Current File : /var/www/html/higroup/tbzt/cache/3f828cf1a5967df06f211aadddbb6533
a:5:{s:8:"template";s:46130:"<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1">
<title>{{ keyword }}</title>
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto%3A400%2C700%2C900%7CPoppins%3A400%2C700%2C900" rel="stylesheet"><script type="text/javascript">
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<style type="text/css">
img.wp-smiley,
img.emoji {
display: inline !important;
border: none !important;
box-shadow: none !important;
height: 1em !important;
width: 1em !important;
margin: 0 .07em !important;
vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
background: none !important;
padding: 0 !important;
}
</style>
<link rel="stylesheet" id="evenex-widget-styles-pro-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/evenex-essential/modules/elements/assets/css/widget-styles-pro.css?ver=1.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="sweetalert2-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/user-registration/assets/css/sweetalert2/sweetalert2.min.css?ver=8.17.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="user-registration-general-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/user-registration/assets/css/user-registration.css?ver=1.9.6" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="user-registration-smallscreen-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/user-registration/assets/css/user-registration-smallscreen.css?ver=1.9.6" type="text/css" media="only screen and (max-width: 768px)">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="user-registration-my-account-layout-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/user-registration/assets/css/my-account-layout.css?ver=1.9.6" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="dashicons-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/css/dashicons.min.css?ver=5.8.2" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="tribe-common-skeleton-style-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/css/common-skeleton.min.css?ver=4.13.0.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="tribe-tooltip-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/css/tooltip.min.css?ver=4.13.0.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="tribe-common-full-style-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/css/common-full.min.css?ver=4.13.0.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="event-tickets-tickets-css-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/event-tickets/src/resources/css/tickets-v1.min.css?ver=5.1.2.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="event-tickets-tickets-rsvp-css-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/event-tickets/src/resources/css/rsvp-v1.min.css?ver=5.1.2.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="wp-block-library-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=5.8.2" type="text/css" media="all">
<style id="wp-block-library-theme-inline-css" type="text/css">
#start-resizable-editor-section{display:none}.wp-block-audio figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-audio figcaption{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.65)}.wp-block-code{font-family:Menlo,Consolas,monaco,monospace;color:#1e1e1e;padding:.8em 1em;border:1px solid #ddd;border-radius:4px}.wp-block-embed figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-embed figcaption{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.65)}.blocks-gallery-caption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .blocks-gallery-caption{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.65)}.wp-block-image figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-image figcaption{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.65)}.wp-block-pullquote{border-top:4px solid;border-bottom:4px solid;margin-bottom:1.75em;color:currentColor}.wp-block-pullquote__citation,.wp-block-pullquote cite,.wp-block-pullquote footer{color:currentColor;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal}.wp-block-quote{border-left:.25em solid;margin:0 0 1.75em;padding-left:1em}.wp-block-quote cite,.wp-block-quote footer{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;position:relative;font-style:normal}.wp-block-quote.has-text-align-right{border-left:none;border-right:.25em solid;padding-left:0;padding-right:1em}.wp-block-quote.has-text-align-center{border:none;padding-left:0}.wp-block-quote.is-large,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large{border:none}.wp-block-search .wp-block-search__label{font-weight:700}.wp-block-group.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}.wp-block-separator{border:none;border-bottom:2px solid;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;opacity:.4}.wp-block-separator:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){width:100px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-dots){border-bottom:none;height:1px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){height:2px}.wp-block-table thead{border-bottom:3px solid}.wp-block-table tfoot{border-top:3px solid}.wp-block-table td,.wp-block-table th{padding:.5em;border:1px solid;word-break:normal}.wp-block-table figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-table figcaption{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.65)}.wp-block-video figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-video figcaption{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.65)}.wp-block-template-part.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}#end-resizable-editor-section{display:none}
</style>
<link rel="stylesheet" id="pmpro_frontend-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/paid-memberships-pro/css/frontend.css?ver=2.5.7" type="text/css" media="screen">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="pmpro_print-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/paid-memberships-pro/css/print.css?ver=2.5.7" type="text/css" media="print">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="theme-my-login-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/theme-my-login/assets/styles/theme-my-login.min.css?ver=7.1.3" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="elementor-icons-ekiticons-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/modules/elementskit-icon-pack/assets/css/ekiticons.css?ver=2.5.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="elementskit-parallax-style-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/evenex-essential/modules//parallax/assets/css/style.css?ver=1.5.9" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="event-tickets-rsvp-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/event-tickets/src/resources/css/rsvp.min.css?ver=5.1.2.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="event-tickets-tpp-css-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/event-tickets/src/resources/css/tpp.min.css?ver=5.1.2.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="fonts-css" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Poppins%3A300%2C400%2C500%2C600%2C700%26display%3Dswap%7CRoboto%3A400%2C500%2C700%26display%3Dswap%7CRubik%3A400%2C500%2C700%26display%3Dswap%7CArchivo%3A400%2C500%2C600%2C700&ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="bootstrap-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/bootstrap.min.css?ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="fontawesome-min-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/fontawesome.min.css?ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="select2-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/user-registration/assets/css/select2.css?ver=1.9.6" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="evenex-image-choose-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/image-choose-control.css?ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="evenex-icon-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/iconfont.css?ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="xs-grid-line-animation-css-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/grid-line-parallax.css?ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="evenex-blog-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/blog.css?ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="evenex-master-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/master.css?ver=1641050289" type="text/css" media="all">
<style id="evenex-master-inline-css" type="text/css">
h1{
font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;color:#101010;font-size:36px;
}
h2,
.post .entry-header .entry-title,
.search .page .entry-header .entry-title{
font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;color:#101010;font-size:30px;
}
h3{
font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;color:#101010;font-size:24px;
}
h4{
font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;color:#101010;font-size:18px;
}
h5{
font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;color:#101010;font-size:16px;
}
h6{
font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;color:#101010;font-size:14px;
}
body{
background:#ffffff;
font-family: Roboto, sans-serif;color:#666666;line-height:1.625;font-size:16px;
}
.logo-area .site-title a , .logo-area .site-desc{
color:#ec962d;
}
.post .entry-header .entry-title a:hover,
.sidebar ul li a:hover, .xs-footer-section ul li a:hover,
.post-meta a:hover,
.header .navbar-light .navbar-nav li a:hover {
color: #ec962d;
}
.tag-lists a:hover, .tagcloud a:hover,
.sticky.post .meta-featured-post,
.widget-title:before,
.xs-custom-widget > h5:before,
.block-title.title-border .title-bg,
.block-title.title-border .title-bg::before ,
.owl-next, .owl-prev,
.header .navbar-light .navbar-nav>li.active>a:before,
.main-slider .owl-prev.disabled,
.owl-dots:before,
.featured-tab-item .nav-tabs .nav-link.active:before,
.owl-theme .owl-dots .owl-dot.active span,
.ts-footer .widget-title:before,
.main-slider .owl-next:hover, .main-slider .owl-prev:hover,
.sidebar .widget.widget_search .input-group-btn, .xs-footer-section .widget.widget_search .input-group-btn,
.xs-search-group .search-button,
.banner-solid,
.pagination li.active a,
.wp-block-button:not(.is-style-outline) .wp-block-button__link,
.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background),
.wp-block-file .wp-block-file__button,
.back_to_top > a,
.post .meta-featured-post::after {
background:#ec962d;
}
.post .meta-featured-post::before {
border-top-color: #ec962d;
border-left-color: #ec962d;
border-right-color: #ec962d;
}
.xs-search-group .search-button:hover,
.pagination li.active a:hover,
.wp-block-button:not(.is-style-outline) .wp-block-button__link:hover,
.wp-block-file .wp-block-file__button:hover {
background:#ff7c49;
}
.header-btn {
background: linear-gradient(90deg,#ec962d 0,#ff7c49 100%);
}
.header-btn::before {
box-shadow: 0 15px 25px 0 #ec962d;
}
.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:hover,
.wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:active:not(.has-text-color):hover,
.wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:focus:not(.has-text-color):hover,
.wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color):hover,
.breadcrumb>li a:hover {
color: #ff7c49;
}
.wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:active:not(.has-text-color),
.wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:focus:not(.has-text-color),
.wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color),
.navbar-nav .nav-link:hover,
.dropdown-item.active,
.dropdown-item:active,
.navbar-nav .dropdown-menu li:hover>a,
.xs-recent-post-widget .widget-post .entry-title>a:hover {
color: #ec962d;
}
.tag-lists a:hover, .tagcloud a:hover,
.owl-theme .owl-dots .owl-dot.active span{
border-color: #ec962d;
}
.block-title.title-border .title-bg::after{
border-left-color: #ec962d;
}
.block-title.title-border{
border-bottom-color: #ec962d;
}
.topbar .top-nav li a:hover,
.comments-list .comment-author a:hover,
.comments-list .comment-reply-link:hover,
.post-title a:hover,
.copyright-area a:hover,
.ts-footer .widget ul li a:hover,
.featured-tab-item .nav-tabs .nav-link.active .tab-head>span.tab-text-title,
.social-links li a:hover,
.comment-author cite a:hover {
color:#ec962d;
}
.xs-footer-section{
background-color: #FFF;
}
.btn-primary {
background: linear-gradient(90deg, #ec962d 0, #ff7c49 100%);
}
.sidebar .widget .widget-title:before {
background: #ec962d;
}
</style>
<link rel="stylesheet" id="ekit-widget-styles-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/widgets/init/assets/css/widget-styles.css?ver=2.5.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="ekit-responsive-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/widgets/init/assets/css/responsive.css?ver=2.5.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.6.0" id="jquery-core-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.3.2" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script>
<script src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/js/underscore-before.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/js/underscore.min.js?ver=1.13.1" id="underscore-js"></script>
<script src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/js/underscore-after.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/js/wp-util.js?ver=5.8.2" id="wp-util-not-in-footer-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/evenex-essential/modules//parallax/assets/js/jarallax.js?ver=1.5.9" id="jarallax-js"></script>
<meta name="et-api-version" content="v1"><meta name="et-api-origin" content="https://higroup.coding.al"><link rel="https://theeventscalendar.com/" href="https://higroup.coding.al/index.php/wp-json/tribe/tickets/v1/"><meta name="tec-api-version" content="v1"><meta name="tec-api-origin" content="https://higroup.coding.al"><link rel="https://theeventscalendar.com/" href="https://higroup.coding.al/index.php/wp-json/tribe/events/v1/">
<script type="text/javascript">
var elementskit_module_parallax_url = "https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/evenex-essential/modules//parallax/"
</script>
<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/cropped-Bag-page-001-270x270.jpg">
<style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css">
.xs-price::before {
background: linear-gradient(to left,#FF924B 0,#F25022 100%);
} </style>
</head>
<body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-9047 single-format-standard pmpro-body-has-access user-registration-page tribe-no-js check sidebar-active elementor-default elementor-kit-8181">
<header id="header" class="header header-classic header-main ">
<div class="container">
<nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg">
<a class="logo" href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 0 }}">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 0 }}<img class="img-fluid" src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/New-Project-4.png" alt="MixieSocialHub">
</a>
<button class="navbar-toggler p-0 border-0" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#primary-nav" aria-controls="primary-nav" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation">
<span class="header-navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
<span class="header-navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
<span class="header-navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
</button>
<div id="primary-nav" class="collapse navbar-collapse"><ul id="main-menu" class="navbar-nav ml-auto"><li id="menu-item-8650" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-8650 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 1 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 1 }}</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-8928" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8928 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 2 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 2 }}</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-8500" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8500 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 3 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 3 }}</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-8219" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8219 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 4 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 4 }}</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-8169" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8169 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 5 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 5 }}</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-8170" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8170 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 6 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 6 }}</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-8168" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8168 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 7 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 7 }}</a></li>
</ul></div>
</nav>
</div><!-- container end-->
</header>
<section class="xs-banner banner-single banner-bg" style="background-image: url(https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/images/banner/bg_banner.png)">
<div class="container">
<div class="d-flex align-items-center banner-area">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-12">
<h1 class="xs-jumbotron-title" style="color: #ffffff">{{ keyword }}</h1>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section><div id="main-content" class="main-container blog-single sidebar-active" role="main">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-8 col-md-12 mx-auto">
<article id="post-9047" class="post-content post-single post-9047 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry pmpro-has-access">
<div class="post-body clearfix">
<!-- Article header -->
<header class="entry-header clearfix">
<div class="post-meta">
<span class="post-meta-date">
<i class="far fa-clock"></i>
January 1, 2022</span><span class="meta-categories post-cat">
<i class="far fa-folder-open"></i>
Uncategorized
</span> <span class="post-comment"><i class="far fa-comment-alt"></i><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 8 }}" class="comments-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 8 }}</a></span>
</div>
</header><!-- header end -->
<!-- Article content -->
<div class="entry-content clearfix">
<p>{{ text }}</p>
<p>{{ links }}</p>
</div> <!-- end entry-content -->
<span class="single_post_hr_line"></span>
<div class="post-footer clearfix">
</div> <!-- .entry-footer -->
</div> <!-- end post-body -->
</article>
<nav class="post-navigation clearfix">
<div class="post-previous">
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<h3>{{ keyword }}</h3>
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<h3 id="reply-title" class="comment-reply-title">{{ keyword }}<small><a rel="nofollow" id="cancel-comment-reply-link" href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 10 }}" style="display:none;">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 10 }}</a></small></h3></div><!-- #respond -->
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<ul>
<li><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 11 }}">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 11 }}</a></li> <li><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 12 }}">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 12 }}</a></li>
<li><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 13 }}">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 13 }}</a></li>
<li><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 14 }}">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 14 }}</a></li>
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</html>";s:4:"text";s:40764:"State governments budgeting systems in the United … Tools. Discretionary fiscal policy is subject to the same lags that we discussed for monetary policy. fiscal policy can play an important role in order to help stabilise the economy. D) automatic stabilizers. C) changes in taxes and government expenditures made by Congress to stabilize the economy. Nondiscretionary fiscal policy is at work everyday as a result of policies enacted years ago. CEA stands for. Among its findings are: (1) In recent years, U.S. discretionary fiscal policy appears to have become more active in response to both cyclical conditions and a simple measure of budget balance. D) the changes in taxes and transfers that occur as GDP changes. 37. Automatic fiscal policy is a change in fiscal policy triggered by the state of the economy. Kennedy's day in the efficacy of discretionary policy of any kind, whether fiscal or monetary. For example, in a slow economy, a countercyclical action would be meant to help encourage an upswing. However, the implementation lag in fiscal policy is likely to be more pronounced, while the impact lag is likely to be less pronounced. A change in government purchases shifts the aggregate demand curve at a given price level by an amount equal to the initial change in government purchases times the multiplier. The Missed Opportunity. Discretionary fiscal policy: government takes actions to change spending (G) or Taxes to influence the economy’s … Lower taxes (e.g. b. make it difficult to use discretionary fiscal policy. Large deficits make it difficult for discretionary fiscal policy because the lower taxes and/or increases in government spending can add to the national debt. Fiscal policy is a general term used in macroeconomics to describe government spending and taxation that is used deliberately to exert influence on the economy. Discretionary. In Figure 1, a change in fiscal policy can shift the AD curve. Discretionary Fiscal is the government policy to change the tax and spending policy to influence the aggregate demand. Automatic fiscal policy is a change in fiscal policy triggered by the state of the economy. Fiscal policy is especially difficult to use for stabilization because of the “inside lag”—the gap between the time when the need for fiscal policy arises and when the president and Congress implement it. discretionary fiscal mechanism, respectively that mechanism indirectly causative generated and realised by formal explicit actions of design, implementation (functioning) and monitoring of fiscal policy or fiscal instruments. Automatic. Unanticipated economic fluctuations exert pressure on state governments to adjust their discretionary fiscal policies to accommodate the changing fiscal situation. Expansionary fiscal policy Both types of fiscal policies are differing with each other. (2012) by L Agnello, J Cimadomo Venue: International Journal of Central Banking: Add To MetaCart. work in alignment with monetary policy enacted by the Federal Reserve. Fiscal measures are frequently used in tandem with monetary policy to achieve certain goals. However, the implementation lag in fiscal policy is likely to be more pronounced, while the impact lag is likely to be less pronounced. Discretionary Fiscal Policy Fiscal Policy is changing the governments budget to influence aggregate demand. Even though states adjust fiscal policy as the economy fluctuates, the typical cyclical economic factors are not the sole determinant of such adjustments. Topics include how taxes and spending can be used to close an output gap, how to model the effect of a change in taxes or spending using the AD-AS model, and how to calculate the amount of spending or tax change needed to close an output gap. Discretionary fiscal policy means the government make changes to tax rates and or levels of government spending. What Fiscal Stimulus Is Most Effective? discretionary fiscal policy might have a medium-run rather than merely a short-run role to play. B. leave aggregate demand alone. Fiscal policy generally aims at managing aggregate demand for goods and services. For reasons discussed above, Congress seems unlikely to take discretionary fiscal action. Keynesian economics is a theory that says the government should increase demand to boost growth. But, the formulation and successful implementation of the fiscal policy is by no means an easy task. Definition: discretionary fiscal policy Deliberate changes in taxes (tax rates) and government spending by Congress to promote full-employment, price stability, and economic growth. A. Fiscal stimuli to recover? C) discretionary fiscal policy. Expansionary fiscal policy may result in the crowding out of private investment and net exports, reducing the impact of the policy. alter real domestic output & employment, control inflation. Discretionary fiscal policy provides an alternative way to stimulate the economy when aggregate demand and interest rates are low and when prices are falling or may soon be falling. In general, it takes anywhere from six to twelve months after implementing policy changes to experience major improvements. We will explain how experts make use of the AD-AS graphs to elucidate these two types of fiscal policies in the assignments. Discretionary fiscal policy means the government make changes to tax rates and or levels of government spending. For example, cutting VAT in 2009 to provide boost to spending. Expansionary fiscal policy is cutting taxes and/or increasing government spending. EVALUATING FISCAL POLICY<br />To evaluate the direction of discretionary fiscal policy, adjustments need to be made to the actual budget deficits or surpluses. Discretionary Policy is policy that must be deliberately enacted by Congress and/or the President. Discretionary fiscal policy is the government actively making a change to spending or taxes. . Fiscal Policy. Voters like both tax cuts and more benefits, and as a result, politicians that use expansionary policy tend to be more likable. If there is an inflationary gap, discretionary fiscal policy would likely involve action to: A. shift aggregate demand to the right. The discretionary fiscal policy used to stimulate the economy is called _____ fiscal policy. Automatic. Discretionary fiscal policy involves the same kind of lags as monetary policy. expansionary _____ fiscal policy changes do not occur automatically, but rather are made at the option of the Federal government. A stimulus can be achieved without increasing budget deficits if the fiscal policy acts by providing an incentive for increased private spending. For reasons discussed above, Congress seems unlikely to take discretionary fiscal action. The non-discretionary parts of fiscal policy are the so-called “automatic fiscal stabilizers” that cause tax receipts and transfer payments to change “automatically” and the level of real GDP rises and falls over the course of the business cycle. Fiscal policies include discretionary fiscal policy and automatic stabilizers. The operation of the progressive federal income tax C. A tax increase adopted to control inflationary pressures d. An interest rate increase implemented to control inflationary pressures 9. lower VAT in the case of the UK) increases disposable income and in theory, should … Discretionary fiscal policy may be either expansionary or contractionary. Discretionary fiscal policy over the cycle: new evidence based on the ESCB disaggregated approach. B) contractionary fiscal policy. As a result, the theory supports the expansionary fiscal policy. Discretionary fiscal policy is a policy action that is initiated explicitly by the government. An example of discretionary fiscal policy would be a. The current recession’s economic effects, including discretionary spending and the automatic revenue declines and spending increases that accompany a recession, are projected to increase the debt significantly. An example of discretionary fiscal policy would be a. For example, cutting VAT in 2009 to provide boost to spending. Expansionary fiscal policy is cutting taxes and/or increasing government spending. Nevertheless, the literature investigating the effects of fiscal variables on the inflation risk premium is scarce. d. still constitute only about 1% of the GDP. When tax decrease, it will increase the people’s disposable income which encourages them to spend more on the market. The effectiveness of discretionary government spending, including its state dependence, appears to be almost entirely due to the response of consumption. Expansionary policy is used more often than its opposite, contractionary fiscal policy. Lags. In contrast, automatic fiscal stabilisers (SFA) ensure a prompter, and self-correcting fiscal response. Contractionary Fiscal Policy . In 2009, the government pursued expansionary fiscal policy. Fiscal Policy tools. Fiscal Policy and the Natural Rate of Unemployment . Now, discretionary fiscal policy is new laws made by Congress to increase or … Without specific new legislation, increase (decrease) budget deficits during times of recessions (booms). The Role of Discretionary Fiscal Policy Given this description of monetary policy, now consider the role for fiscal policy. This paper reviews the state of discretionary fiscal policy. D. shift both aggregate demand and short-run aggregate supply the left. A cascade of academic and layman-articles debate the effectiveness of fiscal policy in stimulating the economy backed up by different economic models and empirical support. discretionary fiscal mechanism, respectively that mechanism indirectly causative generated and realised by formal explicit actions of design, implementation (functioning) and monitoring of fiscal policy or fiscal instruments. Which of the following would be an example of non-discretionary fiscal policy at work in 2001 through 2003. the tax cuts of 2001 and 2003. the 12 separate cuts in interest rates beginning in January 2001. the increase in unemployment compensation payments in 2001 through 2003 . "Discretionary" means the … The discretionary fiscal policy has been criticized since: It takes a long period for the implementation of the policy and the effects being felt in an economy; It is difficult for governments to implement a contractionary policy. Limitations Of Discretionary Fiscal Policy assignment help Such policies produce impacts automatically, what is called automatic stabilizers technically. Kennedy's day in the efficacy of discretionary policy of any kind, whether fiscal or monetary. A stimulus can be achieved without increasing budget deficits if the fiscal policy acts by providing an incentive for increased private spending. It is believed that the discretionary fiscal policy is a very effective tool that the government can use for the stabilization of the economy. This paper examines fiscal policy at both the federal and state and local level and looks at the effects of both automatic stabilizers and discretionary fiscalactions. Changes in tax and spending levels can also occur automatically through non-discretionary spending, due to … For instance, a Reserve Bank of India ( in other countries, its respective central banks )could make decisions on interest rates on a … To reduce economic disturbances, fiscal policy must be put into effect at the proper time in the business cycle. c. in the mid to late 1980’s were the result of a severe recession. i.e. Discretionary fiscal policy represents changes in government spending and taxation that need specific approval from Congress and the President. Answer (1 of 3): Fiscal policy is the tax and spending activity of the federal government .of the almost 4Trillion dollar annual budget less than 1 Trillion is discretionary spending which changes every year and requires annual authorizations by congress.The non-discretionary budget is … Evaluation / Criticism of Fiscal PolicyDisincentives of Tax Cuts. Increasing taxes to reduce AD may cause disincentives to work, if this occurs, there will be a fall in productivity and AS could fall.Poor information. Fiscal policy will suffer if the government has poor information. ...Time lags. ...Budget Deficit. ...Depends on the Multiplier effect. ...Crowding Out. ... However, evidence indicates that the discretionary planning approach discredits the possibility of attaining energy efficiency. Every time you get a raise, move to a better job, or make a killing in the stock market, the government a. government purchases (spending) b. taxes c. both . For example, cutting VAT in 2009 to provide boost to spending. Answer (1 of 3): Fiscal policy is the tax and spending activity of the federal government .of the almost 4Trillion dollar annual budget less than 1 Trillion is discretionary spending which changes every year and requires annual authorizations by congress.The non-discretionary budget is … Discretionary fiscal policy is subject to the same lags that we discussed for monetary policy. Expansionary vs. the increases in defense spending [A, at the end] A fiscal stimulus—for example, an increase in government purchases or a cut in taxes— Reassessing Discretionary Fiscal Policy 25 Unanticipated economic fluctuations exert pressure on state governments to adjust their discretionary fiscal policies to accommodate the changing fiscal situation. Discretionary Fiscal Policy Flashcards, test questions and answers. Fiscal policy also needs to be coordinated with monetary policy. Fiscal policy, measures employed by governments to stabilize the economy, specifically by manipulating the levels and allocations of taxes and government expenditures. A) expansionary fiscal policy. Lower taxes (e.g. In contrast, discretionary fiscal policy arises from deliberate actions by policy makers rather than from the business cycle. Discretionary fiscal policy refers to the deliberate manipulation of taxes and government spending by Congress to alter real domestic output and employment, control inflation, and stimulate economic growth. Expansionary fiscal policy is a form of fiscal policy that involves decreasing taxes, increasing government expenditures, or both, to fight recessionary pressures. A discretionary fiscal policy is the level of legislative parameters which are used as action policies for providing stimulus for the effect of control of economic recession. It takes some time for policy makers to realize that a recessionary or an inflationary gap exists—the recognition lag.Recognition lags stem largely from the difficulty of collecting economic data in a timely and accurate fashion. Discretionary fiscal mechanism is based on the explicit fiscal instruments 2; 2. The government will reduce taxes to increase the demand. Expansionary fiscal policy is cutting taxes and/or increasing government spending. Fiscal policy refers to the government programmes of making both automatic and discretionary changes in taxation, public expenditure and borrowing in order to achieve the intended goals of economic growth, full employment, income equality and the stabilization of … Discretionary fiscal mechanism is based on the explicit fiscal instruments 2; 2. Discretionary fiscal policy refers to: A) any change in government spending or taxes that destabilizes the economy. Fiscal policy has been a key policy tool in addressing the aggregate demand consequences of the financial crisis in the United States. A sample has been completed for you. On the other hand, non-discretionary fiscal policy of automatic stabilisers is a built-in tax or expenditure mechanism that automatically increases aggregate demand when recession occurs and reduces aggregate demand when there is inflation in the economy without any special deliberate … Fiscal policy refers to the government's use of revenue generation and spending strategies to control public revenue and expenditure, and ultimately influence the national economy. A discretionary fiscal policy refers to deliberate changes in the level of government spending, transfer payments or in tax rates in order to achieve macroeconomic goals such as full employment, price stability, and economic growth. The medium-run limit on expansionary fiscal policy had always been that it would trigger the crowding-out of investment spending. Non-discretionary fiscal policy are the automatic stabilizers, are the laws we have in our books that automatically speed up or slow down the economy without making a new law. The Federal Reserve has been aggressively using these policy tools in the current recession, but further discretionary fiscal stimulus is also needed, Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell has warned. The fiscal mechanism is a species of the fiscal system, representing a set of fiscal methods, techniques and tools by the use of which it provides: determination, disposal and collection of taxes, fees, contributions and other amounts For example, Keynesian economists might favour a deliberate increase in the size of the fiscal deficit when private sector demand and confidence is low during an economic recession. . Even though states adjust fiscal policy as the economy fluctuates, the typical cyclical economic factors are not the sole determinant of such adjustments. A final problem for discretionary fiscal policy arises out of the difficulties of explaining to politicians how countercyclical fiscal policy that runs against the tide of the business cycle should work. To use discretionary fiscal policy, public officials must correctly estimate the natural rate. 3) The increase in the amount that the government collects in taxes when the economy expands and the decrease in the amount that the government collects in taxes when the economy goes into a recession is an example of. Unfortunately, discretionary fiscal policy is rarely able to deliver on its promise. Discretionary fiscal policy is the government action that indicates towards planned action to balance the economy whereas nondiscretionary fiscal policies are happening automatically. Tight fiscal policy will tend to cause an improvement in the government budget deficit. Therefore, a discretionary fiscal policy will stabilize the economy most when surpluses are incurred during inflation and deficits during recessions. indirect implicit fiscal policy (non-discretionary). discretionary fiscal policy Congress and the President agree on a course of action to stimulate or dampen the economy at a specific time. Discretionary Fiscal Policy vs. Automatic Stabilizers Discretionary Fiscal Policy. changing taxes and spending.Discretionary fiscal policy means the government make changes to tax rates and or levels of government spending. Lags. Fiscal policy refers to the government programmes of making both automatic and discretionary changes in taxation, public expenditure and borrowing in order to achieve the intended goals of economic growth, full employment, income equality and the stabilization of … There are two types of Fiscal policy, also known as the discretionary fiscal policy that need to be understood, to work upon a discretionary fiscal policy assessment answer. Time Lags in Discretionary Fiscal Policy When congress or the president proposes fiscal policies to correct unhealthy economic conditions, the time it takes from the recognition of the problem, to the proposal of a solution, to the implementation, up to the time that the effects would yield some result normally takes a considerable amount of time. In response to a deep recession (GDP fell 6%) the government cut VAT in a bid to boost consumer spending. The difference between discretionary fiscal policy and automatic stabilizers is that discretionary fiscal policy allows humans to control expenditure via the government, while automatic stabilizers are controls that have been established. Discretionary fiscal policy is a policy action that is initiated explicitly by the government. To reduce economic disturbances, fiscal policy must be put into effect at the proper time in the business cycle. (changes in G & T happen without actions by government). Discretionary Fiscal Policy. Many reasons were given for deciding against these two discretionary fiscal policy proposals, but perhaps the most common one was the large federal budget deficit in the early 1990s. The fiscal restraint from 2011 through 2016 resulted from gridlock. Discretionary fiscal policy is a deliberate change in policy whereas automatic stabilizers adjust automatically to the needs of the economy. For each scenario, indicate whether it represents an automatic (A) or discretionary (D) stabilizer and whether it is an example of expansionary (E) or contractionary (C) fiscal policy. Political Realties and Discretionary Fiscal Policy. Fiscal policy is often utilized alongside monetary policy, which involves the banking system, the management of interest rates and the supply … * 40. UK Budget deficit. (Read about: Largest economies in the world) An expansionary fiscal policy looks to incite financial movement by putting more cash into the hand of consumers and organizations. Sorted by: Results 1 - 10 of 14. Diagram showing the effect of tight fiscal policy. Discretionary fiscal policy involves the same kind of lags as monetary policy. Non-discretionary fiscal policy, as the word suggests, is not at the discretion of the government. Countercyclical fiscal policy goes against the current norm in the economy. The main features of fiscal policy are as follows: It is a countercyclical It must use automatic stabilizers to adapt expenditure and revenue levels to the ups and downs of the economy. It encourages inclusion of the population. Provides better access to services such as education and health. Promotes the country's growth. Examples include increases in spending on roads, bridges, stadiums, and other public works. Example: B. Lags in Fiscal Policy . These are intentional government policies to increase or decrease government spending or taxation. B. But discretionary policy usually implies implementation lags and is not automatically reversed when economic conditions change. Learn more about fiscal policy in this article. Discretionary and Automatic Fiscal Policy Listed below are several economic scenarios. Discretionary fiscal policy means the government make changes to tax rates and or levels of government spending. A deficit resulting from the use of discretionary fiscal policy a. increases interest rates b. decreases interest rates c. increases interest rates if the effect of the decrease in the demand for money is greater than the effect of the increase in the supply of government securities Discretionary means. The responses of both consumption and investment to discretionary tax changes are state dependent, but investment plays the larger quantitative role. Discretionary fiscal policy means the government make changes to tax rates and or levels of government spending. Problems with Discretionary Fiscal Policy . As discussed in Chapter 9, the record of the Fed does not inspire great confidence in its ability to fine-tune the economy either. Expansionary fiscal policy may result in the crowding out of private investment and net exports, reducing the impact of the policy. 1 Keynesians believe consumer demand is the primary driving force in an economy. This leads to … Discretionary fiscal policy becomes ineffective only if aggregate demand is stimulated to the point where the output gap becomes positive (y > 0), leading to higher inflation and hence to the imposition of higher interest rates by the central bank to bring the economy back towards full capacity output (y = 0). Fiscal policy can be discretionary or nondiscretionary (automatic stabilizers). A final problem for discretionary fiscal policy arises out of the difficulties of explaining to politicians how countercyclical fiscal policy that runs against the tide of the business cycle should work. State governments budgeting systems in the United … The time required to approve and implement fiscal policy may make it less effective as a tool for stabilization. Reassessing Discretionary Fiscal Policy by John B. Taylor. It takes some time for policy makers to realize that a recessionary or an inflationary gap exists—the recognition lag.Recognition lags stem largely from the difficulty of collecting economic data in a timely and accurate fashion. Discover flashcards, test exam answers, and assignments to help you learn more about Discretionary Fiscal Policy and other subjects. These are negotiated between Congress and the president each year. Answer (1 of 4): Discretionary fiscal policy is based on the ad hoc judgment of policymakers as opposed to policy set by predetermined rules. It is a government effort which is implemented through taxes and various kinds of policies. Discretionary fiscal policy occurs when the Federal government passes a new law to explicitly change tax rates or spending levels.The stimulus package of 2009 is an example. For those concerned about the nation’s long-term fiscal health, the most important budgetary development of the Obama era was not the stimulus spending, tax-cut extensions, or discretionary spending cuts. A discretionary fiscal policy refers to the deliberate changes in government spending and taxes in order to stabilize the economy; for example, the government decides to increase its capital expenditure on road infrastructure. stimulate economic growth. Fiscal policy has been a central tool for governments to counteract economic stagnation in the recent crisis, both in terms of automatic stabilization as well as discretionary fiscal policy. Published in volume 14, issue 3, pages 21-36 of Journal of Economic Perspectives, Summer 2000, Abstract: Recent changes in policy research and in policy-making call for a reassessment of countercyclical fiscal policy. B) the authority that the President has to change personal income tax rates. Problems with Discretionary Fiscal Policy . The effectiveness of fiscal policy depends on a wide range of factors, many of which cannot be reliably predicted or understood in advance. C. shift aggregate demand to the left. The business will have more profit as well, so they will increase more … As discussed in Chapter 9, the record of the Fed does not inspire great confidence in its ability to fine-tune the economy either. These are the expenditures calculated in the United States budget that are within the appropriations bills. A final problem for discretionary fiscal policy arises out of the difficulties of explaining to politicians how countercyclical fiscal policy that runs against the tide of the business cycle should work. A. For example, cutting VAT in 2009 to provide boost to spending. In this lesson summary review and remind yourself of the key terms, calculations, and graphs related to fiscal policy. the changes are at the option of the Federal government. Discretionary fiscal policy is economic regulation through deliberate changes in spending and taxing by the Federal Government; whereas non-discretionary fiscal policy is the reliance on built-in stabilizers to recover an imperfect economy. (2) … Reactions by monetary authorities in the face of the crisis have been substantial and there may be a case for monetary authorities to support fiscal expansion. Discretionary. The change in real GDP, however, will be reduced by the fact that the price level will change. An increase in bond issues that raised the supply of government debt would lower the price of For example, cutting VAT in 2009 to provide boost to spending. Automatic stabilisers occur where in a recession a government automatically spends more because there are more claiming unemployment benefits. Discretionary fiscal policy. Deliberate manipulation of taxes & government spending to . To use discretionary fiscal policy, public officials must correctly estimate the natural rate. The discretionary planning policy was supposed to offer viable ways to guarantee sustainability and hence the efficiency of housing in the region. The most noticeable discretionary fiscal policy is the discretionary budget. Automatic Stabilizers Vs Discretionary Fiscal Policy: Automatic stabilizers: government spending (G) & taxes (T) that automatically increase or decrease along with the business cycle. In 2017, however, Congress was able to take up an additional reconciliation bill by passing two budget resolutions: one for fiscal year 2017 (the fiscal year already underway, for which a budget resolution had not yet been adopted) and then another for fiscal year 2018 (the fiscal year that would begin on October 1, 2017). Discretionary fiscal policy provides an alternative way to stimulate the economy when aggregate demand and interest rates are low and when prices are falling or may soon be falling. This policy can be expansionary or contractionary. The operation of the welfare state b. Discretionary fiscal policy disadvantages. A final problem for discretionary fiscal … PROBLEMS WITH PROPER TIMING Discretionary fiscal policy is like a two-edged sword If timed correctly, it may reduce economic instability If timed incorrectly, however, it may increase economic instability 21. This study is the first to investigate the effects of discretionary fiscal policy and fiscal credibility on the inflation risk premium. The time required to approve and implement fiscal policy may make it less effective as a tool for stabilization. Its main tools are government spending on infrastructure, unemployment benefits, and education. Example: B. Lags in Fiscal Policy . … Don’t miss the chance to use them for more effective college education. UK fiscal policy. This essay surveys the theoretical predictions and recent empirical Vector Autoregression (VAR) evidence on the short-run effects of discretionary fiscal policy on … Fiscal Policy and the Natural Rate of Unemployment . A final problem for discretionary fiscal policy arises out of the difficulties of explaining to politicians how countercyclical fiscal policy that runs against the tide of the business cycle should work. T miss the chance to use discretionary fiscal policy, public officials must correctly the. ( booms ) an incentive for increased private spending sole determinant of such adjustments would the. Policydisincentives of tax Cuts and more benefits, and self-correcting fiscal response discretionary... < /a >.. Which is implemented through taxes and government expenditures made by Congress and/or the President each year is not automatically when. 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