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";s:4:"text";s:39362:"This conclusion overlaps his well-known fondness for the Swiss philosopher, preferred above all others of his time (MIRAMÓN, 1959, p. 14-16), and the similarities between the “five fundamental articles” that synthesize Saint-Pierre’s doctrine (ROUSSEAU, 1817, p. 416-418) and the Bolivarian confederal treaty: (1) According to the first article, the governments should institute a perpetual and irrevocable alliance, with an assembly in which plenipotentiaries would meet and conflicts among members would be solved by arbitration or trial. As he had earlier in 1812, he analyzed the causes of the patriot movement's failure and why he hoped for ultimate succcess. For the English translation, see: Bolivar (1971, p. 41). 9However, this absence does not imply that he did not know about them. Paris: La Veuve Duchesne, 1775. 10Besides being the main historian of the last Hellenic League, Polybius is the most important source of the defeat of Carthage at the hands of Scipio the African. On Invention. 1, both countries decide to join, unite and federate “to support their independence and ensure their mutual prosperity”; Art. Simon Bolivar was born today, July 24, 1783, the Latin American independence leader led the anti-colonial forces that liberated much of the Americas and its people from Spanish rule. In these conditions, it is not surprising that students of Bolívar’s work could not specify the consulted version of the Project (PÉREZ VILA, 1964, p. 443). [ Links ], CICERO, Marcus Tullius. Prime Minister Simpson Miller added that the anniversary of the âCarta de Jamaicaâ was a reminder that the road to regional integration has been a long one and remains a work in progress. Este artigo traça as fontes documentais que nutrem seu conceito confederal e os primeiros tratados da união hispano-americana de 1822 a 1826. In fact, there are several indications that point to the contrary. Here, it should be admitted that both documents, the Carta of Mier and The Federalist, are insufficient to fully define amphictyony and that we must turn to Bolivar’s classical readings. In addition to fighting against foreign invasion and economic domination, Bolivar's ⦠Description: This paper is part of the Latin American Studies Working Papers series. Bolívar refers to the Greek amphictyony and to the project of the abbot Saint-Pierre in the same paragraph of the Letter:2. Palavras-chave: Simon Bolívar; Independência da América; Confederação; Integração latino-americana; Liga anfictiônica. [ Links ]. Now more than ever â as a right-wing political shift in the region tries to do away with the leftist gains of the last years â the content of the Jamaica Letter, the calls toward a common identity which paves the way to regional unity and independence, is more urgent than ever to uphold and defend. 12Voltaire (1784-1789). 6Shortly before the Panama Congress, Haiti “buy” the diplomatic recognition of France for the astronomical sum of 150 million francs, later reduced to 60 million. In other words, the amphictyonic confederation represents a time, a programmatic component of the independence, and the source of viability for the Hispanic American republics. Indianapolis: Liberty Found, 2001. Estás reportando este comentario a la redacción. After this effort, the confederate movement ceases when burst the first wars of conquest between Latin American countries: the War of the Triple Alliance and especially the War of the Pacific. The second is its poor dissemination, due to several reasons: (1) Tts cumbersome and difficult-to-understand style; (2) The editorial strategy of Saint-Pierre, who used to send 30 copies to print and, after collecting readers’ views, proceeded to a new print; (3) The difficult travel to Hispanic America, where the works of the Enlightenment arrived through travelers who placed them in private libraries, thus limiting their dissemination; (4) The edicts from 1756 and 1764, which vetoed, in totum, the Discourse on Inequality and The Social Contract. [ Links ], O’LEARY, Daniel Florencio. América espera. Hispanic Americans still organized a conference in the capital of the Peru in 1865, frustrated by the political immaturity of the parliaments. Let us agree that in all the projects of this honest man he saw the effect of things well enough when they were established, but he judged as a child the means of establishing them (ROUSSEAU, 1817, p. 447). 24 July 2017 - 08:30 AM. Œuvres de J.J. Rousseau. The latter was edited in Bolívar (1964, p. 215-235). We have been edified to see that our dear cousin the empress for all Russia was similarly required to furnish her contingent. [ Links ], SAINT PIERRE, Charles Irénée Castel de. This work is a reaction to the summary of the Projet published by Rousseau in 1761, which he knows all too well: a copy of it was found in his private library at Ferney, now located in the National Library of Russia in St. Petersburg. Perhaps this imprecision finds its roots in the understanding by historians that, here, Bolívar makes a qualitative leap forward with respect to the ideas he borrowed or because the documents of the time did not provide sufficient information. [ Links ], MIRANDA, Francisco de. Chavez, one of the founders of ALBA, PetroCaribe and CELAC, relentlessly promoted regional unity and cooperation, even as these became objects of attacks from opposition groups at home, 'Venezuela, Heart of America' Social Media Campaign Launches, Simon Bolivar's Life to Be Depicted in an Animated Short. adriana-rivas.blogspot.com Competitive Analysis, Marketing Mix and Traffic After the Grito de Yara in 1868, the first declaration of independence, Cuba was at war with Spain for ten years, which very much helped it to form a distinctive Cuban identity, but also had deep impacts on its economy. In exile, Bolívar turned his energies toward gaining support from Great Britain, and, in an effort to convince the British people of their stake in the freedom of the Spanish colonies, he wrote the greatest document of his career: La carta de Jamaica (â The Letter from Jamaicaâ), in which he outlined a grandiose panorama from Chile and Argentina to Mexico. The impact and importance of the Jamaica Charter has been evident in a number of areas, including: 1- It was the first expression of the purpose of liberation of the American continent . Before his stay in Paris between 1804 and 1806, the literary salons commented on, among other issues, Saint-Pierre’s “utopia” and his expulsion from the French Academy. “Ordonnance du roi”, Paris, 1 April 17, 1825 (WALLEZ, 1826, p. 442-443). The preceding sections have aided in the justification of the hypothesis that Bolívar knew from good sources the history of the Greek League and was aware of Saint-Pierre’s project, particularly owing to Rousseau’s Extract. The Carta de Jamaica was finished on September 6, 1815, in Kingston. Cambridge: Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, 1949. Bolivar also holds an Ancient history in 13 volumes with no mention of the author (PÉREZ VILA, 1964), although by its subject matter and its dimensions, we can assume that it included a wealth of information regarding the Greek League. The most apparent objective of the Jamaica Letter is to explain the failure of the first Venezuelan independence to an enigmatic English observer, Henry Cullen; the underlying motive is to reflect on the American order that is about to rise from the ashes of the Spanish Empire. It is a grandiose idea to think of consolidating the New World into a single nation, united by pacts into a single bond. But great was our imperial surprise when we searched in vain for our name in the list. ANALISIS CARTA DE JAMAICA. A short summary of this paper. Kehl: Société Typographique, 1784-1789. Documentos sobre el Congreso anfictiónico de Panamá. This document was written to an English gentleman, most likely the Governor of Jamaica at the time. âAs soon as we are strong and under the guidance of a liberal nation which will lend us her protection, we will achieve accord in cultivating the virtues and talents that lead to glory. Thus, the Jamaica Letter is not only a reflection on the crucial moment that presents the extinction of the old Spanish colonial structure to the world but also the framework for the definition of a law of “sister-nations” capable of uniting their forces without interfering in their domestic affairs. Despite its importance, historians are vague in this regard. Chavez, one of the founders of ALBA, PetroCaribe and CELAC, relentlessly promoted regional unity and cooperation, even as these became objects of attacks from opposition groups at home. Observations sur l’histoire de la Grèce. The misfortunes of the old world should give these lessons to the new one, where they are only practicable due to the homogeneity of language, education, customs, religion, and laws (MIER, 1987, p. 41). Comparing its wording with the characteristics of the Greek amphictyony (described in the next sections of this paper), five common elements stand out: (1) Member states are obliged to resign extralegal recourses; (2) The defensive and offensive alliance will protect each member’s independence; (3) Disputes will be settled through arbitration; (4) The General Assembly will address the current affairs of the Confederation; and. Related Papers. [ Links ], POLYBIUS. Voltaire represents a problematic source. It should be noted that these references came after the earlier notion of confederate union. Los libros que leyó Bolívar. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, Faculdade de Ciências e Letras, UNESP, Campus de Assis, Sources on the Amphictyonic league, and Saint Pierre’s Plan of confederacy (available before 1815), https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-436920170000000026, Saint Pierre, Projet de paix perpétuelle, Simon Bolivar’s readings on both subjects. The Carta de Jamaica (or Jamaica Letter) was a document written by Simón Bolívar in Jamaica in 1815. Caracas: Biblioteca Ayacucho, 2010. The delegates finally gather in Lima in early 1847, and like the Congress of Panama, the Congress of Lima fails to implement the unity for lack of ratification of the treaties. âThe Jamaican Letterâ (1815) is one of his earliest and most important political essays on the course of South American independence. Clearly, this is the English version, which was completed two weeks after the Spanish version of the Jamaica Letter. The Federalist (1780). Cf. His most important writing during his stay in Jamaica was a letter addressed on September 6, 1815, to a gentleman of the island. [ Links ], USLAR PIETRI, Arturo; GRASES, Pedro. L’année 1795: Kant, essai sur la paix. Topics. In 1810, he went to the library of Francisco de Miranda, who in 1780 had acquired a copy of Annales politiques [Political annals] by Saint-Pierre (MIRANDA, 1982, p. 29; USLAR PIETRI; GRASES, 1979), a work less known than the Polisinodia or the Project. The Best Kind of Orator. A transatlantic reading of Simón Bolívar's "Carta de Jamaica" ("Jamaica Letter"), written during his exile in Kingston in 1815, shows that he draws on the discursive connection between abolition and independence that Mill and others had made familiar to the British public in order to make his case for continued British support of the Latin American enterprise. [ Links ], PLUTARCH, Lucius Mestrius. In: LABERGE, P.; LAFRANCE, G.; DUMAS, D. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Carta de Jamaica by Simón Bolivar (2015, Trade Paperback) at the best online prices at ⦠According to Bolívar, his best-known French thinkers include Voltaire, Rousseau, Locke, Condillac, Bufón, D’Alambert, Helvetius, Montesquieu, Filangieri, Lalande, Rollin, and Berthot in addition to Mably.11 Of these authors, the only ones who refer to Saint-Pierre are Voltaire and Rousseau (See Table 1). Keywords: Simon Bolivar; Latin American Independence; Confederation; Latin American Integration; Amphictyonic League. La trinidad como problema filosófico : una bibliografia ... La Carta de Jamaica. But any other plan, such as that of Abbé St. Pierre, who in laudable delirium conceived the idea of assembling a European congress to decide the fate and interests of those nations, would be meaningless (BOLÍVAR, 1964, v. II, p. 215-235). [ Links ], REZA, Germán A. de la. âThen will those sciences and arts which, born in the East, have enlightened Europe, wing their way to a free Colombia, which will cordially bid them welcome.â. The Rescript puts in the mouth of an imaginary Eastern dignitary a suggestive objection to the eurocentrism of the Project: We have attentively read the pamphlet of our beloved Jean-Jacques, citizen of Geneva, which Jean-Jacques has written the abstract of a Plan of Perpetual Peace by the bonze Saint-Pierre, which bonze Saint-Pierre had abstracted it from a clerk of the mandarin marquis de Rosny, Duke de Sully, an excellent economist, who had abstracted it from the depth of his brain We have been keenly afflicted to see that in the said abstract edited by our beloved Jean-Jacques, where are set out the easy means for giving Europe a perpetual peace, the remainder of the Universe - which must always be in view in all these pamphlets - has been forgotten. In 1815, the fight for the independence of the Spanish colonies in Latin America was on the defensive. Bolívar to Francisco de Paula Santander, Arequipa, 20 de mayo de 1825 (BOLÍVAR, 1966, v. IV, p. 345). DOSSIÊ: “Livros, bibliotecas e intelectuais no mundo ibero-americano (séculos XVI ao XX)", The Jamaica Letter and its intellectual genealogy, A Carta da Jamaica e sua genealogia intelectual, 1Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - UAN. Analysis. Santiago: Ediciones de la Universidad de Chile, 1960. It was a response to a letter from Henry Cullen, in which Bolívar explained his thoughts about the social and political situation of the Spanish America at the time, the power of the Spanish Empire and the possible future of the new nations that would be created after its ⦠germandelareza@hotmail.com. Plutarch’s Lives. Many translated example sentences containing "la carta de Jamaica" â English-Spanish dictionary and search engine for English translations. Observations sur l'histoire de la Grèce [Comments on the history of Greece] is significant for our analysis. The next unionist initiative, seeks to respond to the expansionist policy of United States. Except for the first, none of these authors appears in the Bolívar’s library and lists of readings,9 although he referrers to works that incidentally address the topic of leagues: On invention. Annals. 12, which is key to this type of regime, defines the representation in the assembly: To strengthen the ties that in the future must unite both States and to overcome any difficulty that may arise and disrupt their good correspondence and harmony, an assembly composed of two plenipotentiaries of each party will be formed on the same terms and with the same formalities in accordance with the usages established for the appointment of ministers of the same class near the governments of foreign nations (REZA, 2010, p. 31). Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America, Union of South American Nations and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States â were expressed in Bolivarâs vision of creating a unified Latin America based on the tenets of sovereignty and anti-colonialism. ... ANALISIS CARTA DE JAMAICA. There is no doubt that Bolívar consulted this text: in his Letter, he quotes a certain (José) “Guerra”, the pseudonym used by Mier to publish in 1813 the Historia de la Revolución de la Nueva España [History of the Revolution of the New Spain]. âThe bonds,â ⦠In the Joint Declaration of the ALBA (2004), the document states that, "Only a broad Latin Americanist vision, which acknowledges the impossibility of our countries' developing and being truly independent in an isolated manner, will be capable of achieving what Bolivar called for ... 'to see the formation in the Americas of the greatest nation in the world, not so much for its size and riches as for its freedom and glory' and that Marti conceived of as 'Our America' to differentiate from the other America, the expansionist one with imperialist appetites.". Hamilton, Madison and Jay (2001, p. 69-73) use this opinion to propose the reform of the first Constitution of the United States and the adoption of a federal system with a central administration and several state governments.8. 10, the countries commit to make common cause against foreign enemies; and Art. From this perspective, Bolívar’s ecumenical conception and its components, particularly the commercial, military and confederal codes, constitute a personal recreation of the intellectual tradition of amphictyonies. (5) Borders will be inviolable and will take the existing boundaries as the point of departure (in the case of Greece) or the administrative borders of the colony before the beginning of the War of Independence (1810, in the Hispanic-American case). 11However, it does not specify the works consulted. Caracas: Fundación Biblioteca Ayacucho, 1982. 2For this study, two different versions of the “Reply of a Southern American to a gentleman of this Island” have been used: that by Daniel F. O'Leary (1981, I, p. 69-95) and that which appears contained in Cartas del Libertador [Letters of the Liberator] (BOLÍVAR, 1964, v. II, p. 215-235). 2 states that border delimitations depend on their situation “prior to the war” (uti possidetis); in Art. Debes completar todos los campos obligatorios para poder continuar. The Political Thought of Bolivar: Selected Writings. In the following writings, Voltaire refers to the Projet pour rendre la paix perpétuelle en Europe [Project for Perpetual Peace], from critical positions and in a satirical tone. Um dos objetivos da Carta da Jamaica é a reflexão sobre as características da ordem americana e internacional, após a desaparição do Império espanhol. It was published in 1749 by Gabriel de Mably, the same person who later advised Rousseau on the suitability of synthesizing the works of Saint-Pierre. The Carta de Jamaica 1815. The inquisitorial interdictions were not rhetorical; they led to the imprisonment of some of its readers, as was the case with Camilo Henriquez during its formative stage in Lima (SILVA CASTRO, 1960, p. 60). Some historians consider that the Charter of Jamaica was one of the documents on which the independence of the Spanish colonies in Latin America was founded. The so-called âJamaica Letterâ was written in 1815 by Latin American independence leader, Simon Bolivar in Kingston. Duty Station: Work may be conducted off-site, but candidates based in Mexico, Central America or the Caribbean are preferred.. The key source and perhaps Bolívar’s only source is precisely the Extract in which Rousseau presents the ideas of Saint-Pierre in an attractive and compelling manner. In general terms, it was a balance of force achieved by the patriots in the years from 1810 to 1815. Cartas del Libertador. The best kind of Orator by Cicero (1949, p. 33, 69, 73, 180, 247 and 248), the Annals by Tacitus (1937) and the Parallel lives of noble Grecians an Romans by Plutarch (1967), who refers to amphictyony in the biographies of Cimon, Demetrius, Lisandro, Solon, Sila and Themistocles, almost always as context. The circular accompanying the draft insists on this point and endows it with a Rousseauian quality by defining the Confederation as “the foundation of the social pact that should form a Nation of Republics of this world”.5. The Federalist is an interesting source due to its criticism of the laxity of the confederal regime, favoring a more centralist positions. In addition to the classical literature, we should consider the books on political philosophy that Bolívar cited or that are found among his belongings. It is reasoned that, as these parts pave a common origin, language, customs, and religion, the ought to have a single government to permit the newly formed states to unite in a confederation. Memorias del General O’Leary, I-XXXIV. But this is no possible. (2) The second relates to the functioning conditions of the diet, which determine which countries would be invited to join the confederation and which would be common expense contributions. In it, Bolívar began by analyzing what had been until that time had been considered the historical successes in the struggle for liberty in the Americas. Prince of…], published in 1767; Le dîner du comte de Boulainvilliers [The Count of Boulainvilliers’ dinner], 1767; Fragment sur l'histoire générale [Fragment on General History], 1773; one of the epigrams included in Poésies mélangées [Miscellaneous French poems]; and in the opuscule Sur la paix perpétuelle du docteur Good-heart [On the perpetual peace of the doctor good-heart], of 1769.12. Précis historique des négociations entre la France et Saint-Domingue, suivi de pièces justificatives. It will be presented at SFU Vancouver on March 22, 2012. [ Links ], ROUSSEAU, Jean-Jacques. In November 2014, the governments of Venezuela and Ecuador announced at a press conference the discovery of the original manuscript of the Jamaica Letter, written by the then-secretary of Simón Bolívar, Pedro Briceño Méndez. From the island of Jamaica, he issued a letter analyzing the current and future perspectives of the independence struggle. [ Links ], MIRAMÓN, Alberto. As we all know, the best references on the amphictyonic leagues are the works by Polybius, Thucydides, Herodotus, Aeschines, Aristophanes, Strabo and Demosthenes. Traducción de G. R. Velasco. In this book (1749, p. 10-11 and 12-18), he defines Greek amphictyonies as a pact between “love for independence” of the city-states and the need to protect themselves through “a powerful and respected body”. Next to the paragraph in which the symbiosis Rousseau-Saint Pierre argues in favor of a European Confederation able to change the state of war that prevails among the countries of the continent into an “eternal peace”, Voltaire notes: chimeric (HAVENS, 1966, p. 35). Doutor em História e Filosofia pela Université de Toulouse - Le Mirail e Doutor em Ciências Econômicas pela Université Paris I - Panthéon-Sorbonne. Les rêves d’un homme de bien, qui peuvent être réalisés; ou les vues utiles et pratiquables de M. L’Abbé de Saint-Pierre, choisies dans ce grand nombre de Projets singuliers, dont le bien public étoit le principe. âHere in Mexico, a document, a commitment, the creation of a Latin America and Caribbean body, itâs not the United States, itâs not Canada ... Now, from Mexico we can say that we have revived the dream and project of Bolivar,â President Chavez stated during the CELAC inauguration. In essence, the letter laid the foundations for political solidarity and cooperation between Latin America and the Caribbean, which has enhanced substantially as a result of initiatives such as CELAC and PetroCaribe. New Hampshire: University Press of New England, 2005. The "Letter of Jamaica" is counted as one of the greatest documents from the pen of Bolivar. No doubt perpetual peace is by now an absurd project. 1Vicente Lecuna lists the following versions: Austria, Larrazábal, Blanco and Azpurua, O’Leary, and Mendoza and Yanes. Simón Bolívar and the fate of the independencia as revolution in Spanish America Michael Zeuske, University of Cologne (Universität zu Köln, Germany) âAbolition of slavery was the key to Spanish American Independence.â1 The goal of life of Simon Bolivar was glory.2 Bolívar arrived in Kingston, Jamaica, in May 1815. On what sources does Bolívar base the essential components of confederal unionism? Moreover, Chavez considers himself a bolivariano, that is to say he takes inspiration from the Carta de Jamaica and the Discurso de Angostura, texts written by Simon Bolivar, called El Liberator because he kicked the Spaniards out of Bolivia, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. The differential elements are no less, although their importance lies in the fact that they respond to American characteristics and needs: the granting of trade preferences, the abolition of slavery, the independence of Cuba and Puerto Rico, the design of the rights of foreign consuls, the rejection of the European proposal to buy diplomatic recognition,6 the organization of the confederate army, the functioning of the assembly, and others. But there are various hypotheses Prior to this finding, there were two older versions of the essay published in Kingston on September 6, 1815: an English draft, preserved in the General Archive of the Nation of Bogotá, and the Spanish text published in 1833 by Cristóbal de Mendoza and Francisco Yanes (1833).1 This discovery and the Letter’s bicentennial celebrations have renewed attention to the 17-page document, which is perhaps the most influential writing of the independence process, as reflected by an unusual number of studies. “It is not a defensive and offensive alliance”, such as those organized in Europe at the time, but “a society of sister-nations”. En ésta se plantean los temas que guiarán en adelante la reflexión This assembly will be backed by a confederate army, a court of arbitration to settle internal and external conflicts, and a commercial code. If Bolivar payed attention to that paragraph, which contains the main basis for the Amphictyonic model, then he may have seen reflected in it his desire to reconcile the sovereign zeal of the Hispanic American colonial centers with the aim of protecting them through the union of their army and foreign policies. Cartas de un americano 1811-1812. The Continental Treaty signed in 1856 proposes a system of protection based on the same idea of a confederate defense. Kelvin Machado. (5) The fifth and final article gives the plenipotentiaries the authority to create regulations for the confederation, although it prohibits any change in the fundamental articles. Polybius (2010, II 2-4, 45; IV 6, 9, 16, 25, 26, 27, 30, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65; V 5, 6, 14, 26, 27, 96, 97, 102, 107; IX 32-40, 41-42; XI 5, 4, 7; XIII 3; XVI 24; XVIII 2, 3, 10, 38, 46, 47; XX 4, 5, 9-11; XXI 25, 32; XXIII 18; XXVII 15; XXVIII 4; and XXXIX 1). El crioll o patuès jamaicà, anomenat localment Patois, Patwa o Patwah és una llengua criolla de base anglesa amb influències de l'Àfrica Occidental (la majoria de manlleus lingüístics són d'origen Akan) parlada principalment a Jamaica i a la diàspora jamaicana. Although he refrains from adjectivizing the work of chimeric, it is not far from doing so: Thus, although the project was very wise, the means of executing it were influenced by the simplicity of the author. [ Links ], SILVA CASTRO, Raúl. Edited by G. Fitzgerald. View full-text. How beautiful it would be if the Isthmus of Panamá could be for us what the Isthmus of Corinth was for the Greeks! La formación del Bolívar: estudios y lecturas. The so-called Jamaica Letterwas written in 1815 during a self-imposed exile in Jamaica. Paris: Imprimerie de P. Didot l’Ainé, 1817. v. II, p. 48-62. Bolivar's 'Jamaica Letter' and Latin America-Caribbean Ties. The criticism of Voltaire reached its peak after the publication of the abstract by Rousseau. The originality of the transfer to Hispanic America is reflected not only in the characteristics of the project but also in the consistency that it gives to the entire independence enterprise. But give us a Henri IV and a Sully [the proponent of the first plan of European Confederation], perpetual peace will become a reasonable project: or rather, let us admire a beautiful plan, but let us console ourselves for its non-realization, because this can be done only by violent and formidable resources (ROUSSEAU, 1817, p. 62). The conditions imposed to Haiti by the Ordinance signed by King Chales X of France in the Castle of the Tuileries on April 17, 1825 include, in addition to the monetary compensation, the reduction by half of the tariffs charged to other foreign merchants. That said, Polybius authored the best historical account on the amphictyonic league: in 14 of the 39 books that compose his Histories, he reviews the evolution of the Hellenic confederations, particularly the Achaean League based in Corinth.10 It is not known which editions were read by Bolívar, although in his time, The Histories, translated into Spanish by A. Rui Bamba and published in three volumes in Madrid in 1789, and a French version in six volumes, first edited by Gandouin in 1727-1730 and then by Merkus in 1774, were available. Instead of a single work on the Projet, Rousseau writes first the summary (Extrait) in which he expresses Saint Pierre's ideas as if the abbot himself had defended them, and then a critical piece (Jugement), where he displays an opposite point of view. Download. According to its Art. 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