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a:5:{s:8:"template";s:46130:"<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">

   <head>
       <meta charset="UTF-8">
       <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1">
       <title>{{ keyword }}</title>
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto%3A400%2C700%2C900%7CPoppins%3A400%2C700%2C900" rel="stylesheet"><script type="text/javascript">
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		<style type="text/css">
img.wp-smiley,
img.emoji {
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	box-shadow: none !important;
	height: 1em !important;
	width: 1em !important;
	margin: 0 .07em !important;
	vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
	background: none !important;
	padding: 0 !important;
}
</style>
	<link rel="stylesheet" id="evenex-widget-styles-pro-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/evenex-essential/modules/elements/assets/css/widget-styles-pro.css?ver=1.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="sweetalert2-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/user-registration/assets/css/sweetalert2/sweetalert2.min.css?ver=8.17.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="user-registration-general-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/user-registration/assets/css/user-registration.css?ver=1.9.6" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="user-registration-smallscreen-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/user-registration/assets/css/user-registration-smallscreen.css?ver=1.9.6" type="text/css" media="only screen and (max-width: 768px)">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="user-registration-my-account-layout-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/user-registration/assets/css/my-account-layout.css?ver=1.9.6" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="dashicons-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/css/dashicons.min.css?ver=5.8.2" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="tribe-common-skeleton-style-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/css/common-skeleton.min.css?ver=4.13.0.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="tribe-tooltip-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/css/tooltip.min.css?ver=4.13.0.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="tribe-common-full-style-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/css/common-full.min.css?ver=4.13.0.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="event-tickets-tickets-css-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/event-tickets/src/resources/css/tickets-v1.min.css?ver=5.1.2.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="event-tickets-tickets-rsvp-css-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/event-tickets/src/resources/css/rsvp-v1.min.css?ver=5.1.2.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="wp-block-library-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=5.8.2" type="text/css" media="all">
<style id="wp-block-library-theme-inline-css" type="text/css">
#start-resizable-editor-section{display:none}.wp-block-audio figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-audio figcaption{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.65)}.wp-block-code{font-family:Menlo,Consolas,monaco,monospace;color:#1e1e1e;padding:.8em 1em;border:1px solid #ddd;border-radius:4px}.wp-block-embed figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-embed figcaption{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.65)}.blocks-gallery-caption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .blocks-gallery-caption{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.65)}.wp-block-image figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-image figcaption{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.65)}.wp-block-pullquote{border-top:4px solid;border-bottom:4px solid;margin-bottom:1.75em;color:currentColor}.wp-block-pullquote__citation,.wp-block-pullquote cite,.wp-block-pullquote footer{color:currentColor;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal}.wp-block-quote{border-left:.25em solid;margin:0 0 1.75em;padding-left:1em}.wp-block-quote cite,.wp-block-quote footer{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;position:relative;font-style:normal}.wp-block-quote.has-text-align-right{border-left:none;border-right:.25em solid;padding-left:0;padding-right:1em}.wp-block-quote.has-text-align-center{border:none;padding-left:0}.wp-block-quote.is-large,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large{border:none}.wp-block-search .wp-block-search__label{font-weight:700}.wp-block-group.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}.wp-block-separator{border:none;border-bottom:2px solid;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;opacity:.4}.wp-block-separator:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){width:100px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-dots){border-bottom:none;height:1px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){height:2px}.wp-block-table thead{border-bottom:3px solid}.wp-block-table tfoot{border-top:3px solid}.wp-block-table td,.wp-block-table th{padding:.5em;border:1px solid;word-break:normal}.wp-block-table figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-table figcaption{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.65)}.wp-block-video figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-video figcaption{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.65)}.wp-block-template-part.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}#end-resizable-editor-section{display:none}
</style>
<link rel="stylesheet" id="pmpro_frontend-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/paid-memberships-pro/css/frontend.css?ver=2.5.7" type="text/css" media="screen">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="pmpro_print-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/paid-memberships-pro/css/print.css?ver=2.5.7" type="text/css" media="print">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="theme-my-login-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/theme-my-login/assets/styles/theme-my-login.min.css?ver=7.1.3" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="elementor-icons-ekiticons-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/modules/elementskit-icon-pack/assets/css/ekiticons.css?ver=2.5.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="elementskit-parallax-style-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/evenex-essential/modules//parallax/assets/css/style.css?ver=1.5.9" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="event-tickets-rsvp-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/event-tickets/src/resources/css/rsvp.min.css?ver=5.1.2.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="event-tickets-tpp-css-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/event-tickets/src/resources/css/tpp.min.css?ver=5.1.2.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="fonts-css" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Poppins%3A300%2C400%2C500%2C600%2C700%26display%3Dswap%7CRoboto%3A400%2C500%2C700%26display%3Dswap%7CRubik%3A400%2C500%2C700%26display%3Dswap%7CArchivo%3A400%2C500%2C600%2C700&amp;ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="bootstrap-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/bootstrap.min.css?ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="fontawesome-min-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/fontawesome.min.css?ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="select2-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/user-registration/assets/css/select2.css?ver=1.9.6" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="evenex-image-choose-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/image-choose-control.css?ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="evenex-icon-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/iconfont.css?ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="xs-grid-line-animation-css-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/grid-line-parallax.css?ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="evenex-blog-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/blog.css?ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="evenex-master-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/master.css?ver=1641050289" type="text/css" media="all">
<style id="evenex-master-inline-css" type="text/css">

      h1{
         font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;color:#101010;font-size:36px;
      }
      h2,
      .post .entry-header .entry-title,
      .search .page .entry-header .entry-title{
            font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;color:#101010;font-size:30px;
      }
      h3{
            font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;color:#101010;font-size:24px;
      }
      h4{
            font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;color:#101010;font-size:18px;
      }
      h5{
            font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;color:#101010;font-size:16px;
      }
      h6{
            font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;color:#101010;font-size:14px;
      }
      body{
         background:#ffffff;
         font-family: Roboto, sans-serif;color:#666666;line-height:1.625;font-size:16px;
      }
      .logo-area .site-title a , .logo-area .site-desc{
         color:#ec962d;
      }

      .post .entry-header .entry-title a:hover,
      .sidebar ul li a:hover, .xs-footer-section ul li a:hover,
      .post-meta a:hover,
      .header .navbar-light .navbar-nav li a:hover {
         color:  #ec962d;
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      .tag-lists a:hover, .tagcloud a:hover,
      .sticky.post .meta-featured-post,
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      .block-title.title-border .title-bg,
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      .main-slider .owl-prev.disabled,
      .owl-dots:before,
      .featured-tab-item .nav-tabs .nav-link.active:before,
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      .ts-footer .widget-title:before,
      .main-slider .owl-next:hover, .main-slider .owl-prev:hover,
      .sidebar .widget.widget_search .input-group-btn, .xs-footer-section .widget.widget_search .input-group-btn,
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      .banner-solid,
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      .wp-block-button:not(.is-style-outline) .wp-block-button__link,
      .wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background),
      .wp-block-file .wp-block-file__button,
      .back_to_top > a,
      .post .meta-featured-post::after {
         background:#ec962d;
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      .post .meta-featured-post::before {
         border-top-color: #ec962d;
         border-left-color: #ec962d;
         border-right-color: #ec962d;
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      .xs-search-group .search-button:hover,
      .pagination li.active a:hover,
      .wp-block-button:not(.is-style-outline) .wp-block-button__link:hover,
      .wp-block-file .wp-block-file__button:hover {
         background:#ff7c49;
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      .header-btn {
         background: linear-gradient(90deg,#ec962d 0,#ff7c49 100%);
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      .header-btn::before {
         box-shadow: 0 15px 25px 0 #ec962d;
      }
      .is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:hover,
      .wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:active:not(.has-text-color):hover,
      .wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:focus:not(.has-text-color):hover,
      .wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color):hover,
      .breadcrumb>li a:hover {
         color: #ff7c49;
      }
      .wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:active:not(.has-text-color),
      .wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:focus:not(.has-text-color),
      .wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color),
      .navbar-nav .nav-link:hover,
      .dropdown-item.active,
      .dropdown-item:active,
      .navbar-nav .dropdown-menu li:hover>a,
      .xs-recent-post-widget .widget-post .entry-title>a:hover {
         color: #ec962d;
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      .tag-lists a:hover, .tagcloud a:hover,
      .owl-theme .owl-dots .owl-dot.active span{
         border-color: #ec962d;
      }
      .block-title.title-border .title-bg::after{
         border-left-color: #ec962d;
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      .block-title.title-border{
         border-bottom-color: #ec962d;
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      .topbar .top-nav li a:hover,
      .comments-list .comment-author a:hover,
      .comments-list .comment-reply-link:hover,
      .post-title a:hover,
      .copyright-area a:hover,
      .ts-footer .widget ul li a:hover,
      .featured-tab-item .nav-tabs .nav-link.active .tab-head>span.tab-text-title,
      .social-links li a:hover,
      .comment-author cite a:hover {
         color:#ec962d;
      }
      .xs-footer-section{
         background-color:   #FFF;
      }
      .btn-primary {
         background: linear-gradient(90deg, #ec962d 0, #ff7c49 100%);
      }
      .sidebar .widget .widget-title:before {
         background: #ec962d;
      }
      
</style>
<link rel="stylesheet" id="ekit-widget-styles-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/widgets/init/assets/css/widget-styles.css?ver=2.5.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="ekit-responsive-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/widgets/init/assets/css/responsive.css?ver=2.5.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.6.0" id="jquery-core-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.3.2" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script>
<script src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/js/underscore-before.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/js/underscore.min.js?ver=1.13.1" id="underscore-js"></script>
<script src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/js/underscore-after.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/js/wp-util.js?ver=5.8.2" id="wp-util-not-in-footer-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/evenex-essential/modules//parallax/assets/js/jarallax.js?ver=1.5.9" id="jarallax-js"></script>
<meta name="et-api-version" content="v1"><meta name="et-api-origin" content="https://higroup.coding.al"><link rel="https://theeventscalendar.com/" href="https://higroup.coding.al/index.php/wp-json/tribe/tickets/v1/"><meta name="tec-api-version" content="v1"><meta name="tec-api-origin" content="https://higroup.coding.al"><link rel="https://theeventscalendar.com/" href="https://higroup.coding.al/index.php/wp-json/tribe/events/v1/">
			<script type="text/javascript">
				var elementskit_module_parallax_url = "https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/evenex-essential/modules//parallax/"
			</script>
		<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/cropped-Bag-page-001-270x270.jpg">
		<style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css">
			

.xs-price::before {
    background: linear-gradient(to left,#FF924B 0,#F25022 100%);
}		</style>
		   </head>

<body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-9047 single-format-standard pmpro-body-has-access user-registration-page tribe-no-js check sidebar-active elementor-default elementor-kit-8181">

<header id="header" class="header header-classic header-main ">
   <div class="container">
      <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg">
         <a class="logo" href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 0 }}">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 0 }}<img class="img-fluid" src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/New-Project-4.png" alt="MixieSocialHub">
         </a>
         <button class="navbar-toggler p-0 border-0" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#primary-nav" aria-controls="primary-nav" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation">
            <span class="header-navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
            <span class="header-navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
            <span class="header-navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
         </button>

         

	<div id="primary-nav" class="collapse navbar-collapse"><ul id="main-menu" class="navbar-nav ml-auto"><li id="menu-item-8650" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-8650 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 1 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 1 }}</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-8928" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8928 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 2 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 2 }}</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-8500" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8500 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 3 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 3 }}</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-8219" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8219 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 4 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 4 }}</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-8169" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8169 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 5 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 5 }}</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-8170" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8170 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 6 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 6 }}</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-8168" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8168 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 7 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 7 }}</a></li>
</ul></div>
         
                                    </nav>
   </div><!-- container end-->
</header>
<section class="xs-banner banner-single banner-bg" style="background-image: url(https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/images/banner/bg_banner.png)">
    <div class="container">
        <div class="d-flex align-items-center banner-area">
            <div class="row">
                <div class="col-12">
                    <h1 class="xs-jumbotron-title" style="color: #ffffff">{{ keyword }}</h1>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
            </div>
</section><div id="main-content" class="main-container blog-single sidebar-active" role="main">
    <div class="container">
        <div class="row">
                    <div class="col-lg-8 col-md-12 mx-auto">
									<article id="post-9047" class="post-content post-single post-9047 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry pmpro-has-access">
						
	<div class="post-body clearfix">

		<!-- Article header -->
		<header class="entry-header clearfix">
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</html>";s:4:"text";s:34431:"The Financial Incumbency Advantage: Causes and Consequences. <a href="https://stanforddpl.org/papers/fowler_hall_incumbency_advantages_2014/fowler_hall_incumbency_advantages_2014.pdf">Incumbency</a> That is, the fact that firms already installed generate higher profits than entrants even if the latter offer identical or even better terms (in terms of price and quality) to consumers. Incumbency effects on reelection, on the other hand, are only slightly reduced. The objective of this paper is an attempt to answer if non-competitive elections to commune councils in Poland may be the result of incumbency advantage of mayors. <a href="https://faculty.ucmerced.edu/jtrounstine/low_info_draft5.pdf">Incumbency</a> This new theory of comparative incumbency advantage advances our knowledge of the consequences of electoral systems and illuminates the important distinction between the personal-vote incentives and the actual electoral gains. <a href="https://www8.gsb.columbia.edu/media/sites/media/files/Yildirim%20-%20Social%20Media%20and%20Political%20Donations.pdf">Social Media and Political Donations: New Technology and ...</a> <a href="https://www.answers.com/Q/What_is_incumbency">What is incumbency? - Answers</a> <a href="https://rdpackages.github.io/references/Cattaneo-Frandsen-Titiunik_2015_JCI.pdf">Matias D. Cattaneo, Brigham R. Frandsen and Rocío Titiunik ...</a> This terminology referred to a “personal vote,” the additional support that incumbents could expect compared to what any generic non-incumbent member of their party running in their district in a Explaining Voter Turnout: A Review of Aggregate-Level Research. Add your answer and earn points. These limits were implemented with a discontinuous kink which we exploit for causal identification. Campaigns and Elections But I’m not that good at doing math in my head so I rounded the odds to 55/45 in order to make things easier and give Uncle Joe a bit of a boost. When more people in … These results suggest that incumbency advantage in Brazil is related to sources other than higher campaign spending. In the model two candidates run for election by choosing a position in an … Experience (must go beyond the single word to be more than restatement of "incumbency") Explanations: Must be an explicit statement of how or why the factors contribute to incumbency advantage. Taking my cue from the political science literature, I define an incumbency advantage as the percentage-point premium a candidate receives in votes as a consequence of being an incumbent up for reelection. <a href="https://quizlet.com/60885787/chapter-11-frq-flash-cards/">Chapter 11 FRQ Flashcards | Quizlet</a> <a href="https://www.theclassroom.com/advantages-incumbency-congressional-elections-6591.html">The Advantages of Incumbency in Congressional Elections ...</a> probably was both a cause and a consequence of the rapid growth in the advantage of incumbency in the second half of the twentieth century. An incumbency certificate contains all relevant particulars regarding the company's directors and officers, such as the incumbent's name, position, whether elected or appointed and the term of office. It also usually includes a signature sample for comparison purposes. <a href="https://gking.harvard.edu/category/research-interests/applications/incumbency-advantage">Incumbency Advantage | GARY KING</a> 110–138. Incumbents are elected officials who currently hold an office. Gamut of Probabilities. incumbency, list position, candidate characteristics, and electoral success in open-list PR systems. The definition of incumbent is laying on top of something. An example of incumbent is a cat lounging on its sleeping owner. Incumbent is defined as the person who is already in an elected office. An example of incumbent is the person who is currently the president. YourDictionary definition and usage example. "incumbent.". Research summary: The literature on network effects has implicitly assumed that an increase in the size of the installed base magnifies network effects, which is a source of incumbency advantage. What are the long-term consequences of these two phenomena? Hall Harvard University In this article, we use a regression discontinuity design to estimate the causal effect of incumbency on campaign contributions in the U.S. House and state legislatures. Interestingly, positive messages favoring incumbents also influence the election returns in both types of elections, ceteris paribus. Article Google Scholar Geys, Benny. https://connectusfund.org/6-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-incumbency Discuss one consequence of incumbency advantage for the United States political process. estimate (Erikson 1971) of the incumbency advantage, which uses almost all elections, is 4.7 percentage points—if anything, smaller than the incumbency advantage when estimated using only close elections.6 Combining our results with estimates from the … Gamut of Probabilities. Incumbency advantage has discriminatory consequences, and understanding how women are obstructed from public o ce is crucial to improving balance in descriptive representation. incumbency effects, both with respect to magnitude and sign. The dramatic increase in the electoral advantage of incumbency has sparked widespread interest among congressional researchers over the last 15 years. The 13-member panel is supposed to choose from 15 proposed maps drafted by the group last month. Incumbents generally have a major advantage over their opponents when seeking re-election. H0,O0 ABSTRACT This paper examines the effects of campaign spending limits on political competition and incumbency advantage. Brainly User Brainly User Impeachment, tyranny and commerce. Explain how each factor contributes to incumbency advantage. CiteSeerX - Document Details (Isaac Councill, Lee Giles, Pradeep Teregowda): We develop a model that calls into question whether some key sources of incumbency advantage frequently cited in the empirical and theoretical literature are, in fact, beneficial to all types of incumbents. Incumbency may also confer a direct electoral advantage; many explanations effects model, he estimates the advantage of incumbency in British elections in the post-war era. Insulation of incumbents and of the incumbent party predicts that most districts are either overwhelmingly Democratic or List of Advantages of Inductive Reasoning. Systematic consequences of incumbency advantage in the U.S. House elections. The amount of money they raise against their challengers demonstrates their advantage. Canon (1990) documents the average challenger Incumbents in office may be more likely to abuse their power and start to get a sense of not having to work as hard to get reelected. An Investigation of the Incumbency Advantage Jens Hainmueller, Stanford University Andrew B. Not all probabilities will be true or even possible but you do get various options. This allows us to provide more comprehensive results on the normative content of the incumbency advantage. However, we argue that this advantage is mediated The incumbency advantage occurs as a consequence of voters having these additional local con-siderations in mind when entering the voting booth – considerations that are received through their information environment. What are the consequences of the incumbency advantage quizlet? Money and Politics: The Effects of Campaign Spending Limits on Political Competition and Incumbency Advantage Eric Avis, Claudio Ferraz, Frederico Finan, and Carlos Varjão NBER Working Paper No. Citation King, Gary, and Andrew Gelman. Gary King and Andrew Gelman. To test this argument, I combine a regression discontinuity approach for estimating the incumbency advantage with a panel design to identify effects of direct primary adoption. Hall. I find that incumbency bestows a … Not surprisingly, the jungle of campaign financing regulations and loopholes is more easily navigated by incumbents in Congress than by newcomers. Not surprisingly, the jungle of campaign financing regulations and loopholes is more easily navigated by incumbents in Congress than by newcomers. Rounding the 4.83% of winning challengers to 19 freshmen, another 39 get there the easy way by filling a seat vacated by a departing incumbent. One consequence of the incumbency advantage is the fact that it reduces majoritarian democracy. Current psychological perspectives on the incumbency advantage come in two forms. There are many factors that contribute to incumbency reelection advantages, including name recognition and credit claiming, clamming favorable bills as there work. c) Discuss one consequence of incumbency advantage for the US political process (2001_2) the graph above shows reelection rates for incumbents in the House and Senate. In contrast, evidence from the developing world points to no advantage or even adverse effects of … 3 See Evens (2007) and Bender (1988) in the Canadian and U.S. context for some Harder for new candidates with new political ideas to get into the system. "Now is the time to support a serious, independent, left candidate for Presidential in 2016" says a statement from her campaign. These findings have important consequences for theories of incumbency advantage and candidate-centered elections, strengthen-ing recent arguments about the role of strong parties in providing a steady supply of high-quality electoral chal- The advantage and high reelection of incumbents contributes to congressmen who have considerable experience. One consequence of partisan polarization and the effort of elites, particularly congressional Republicans, to nationalize the issues in congressional elections is the apparent (but potentially misleading) declining strength of incumbency as a … Stein, a physician by practice, pulled in over 469,000 votes in 2012 as the candidate for the Green Party, America's fourth largest political party. 1. Incumbency Effects. In turn, Contrary to a recent literature identifying an incumbency disadvantage in other large developing democracies, we identify a consistent personal incumbency advantage in Indonesia. Experiment 2 (N = 427) showed that experimentally manipulating participants’ query order altered the strength of the incumbency advantage. ndings do not imply that women are equally represented in the EP. With this in mind, we then turn to a more general model in which the incumbent actively generates governance outcomes (by way of endogenous actions). May 2014 PDF Replication Code and Data Abstract. Download Citation | The Financial Incumbency Advantage: Causes and Consequences | In this article, we use a regression discontinuity design to estimate the … We examine ve key indicators of the consequences of political control over electoral institutions. Taken together, these We study a reform in Brazil that imposed limits on campaign spending for mayoral elections. Synonyms for meaning include definition, sense, denotation, elucidation, explanation, explication, interpretation, connotation, description and exposition. Voters in U.S. legislative elections receive markedly different representation depending on which party’s candidate they elect, and because of the incumbency advantage, the effects of this choice can persist for many years. Michigan’s redistricting panel is slated to begin approving new state legislative and congressional maps Tuesday after months of map-drawing and controversy. Natural dynamic extensions of this model yield pro-incumbency advantages and low political turnover. Krehbiel and Wright (1983) argue that declining loyalty of voters explains the growth of the incumbency advantage in House elections. In Interestingly, positive messages favoring incumbents also influence the election returns in both types of elections, ceteris paribus. List of Advantages of Inductive Reasoning. Explain how each factor contributes to incumbency advantage. Whether using witterT actually helps to inform voters and to increase the amount of political donations received is an open question. Higher media exposure 2. Not surprisingly, the jungle of campaign financing regulations and loopholes is more easily navigated by incumbents in Congress than by newcomers. incumbency advantage despite its potential substantive value.3 Estimating this quantity informs us about the behavior of voters, the nature of polit-ical representation, and the performance of political institutions. Browse through all study tools. We study a reform in Brazil that imposed limits on campaign spending for mayoral elections. Article. Some acceptable consequences include: Continuity over time The authors seek to explain the incumbency advantage (Y). Liberal Democrat MPs have much larger incumbency advantages than those of other parties and this is likely to have important effects at the next election. Whether 1 Our definition of the partisan incumbency advantage should not be confused with previous uses of the term. INCUMBENCY EFFECTS. effects increase an incumbent’s re-election rates, while good reputation effects decrease them; moreover, if there were no incumbency effects absent reputation effects, then there is an incum-bency advantage with bad reputation but an incumbency disadvantage with good reputation. c) Discuss one consequence of incumbency advantage for the US political process: Consequences of incumbency advantage include the lack of diversity and change. The limitations of incumbency advantage are often explained through the concept of “creative destruction” (Schumpeter, 1950), that is, an innovative firms displacing the incumbent by entering with higher quality products. In this article, we use a regression discontinuity design to estimate the causal effect of incumbency on campaign contributions in the U.S. House and state legislatures. Abstract. The amount of money they raise against their challengers demonstrates their advantage. In this paper we examine two effects of incumbency. Incumbents are elected officials who currently hold an office. 1991. HistoryGuy. We allow for three potential explanations for the incumbency advantage: … incumbency cues and scare-off) appear to shape incum-bent success even more powerfully. The idea that a large part of the incumbency advantage is due to scare-off may have reached the status of conventional wisdom. Combining electoral and legislative roll-call data in a dynamic regression-discontinuity design, … Incumbents tend to gain solid electoral advantage in many voting systems. Not all probabilities will be true or even possible but you do get various options. One consequence is a “delayed partisan re-alignment" with substantial mismatch between national and county-level voting. Second, the incumbent may have to chose a position before the challenger; this second aspect of incumbency is modelled as Stackelberg leadership. b) identify 2 factors that contribute to incumbency advantage. CiteSeerX - Document Details (Isaac Councill, Lee Giles, Pradeep Teregowda): Since 1914, incumbent U.S. senators running for reelection have won almost 80 % of the time. dealignment caused higher incumbency advantages in House elections. The author assumes, that the effects of incumbency advantage of mayors in influence not only the competition for the office of mayor, but also the entire local political scene. The finding suggests that, with enough strategy, social media could erase the incumbency advantage and bring American politics back to its grass roots. The biggest advantage of inductive reasoning is that you get to work with probabilities. New questions in History. The Financial Incumbency Advantage: Causes and Consequences. "Nowhere is … Moreover, sheriffs hold office for more than twice as long as police chiefs. Our results show that increases in direct officeholder benefits, such as the “campaign discount … The first suggests that people heuristically assume that the status quo is good, and likely better than alternatives (Eidelman & Crandall, 2014). The finding that the incumbency (dis-)advantage varies substantially across countries with … The study of incumbency effects explores whether incumbency status generates electoral benefits or losses. true incumbency advantage. Scholars have found that incumbents enjoy electoral advantages over non-incumbents, most notably in the United States (E.g., Ansolabehere and Snyder, 2002; Cox and Katz, 1996; Erikson, 1971; Gelman and King, 1990; Lee, 2008) and in … You can see these effects graphically via thirty-thousand.org - Reelection Rates of Incumbents in the U. S. House, and Duration of Representatives’ Incumbency in the U. S. House. What are three consequences of incumbency advantages for democratic elections 1 See answer marinandez21 is waiting for your help. Taking my cue from the political science literature, I define an incumbency advantage as the percentage-point premium a candidate receives in votes as a consequence of being an incumbent up for reelection. Overall, I find that attack ads have deleterious effects on the incumbency advantage but only in nonpartisan elections. The effect size does not vary with legislator experience and … policies and raise campaign funds, potentially reducing the incumbency advantage in electoral races. Although many scholars have studied the advantages of incumbency for incumbents, few have analyzed its effects on the underlying electoral system. However, developing a higher quality product may often entail significant delays in entering the market. or U.P. But first, let me define what I mean by an incumbency advantage in this context. To win in the first place, candidates had Research summary: The literature on network effects has implicitly assumed that an increase in the size of the installed base magnifies network effects, which is a source of incumbency advantage. Levitt and Wolfram 2004, Lee 2001, McAdams and Johannes 1988). One of the main advantages of incumbency for a democratic election is that the people are used to the incumbent, another would be that the incumbent usually has more money, and other would be that they are used to … Explain how each factor contributes to incumbency advantage. In contrast, societies with a large formal sector are more likely to exhibit policy convergence even if one party has an advantage in terms of popularity on non-policy grounds; both parties select platforms involving higher supplies of public goods. Markets with network effects are typically concentrated. The dramatic increase in the electoral advantage of incumbency has sparked widespread interest among congressional researchers over the last 15 years. By "incumbency advantage," they refer to the fact that incumbents tend to win a Find more similar words at wordhippo.com! Advantages of Incumbents. running and winning the next election – far exceeding the incumbency advantages of other local offices. In both settings, incumbency causes approximately a 20–25 percentage-point increase in the share of donations flowing to the incumbent’s party. The incumbent’s advantage. c) Discuss one consequence of incumbency advantage for the US political process. American Journal of Political Science, 35, Pp. Social Sciences Questions and Answers Test your understanding with practice problems and step-by-step solutions. First, an incumbent may have an advantage in creating a favorable image in the eyes of the voters. Downloadable! He finds the largest incumbency effects for Liberal MPs, while the effects for Conservative and Labour MPs are small to non-existent. Synonyms for privilege include advantage, benefit, concession, right, bonus, entitlement, liberty, freedom, grant and perk. 2016. But first, let me define what I mean by an incumbency advantage in this context. 1. The incumbency effect is negative in Brazil, close to zero in Colombia and Finland, and positive in Denmark. Jonathan S. Tobin י"ד באב תש"פ 07:38 04.08.20  The Incumbent's Advantage Extracting Gold from Concrete. One reason the incumbent's advantage is so potent is that few companies use it, and most that do are businesses that sell to consumers (such as ... Profiting from service investments. ... Building Your Incumbent's Advantage. ... American Journal of Political Science 35(1): 110-138. Introduction. This paper examines the effects of campaign spending limits on political competition and incumbency advantage. Generally, citizens liked them enough to vote for them previously, and, unless something drastic has happened, those positive feelings haven’t changed. In this paper, we study the consequences of politicians' adoption of a new communication technology, A certificate of incumbency is used to help identify directors and shareholders in an organization. It also confirms their identity and ensures that they are authorized to sign legally binding documents for the company and enact important legal transactions. Introduction. Alexander Fouirnaies, Andrew B. The Article Google Scholar Goplerud, Max, and Petra Schleiter. Evidence has been offered in support of all of these He concludes that there has been no substantial change in the advantages of incumbency in Britain Explain how each factor contributes to incumbency advantage. The Financial Incumbency Advantage: Causes and Consequences Alexander Fouirnaies London School of Economics Andrew B. "The electoral advantage of incumbency is perhaps one of the best known and least understood facts of American political life," Abramowitz wrote. The Republican and Democratic primaries are raging on, but Jill Stein could care less. Electoral Studies 25: 637–663. Andrew C. Eggers and Arthur Spirling Incumbency Effects and the Strength of Party Preferences: Evidence from Multiparty Elections in the United Kingdom, The Journal of Politics 79, no.3 3 (May 2017): 903–920. Journal of Politics 76 (3): 711–724. A traditional, political understanding of incumbency advantage is described as a variety of “direct and indirect” factors that may account for the high reelection rates of incumbents, including: 2 Corrales and Penfold, “Manipulating Term Limits in Latin America.” 1. 5J a cob sn(1980) hw te imp rf lg q uy. cumbency advantage is not due to any direct benefit of incumbency, but is rather a consequence of the different distribution of quality for incumbents. We investigate why incumbents win so often, and how changes in electoral design would affect the value of senatorial seat. As shown in Figure 02, incumbency effects on votes are not significant in any specification. Hall, Harvard University James M. Snyder Jr., Harvard University The regression discontinuity (RD) design is popular because it provides a design-based estimate of the incumbency advantage.  Discriminatory consequences, and positive in Denmark campaign spending by newcomers proposed maps drafted by the group last.! Krehbiel and Wright ( 1983 ) argue that declining loyalty of voters explains the growth of the incumbency advantage the., Irresponsible Parties the 13-member panel is supposed to choose from 15 proposed drafted. Largest incumbency effects > HistoryGuy the last 15 years causes approximately a 20–25 percentage-point increase the... Democracies, we identify a consistent personal incumbency advantage. “delayed partisan re-alignment '' substantial... 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