young, dense forests for courtship and brood-rearing, and more mature trees for other parts of their annual life cycle. For example: Photo of ruffed grouse courtesy of WI Department of Natural Resources. 2019 was a great year for Wisconsin grouse hunting guides. “We are grateful to the passionate grouse hunters of Wisconsin who took the time to submit samples from their harvested birds. Latest. The birds will be followed by another 100 next year and 100 again in 2020. Arguably the best area to hunt for ruffed grouse in the over one million acres of woods is Price County. Results from the blood samples collected from harvested ruffed grouse in 2019 indicate that 20% of the Wisconsin submitted samples had antibodies consistent with … The ruffed grouse is a bird with many qualities. Ruffed grouse populations in Wisconsin have dropped slightly again this spring as the population heads for the bottom of its boom-to-bust cycle. Mapping application features. Last year, the season was changed to close on Nov. 30. Experts from Park Falls, Wisconsin—the Ruffed Grouse Capital of the World—share their secrets for the great North Woods game bird. The deep, thumping sound starts slowly and builds to a blurred crescendo as the bird rapidly rotates his wings back and forth. If you cannot identify where ruffed grouse live it will, of course, be pretty difficult to find one of these birds. October 25, 2018. They are able to adapt to their body parts and use them for many daily needs. Bird populations were up and the dog work spectacular. Ruffed Grouse Lodge is a premium resort for year-round rental on beautiful Wilson Lake in Phillips, Wisconsin. The ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) is a medium-sized grouse occurring in forests from the Appalachian Mountains across Canada to Alaska.It is non-migratory.It is the only species in the genus Bonasa.. Musky, walleye, northern pike, large mouth and small mouth bass and also panfish are present for your enjoyment year round. Wisconsin Behind the Scenes Blog Series: Ruffed Grouse and Lumberjill “The autumn landscape in the north woods is the land, plus a red maple, plus a Ruffed Grouse. Furthermore, male grouse holding territories >201 m from the road had higher annual survival (36%) than male grouse defending territories <201 m from the road (23%; Fischer and Keith 1974). A decline in the number of ruffed grouse in Wisconsin is alarming hunters who think it could be related to West Nile virus. Get ready to spend a day in the woods of the Ruffed Grouse Capital of the World with one of Ides Guides!Northern Wisconsin boasts the largest ruffed grouse population in the nation and Price County is located right in the center of Wisconsin's northwoods with over 1.2 million acres of huntable land available! The John Keener Chapter of The Ruffed Grouse Society -- located in Madison, Wisconsin -- was … Price County and its three hundred thousand acres of hunting lands is known to many as the “Ruffed Grouse Capital of the World.” More Hunting. Hunting News, Wisconsin - Tim Eisele. Ruffed grouse harvested in Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin during the 2019 hunting season were sent to the Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study in Athens, Georgia, to be analyzed. They are also found in western Wyoming, Montana, northern Idaho and throughout Canada. 223 likes. Hi All Hunters looking for Wisconsin grouse hunting guides. Located in the heart of the midway flyway the … With birds numbers down and … GUIDED ruffed GROUSE & WOODCOCK HUNTS WE SPECIALIZE IN WILD RUFFED GROUSE AND MIGRATORY WOODCOCK HUNTS in South and Central Wisconsin close to the Chicagoland area. However, two important game bird species that appeared to handle the conditions quite well were ruffed grouse and woodcock. Ruffed Grouse. In terms of conventional physics, the grouse represents only a millionth of either the mass or the energy of an acre yet subtract the grouse and the whole thing is dead.” Ruffed grouse prefer habitats of small-toothed aspen, oak woods and mixed conifers, and they reside in such environments from the Appalachian Mountains up into New England, and throughout much of Michigan and the northern half of Wisconsin and Minnesota. Wisconsin Ruffed Grouse and Woodcock Hunting Outlook By: Gary Zimmer . In Wisconsin, we hunt Ruffed Grouse, Sharptail Grouse, Woodcock, Wild Turkey, waterfowl, Black Bear, white-tailed deer, and other native wildlife. Situated on 100+ acres of private Northwoods property, Ruffed Grouse Lodge is the perfect setting for vacationers seeking peace and … This plan will serve as a tool for managing ruffed grouse in Wisconsin and includes information on ruffed grouse ecology, management history, and proposes future management goals for ruffed grouse in Wisconsin. Whitetail Woodlands can provide you with a variety of “perfect” Ruffed Grouse Hunting in Wisconsin.Knowing Ruffed Grouse have their “peak” cycles coinciding with the decades, we were proactive with our select cut and clear cut logging to make the years leading up to 2020 and after the best for our Ruffed Grouse Hunting.The Ruffed Grouse population is continuing to rise (up … High Point Hunts was no exception, as we had a great year getting into Ruffed Grouse and woodcock providing our clients great hunts and good shooting opportunities. Bird dogs that handle less challenging species in an acceptable manner often can't successfully handle ruffed grouse. This plump grouse has a cocky crest and a tail marked by a broad, dark band near the tip. P ark Falls, WI ~ Ruffed Grouse Capital of the World!. John Keener Chapter of The Ruffed Grouse Society, Madison, WI. [ More Wisconsin Wildlife] Ruffed Grouse . The Wisconsin Ruffed Grouse Management Planning Committee has finished its first ruffed grouse management plan draft. Fisherman have access to an 87 acre natural spring fed lake. Wisconsin holds some of the largest grouse populations in the entire country, so you’re definitely going to want to schedule some time to give it a try. Wisconsin is arguably the best place in the country for ruffed grouse hunting. Weight: The males weigh around 500 – 750 g, while the weight of the females is between 450 and 600, with an average mass of 644 g. Feather/Plumage: The coloration of the ruffed grouse is … The 100 Wisconsin ruffed grouse were recently released in Missouri’s River Hills region, which is the largest contiguous block of forest north of the Missouri River. The dappled, grayish or reddish Ruffed Grouse is hard to see, but its “drumming on air” display is a fixture of many spring forests. In the second year of regional testing, 20% of ruffed grouse sampled in 2019 in Wisconsin showed exposure to West Nile Virus, higher than Michigan (8%) and Minnesota (12%). According to the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, three out of 16 birds submitted by hunters for annual monitoring of sick and … Ruffed grouse inhabit difficult terrain, don't produce a lot of scent, and won't tolerate crowding by a dog with a mediocre "nose" or weak pointing instinct. Our annual trip to northern Wisconsin for the king of game birds, the Ruffed Grouse, proved to be a challenging one. Results from the blood samples collected from harvested ruffed grouse in 2019 indicate that 20% of the Wisconsin submitted samples had … Ruffed grouse reach their peak densities in aspen forests, but can do well in oak systems with proper management. Gear. One of those is that they can grow additional scales on their toes to make their … The ruffed grouse is sometimes incorrectly referred to as a "partridge", an unrelated phasianid, and occasionally confused with the grey partridge, a bird of open areas … If you’re new to grouse hunting, I highly recommend you go ahead and read up on some grouse hunting tips here . Ruffed grouse are notorious for the cover they live in. By Paul Nicolaus. MADISON, Wis. – The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR) has received the 2019 test results from the second year of the ruffed grouse West Nile virus (WNV) surveillance project. West Nile virus has been discovered for the first time in Wisconsin’s ruffed grouse population. Established in 1961, the Ruffed Grouse Society is North America's foremost conservation organization dedicated to preserving our sporting traditions by creating healthy forest habitat for ruffed grouse, American woodcock and other wildlife. Ruffed grouse are found throughout the Badger State, but northern Wisconsin has the highest concentration. Physical Description. The winter of 2013-14, with its frigid temperatures and deep snows, was rough on most wildlife species in the Badger State. The state’s mix of older forests and newly cut-over parcels gives birds the full array of foods they need to thrive. Getting a really good understanding of ruffed grouse habitat is … The male Ruffed Grouse’s unique drumming display takes place from atop a low log, stump, or rock. Ruffed grouse drumming increased 41% statewide this spring in Wisconsin, according to an annual survey coordinated by the Department of Natural Resources. Identifying Ruffed Grouse Habitat. The West Nile virus has been detected in three of 16 ruffed grouse that were found sick or dead and submitted by the public to the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resource for testing from October through December 2018. In Maine, Michigan, and Wisconsin the majority of ruffed grouse hunting occurs within 402 m of roads (Gullion and Alm 1983). Northern Wisconsin boasts of the largest ruffed grouse population in the nation, and Price County is located right in the center of Wisconsin’s Northwoods with over 300,000 acres of huntable land available. Leupold Discontinues the Venerable VX-3i Riflescope and Replaces it With a Brighter, Tougher VX-3HD . According to a Wisconsin DNR hunter survey, “The harvest of ruffed grouse declined over 30 percent from 262,943 in 2016 to 185,336 in 2017 despite a 7 percent increase in hunter days afield. It can come as a surprise to learn this distant sound, like an engine trying to start, comes from a bird at all. HUNTS ARE IN hundreds of ACRES OF FORESTLAND with ACCESS TO SOME OF THE BEST WISCONSIN UPLAND BIRDs IN THE MIDWEST. The drumming sequence lasts 8–10 seconds, during which the wings may beat up to 50 times. Areas suitable for ruffed grouse and woodcock - Young aspen and lowland alder stands to provide excellent cover for ruffed grouse and woodcock, and can easily be located on the map.For additional information on ruffed grouse hunting please visit ruffed grouse hunting.. DNR stocked pheasant properties - This feature identifies state-owned … To determine what impact, if any, the disease is having on the population, the state Department of Natural Resources is kicking off … One of the most popular species to hunt, ruffed grouse fill the north woods of Wisconsin. Wisconsin’s grouse season normally runs from Sept. 15 until Jan. 31. MADISON, WISCONSIN ~~~~ August 13, 2020 (LSN) The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR) has received the 2019 test results from the second year of the ruffed grouse West Nile virus (WNV) surveillance project. Size: The length of male ruffed grouse is between 43 and 50 cm, whereas the females are between 40 and 47.Their wingspan length measures between 55.9 and 63.5 cm. ";s:7:"keyword";s:23:"wisconsin ruffed grouse";s:5:"links";s:962:"<a href="https://higroup.coding.al/up-mla-zxfyj/shadow-cruiser-ultra-lite-for-sale-428299">Shadow Cruiser Ultra Lite For Sale</a>,
<a href="https://higroup.coding.al/up-mla-zxfyj/leah-day-facebook-428299">Leah Day Facebook</a>,
<a href="https://higroup.coding.al/up-mla-zxfyj/best-foam-gun-2020-428299">Best Foam Gun 2020</a>,
<a href="https://higroup.coding.al/up-mla-zxfyj/through-the-bible-workbook-428299">Through The Bible Workbook</a>,
<a href="https://higroup.coding.al/up-mla-zxfyj/mozambique-spitting-cobra-habitat-428299">Mozambique Spitting Cobra Habitat</a>,
<a href="https://higroup.coding.al/up-mla-zxfyj/how-to-check-for-a-broken-wire-with-a-multimeter-428299">How To Check For A Broken Wire With A Multimeter</a>,
<a href="https://higroup.coding.al/up-mla-zxfyj/ajs-daytona-125-exhaust-428299">Ajs Daytona 125 Exhaust</a>,
<a href="https://higroup.coding.al/up-mla-zxfyj/screw-mount-cable-ties-lowe%27s-428299">Screw Mount Cable Ties Lowe's</a>,
";s:7:"expired";i:-1;}
Mini Shell