Current File : /var/www/html/higroup/0khvrp6/cache/adf5872ef2ef29d57ce4f225fc9ad3d6
a:5:{s:8:"template";s:46130:"<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1">
<title>{{ keyword }}</title>
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto%3A400%2C700%2C900%7CPoppins%3A400%2C700%2C900" rel="stylesheet"><script type="text/javascript">
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<style type="text/css">
img.wp-smiley,
img.emoji {
display: inline !important;
border: none !important;
box-shadow: none !important;
height: 1em !important;
width: 1em !important;
margin: 0 .07em !important;
vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
background: none !important;
padding: 0 !important;
}
</style>
<link rel="stylesheet" id="evenex-widget-styles-pro-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/evenex-essential/modules/elements/assets/css/widget-styles-pro.css?ver=1.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="sweetalert2-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/user-registration/assets/css/sweetalert2/sweetalert2.min.css?ver=8.17.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="user-registration-general-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/user-registration/assets/css/user-registration.css?ver=1.9.6" type="text/css" media="all">
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<link rel="stylesheet" id="user-registration-my-account-layout-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/user-registration/assets/css/my-account-layout.css?ver=1.9.6" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="dashicons-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/css/dashicons.min.css?ver=5.8.2" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="tribe-common-skeleton-style-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/css/common-skeleton.min.css?ver=4.13.0.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="tribe-tooltip-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/css/tooltip.min.css?ver=4.13.0.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="tribe-common-full-style-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/css/common-full.min.css?ver=4.13.0.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="event-tickets-tickets-css-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/event-tickets/src/resources/css/tickets-v1.min.css?ver=5.1.2.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="event-tickets-tickets-rsvp-css-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/event-tickets/src/resources/css/rsvp-v1.min.css?ver=5.1.2.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="wp-block-library-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=5.8.2" type="text/css" media="all">
<style id="wp-block-library-theme-inline-css" type="text/css">
#start-resizable-editor-section{display:none}.wp-block-audio figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-audio figcaption{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.65)}.wp-block-code{font-family:Menlo,Consolas,monaco,monospace;color:#1e1e1e;padding:.8em 1em;border:1px solid #ddd;border-radius:4px}.wp-block-embed figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-embed figcaption{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.65)}.blocks-gallery-caption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .blocks-gallery-caption{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.65)}.wp-block-image figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-image figcaption{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.65)}.wp-block-pullquote{border-top:4px solid;border-bottom:4px solid;margin-bottom:1.75em;color:currentColor}.wp-block-pullquote__citation,.wp-block-pullquote cite,.wp-block-pullquote footer{color:currentColor;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal}.wp-block-quote{border-left:.25em solid;margin:0 0 1.75em;padding-left:1em}.wp-block-quote cite,.wp-block-quote footer{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;position:relative;font-style:normal}.wp-block-quote.has-text-align-right{border-left:none;border-right:.25em solid;padding-left:0;padding-right:1em}.wp-block-quote.has-text-align-center{border:none;padding-left:0}.wp-block-quote.is-large,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large{border:none}.wp-block-search .wp-block-search__label{font-weight:700}.wp-block-group.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}.wp-block-separator{border:none;border-bottom:2px solid;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;opacity:.4}.wp-block-separator:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){width:100px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-dots){border-bottom:none;height:1px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){height:2px}.wp-block-table thead{border-bottom:3px solid}.wp-block-table tfoot{border-top:3px solid}.wp-block-table td,.wp-block-table th{padding:.5em;border:1px solid;word-break:normal}.wp-block-table figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-table figcaption{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.65)}.wp-block-video figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-video figcaption{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.65)}.wp-block-template-part.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}#end-resizable-editor-section{display:none}
</style>
<link rel="stylesheet" id="pmpro_frontend-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/paid-memberships-pro/css/frontend.css?ver=2.5.7" type="text/css" media="screen">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="pmpro_print-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/paid-memberships-pro/css/print.css?ver=2.5.7" type="text/css" media="print">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="theme-my-login-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/theme-my-login/assets/styles/theme-my-login.min.css?ver=7.1.3" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="elementor-icons-ekiticons-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/modules/elementskit-icon-pack/assets/css/ekiticons.css?ver=2.5.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="elementskit-parallax-style-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/evenex-essential/modules//parallax/assets/css/style.css?ver=1.5.9" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="event-tickets-rsvp-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/event-tickets/src/resources/css/rsvp.min.css?ver=5.1.2.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="event-tickets-tpp-css-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/event-tickets/src/resources/css/tpp.min.css?ver=5.1.2.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="fonts-css" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Poppins%3A300%2C400%2C500%2C600%2C700%26display%3Dswap%7CRoboto%3A400%2C500%2C700%26display%3Dswap%7CRubik%3A400%2C500%2C700%26display%3Dswap%7CArchivo%3A400%2C500%2C600%2C700&ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="bootstrap-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/bootstrap.min.css?ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="fontawesome-min-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/fontawesome.min.css?ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="select2-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/user-registration/assets/css/select2.css?ver=1.9.6" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="evenex-image-choose-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/image-choose-control.css?ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="evenex-icon-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/iconfont.css?ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="xs-grid-line-animation-css-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/grid-line-parallax.css?ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="evenex-blog-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/blog.css?ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="evenex-master-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/master.css?ver=1641050289" type="text/css" media="all">
<style id="evenex-master-inline-css" type="text/css">
h1{
font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;color:#101010;font-size:36px;
}
h2,
.post .entry-header .entry-title,
.search .page .entry-header .entry-title{
font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;color:#101010;font-size:30px;
}
h3{
font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;color:#101010;font-size:24px;
}
h4{
font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;color:#101010;font-size:18px;
}
h5{
font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;color:#101010;font-size:16px;
}
h6{
font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;color:#101010;font-size:14px;
}
body{
background:#ffffff;
font-family: Roboto, sans-serif;color:#666666;line-height:1.625;font-size:16px;
}
.logo-area .site-title a , .logo-area .site-desc{
color:#ec962d;
}
.post .entry-header .entry-title a:hover,
.sidebar ul li a:hover, .xs-footer-section ul li a:hover,
.post-meta a:hover,
.header .navbar-light .navbar-nav li a:hover {
color: #ec962d;
}
.tag-lists a:hover, .tagcloud a:hover,
.sticky.post .meta-featured-post,
.widget-title:before,
.xs-custom-widget > h5:before,
.block-title.title-border .title-bg,
.block-title.title-border .title-bg::before ,
.owl-next, .owl-prev,
.header .navbar-light .navbar-nav>li.active>a:before,
.main-slider .owl-prev.disabled,
.owl-dots:before,
.featured-tab-item .nav-tabs .nav-link.active:before,
.owl-theme .owl-dots .owl-dot.active span,
.ts-footer .widget-title:before,
.main-slider .owl-next:hover, .main-slider .owl-prev:hover,
.sidebar .widget.widget_search .input-group-btn, .xs-footer-section .widget.widget_search .input-group-btn,
.xs-search-group .search-button,
.banner-solid,
.pagination li.active a,
.wp-block-button:not(.is-style-outline) .wp-block-button__link,
.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background),
.wp-block-file .wp-block-file__button,
.back_to_top > a,
.post .meta-featured-post::after {
background:#ec962d;
}
.post .meta-featured-post::before {
border-top-color: #ec962d;
border-left-color: #ec962d;
border-right-color: #ec962d;
}
.xs-search-group .search-button:hover,
.pagination li.active a:hover,
.wp-block-button:not(.is-style-outline) .wp-block-button__link:hover,
.wp-block-file .wp-block-file__button:hover {
background:#ff7c49;
}
.header-btn {
background: linear-gradient(90deg,#ec962d 0,#ff7c49 100%);
}
.header-btn::before {
box-shadow: 0 15px 25px 0 #ec962d;
}
.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:hover,
.wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:active:not(.has-text-color):hover,
.wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:focus:not(.has-text-color):hover,
.wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color):hover,
.breadcrumb>li a:hover {
color: #ff7c49;
}
.wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:active:not(.has-text-color),
.wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:focus:not(.has-text-color),
.wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color),
.navbar-nav .nav-link:hover,
.dropdown-item.active,
.dropdown-item:active,
.navbar-nav .dropdown-menu li:hover>a,
.xs-recent-post-widget .widget-post .entry-title>a:hover {
color: #ec962d;
}
.tag-lists a:hover, .tagcloud a:hover,
.owl-theme .owl-dots .owl-dot.active span{
border-color: #ec962d;
}
.block-title.title-border .title-bg::after{
border-left-color: #ec962d;
}
.block-title.title-border{
border-bottom-color: #ec962d;
}
.topbar .top-nav li a:hover,
.comments-list .comment-author a:hover,
.comments-list .comment-reply-link:hover,
.post-title a:hover,
.copyright-area a:hover,
.ts-footer .widget ul li a:hover,
.featured-tab-item .nav-tabs .nav-link.active .tab-head>span.tab-text-title,
.social-links li a:hover,
.comment-author cite a:hover {
color:#ec962d;
}
.xs-footer-section{
background-color: #FFF;
}
.btn-primary {
background: linear-gradient(90deg, #ec962d 0, #ff7c49 100%);
}
.sidebar .widget .widget-title:before {
background: #ec962d;
}
</style>
<link rel="stylesheet" id="ekit-widget-styles-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/widgets/init/assets/css/widget-styles.css?ver=2.5.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="ekit-responsive-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/widgets/init/assets/css/responsive.css?ver=2.5.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.6.0" id="jquery-core-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.3.2" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script>
<script src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/js/underscore-before.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/js/underscore.min.js?ver=1.13.1" id="underscore-js"></script>
<script src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/js/underscore-after.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/js/wp-util.js?ver=5.8.2" id="wp-util-not-in-footer-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/evenex-essential/modules//parallax/assets/js/jarallax.js?ver=1.5.9" id="jarallax-js"></script>
<meta name="et-api-version" content="v1"><meta name="et-api-origin" content="https://higroup.coding.al"><link rel="https://theeventscalendar.com/" href="https://higroup.coding.al/index.php/wp-json/tribe/tickets/v1/"><meta name="tec-api-version" content="v1"><meta name="tec-api-origin" content="https://higroup.coding.al"><link rel="https://theeventscalendar.com/" href="https://higroup.coding.al/index.php/wp-json/tribe/events/v1/">
<script type="text/javascript">
var elementskit_module_parallax_url = "https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/evenex-essential/modules//parallax/"
</script>
<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/cropped-Bag-page-001-270x270.jpg">
<style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css">
.xs-price::before {
background: linear-gradient(to left,#FF924B 0,#F25022 100%);
} </style>
</head>
<body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-9047 single-format-standard pmpro-body-has-access user-registration-page tribe-no-js check sidebar-active elementor-default elementor-kit-8181">
<header id="header" class="header header-classic header-main ">
<div class="container">
<nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg">
<a class="logo" href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 0 }}">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 0 }}<img class="img-fluid" src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/New-Project-4.png" alt="MixieSocialHub">
</a>
<button class="navbar-toggler p-0 border-0" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#primary-nav" aria-controls="primary-nav" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation">
<span class="header-navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
<span class="header-navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
<span class="header-navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
</button>
<div id="primary-nav" class="collapse navbar-collapse"><ul id="main-menu" class="navbar-nav ml-auto"><li id="menu-item-8650" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-8650 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 1 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 1 }}</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-8928" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8928 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 2 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 2 }}</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-8500" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8500 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 3 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 3 }}</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-8219" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8219 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 4 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 4 }}</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-8169" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8169 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 5 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 5 }}</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-8170" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8170 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 6 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 6 }}</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-8168" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8168 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 7 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 7 }}</a></li>
</ul></div>
</nav>
</div><!-- container end-->
</header>
<section class="xs-banner banner-single banner-bg" style="background-image: url(https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/images/banner/bg_banner.png)">
<div class="container">
<div class="d-flex align-items-center banner-area">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-12">
<h1 class="xs-jumbotron-title" style="color: #ffffff">{{ keyword }}</h1>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section><div id="main-content" class="main-container blog-single sidebar-active" role="main">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-8 col-md-12 mx-auto">
<article id="post-9047" class="post-content post-single post-9047 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry pmpro-has-access">
<div class="post-body clearfix">
<!-- Article header -->
<header class="entry-header clearfix">
<div class="post-meta">
<span class="post-meta-date">
<i class="far fa-clock"></i>
January 1, 2022</span><span class="meta-categories post-cat">
<i class="far fa-folder-open"></i>
Uncategorized
</span> <span class="post-comment"><i class="far fa-comment-alt"></i><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 8 }}" class="comments-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 8 }}</a></span>
</div>
</header><!-- header end -->
<!-- Article content -->
<div class="entry-content clearfix">
<p>{{ text }}</p>
<p>{{ links }}</p>
</div> <!-- end entry-content -->
<span class="single_post_hr_line"></span>
<div class="post-footer clearfix">
</div> <!-- .entry-footer -->
</div> <!-- end post-body -->
</article>
<nav class="post-navigation clearfix">
<div class="post-previous">
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<h3>{{ keyword }}</h3>
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<h3 id="reply-title" class="comment-reply-title">{{ keyword }}<small><a rel="nofollow" id="cancel-comment-reply-link" href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 10 }}" style="display:none;">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 10 }}</a></small></h3></div><!-- #respond -->
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<ul>
<li><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 11 }}">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 11 }}</a></li> <li><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 12 }}">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 12 }}</a></li>
<li><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 13 }}">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 13 }}</a></li>
<li><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 14 }}">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 14 }}</a></li>
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</html>";s:4:"text";s:29965:"Ancestry databases are being enriched with self-reported data and data from deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) analyses, but also are being linked to other direct-to-consumer genetic testing and research databases. One of the biggest risks with any DNA data is . <a href="https://www.legalgenealogist.com/2019/09/29/justice-department-issues-dna-guidelines/">Justice Department issues DNA guidelines | The Legal ...</a> Direct-to-consumer genetic testing has gained in popularity significantly in the last few years, with more and more people sending samples of their saliva to be evaluated in order to learn more about their family ancestry or disease risk. Developed by leading traditional genealogists, genetic genealogists, and scientists, the Genetic Genealogy Standards are "intended to provide ethical and usage standards for the genealogical community." "It's possible that ultimately the same rule ought to apply across the country," Slobogin said. <a href="https://www.ngsgenealogy.org/committee-genetic-genealogy/">Committee on Genetic Genealogy</a> By Shannon Combs Bennett. Almost overnight, a new industry was hatched using genetic . Bioethicists from the National . Each individual seeking certification signs The Genealogist's Code of Ethics, a pledge to protect the public, clients (whether paying or pro bono ), the profession, and people who provide DNA samples. An example: genetic testing is, for now, optional. 5m 53s. By Craig M. Klugman and Hector F. Rodriguez, Published on 04/22/21 Genetic genealogy and DNA testing is a frontier is brimming with the potential for answers. All courses are online and offered in 4 sequential accelerated term . Genetic-genealogy cases require investments of time and resources, and often involve hiring outside genealogy consultants. The technique involves uploading a crime scene DNA profile to one or more genetic genealogy databases with the intention of identifying a criminal offender's genetic relatives and, eventually, locating the offender within the family tree. These kits are referred to as "direct to consumer . Getting started with genetic genealogy is easy: Get a kit, send off your sample, and await the results. Since 2018, in the aftermath of the Golden State Killer arrest, IGG has received attention in the academic debate as well, especially from genetic genealogy and/or legal perspectives, that often also cover ethical concerns.4 13-21 Regulation of IGG, at the moment, is largely absent and several authors have called or made suggestions for . Though using DNA to help solve crimes is effective, it can also infringe on the privacy of innocent people. This new book offers an in-home course in advanced genetic genealogy. Genetic Genealogy (GG) is the combination of genetic analysis with traditional historical and genealogical research to study family history. These tests use either a single genetic and genomic analytic approach or a combination of methods to analyze an individual's DNA and draw inferences about ancestry [4]. Millions of Americans have sent their DNA to commercial testing companies such as 23andMe or Ancestry to learn more about their heritage or potential for disease. Our genetic information is encoded in our DNA as long strings of four different base molecules, and sequencing is the process of "reading" the sequence of these bases. The new possibilities created by genetics have brought with them new questions about what is right. In April, the Golden State Killer, a former police officer responsible for a series of rapes and murders in the 1970s and '80s . Understand the ethics of DNA testing and privacy; Learn the Genetic Genealogy Standards; Advanced Genealogical Research (GENE 350) 15-week, online course. The Ethics of Forensic Genealogy part 3. The ethics of criticism by Judy Russell, The Legal Genealogist blog, 18 January 2017. To further that objective, all members of APG agree to adhere to a Code of Ethics and Professional Practices. Recently, though, more people have been turning to commercial kits like 23andMe or Ancestry DNA. Two US states have enacted bills to protect people's privacy when the authorities use commercial direct-to-consumer DNA databases and forensic genealogy to solve old crimes. DNA and the Golden Rule: The Law and Ethics of Genetic Genealogy with Judy G. Russell, The Legal Genealogist. Successful […] DNA began to be utilized for crime control in the UK, and more broadly (including in the United States), by the 1980s. But many medical tests that start out as optional become less and less optional as time goes by. Consumer DNA testing products like 23andMe and Ancestry allow private individuals access to their genetic data on private databases. We present our findings and discuss their implications. The report explains how genetic genealogy works, and how it has been used to identify suspects in criminal cases outside the UK. Exploring, honoring, and remembering our ancestors are the some of the reasons why people flock to genealogy. The results are often displayed in charts or written as . The guidelines don't address the qualifications of genealogists doing the analysis of the DNA results; there's no recognition that genealogy has accepted standards and best practices or that all credentialed genealogists and most professional genealogists commit to abide by ethics codes that require informed consent from all DNA testers . Epub 2021 Sep 23. In the process, you'll learn DNA sleuthing strategies that can . This is probably going to be an unpopular view - but I do believe that some secrets should remain secret. The rules of the road for the ethical challenges facing genealogists interested in using DNA evidence as part of their family history research. The ethical issues that arise in genealogical searching are similar to those of familial searching, which include privacy, protection from wrongful incrimination, confidentiality and potential misuse of genetic information [, , ]. By examining your genes, scientists can tell whether you share an ancestor with someone, about how long ago that common ancestor lived, and your ethnic origins. Should people be allowed to choose or refuse the test, or should it be mandatory, as newborn screening is in some states? A group of individuals, including genealogists, genetic genealogists, and scientists, have been working for the past year to develop a draft of genetic genealogy standards. Although no test can be used to analyze . Support was associated with the extent interviewees perceived the technology as impacting the current use of genetic genealogy databases in terms of individual genealogy database users, the genealogy community, and/or genetic genealogy and law enforcement practices. Authors Natalie Ram 1 . On 10 January 2015, Genetic Genealogy Standards were released at the first Salt Lake Institute of Genealogy Colloquium. Whose genes are they anyway? Raymand Vannieuwenhoven, 82, Lakewood, was arrested in . Other agencies and authors have used a variety of terms including lineage testing . Developed by leading traditional genealogists, genetic genealogists, and scientists, the Genetic Genealogy Standards are "intended to provide ethical and usage standards for the genealogical community." As consumer DNA testing gains widespread popularity, so has law enforcement's interest in leveraging genetic databases for criminal investigations. Investigative genetic genealogy (IGG) is a new technique for identifying criminal suspects that has sparked controversy. Genetic Testing in Children and Adolescents. Ethical Issues Around Investigative Genealogy Genetic Genealogy Speaker Feature Media Speaker Craig Klugman, a Bioethicist at DePaul University details the issues surrounding commercial DNA databases and using these databases for investigative genealogy purposes, and offers some paths forward. This is a much larger discussion, and you can read more using links found on the International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) Wiki page Ethics, guidelines and standards. DNA Inherited from Grandparents and Great-Grandparents. The document is intended to provide ethical and usage standards for the genealogical community to follow when purchasing, recommending, sharing, or writing about the results . The ethics of criticism by Judy Russell, The Legal Genealogist blog, 18 January 2017. The development of sound policies to address these issues must be based on a solid foundation of research. 2021 Sep 24;373(6562):1444-1446. doi: 10.1126/science.abj5724. This type of genetic testing applies to families in which an underlying genetic cause for their condition has been found and can be used to identify currently healthy family members that are at-risk, if they wish to know this. An adoptee who is denied access to original birth records can now recover her genetic or biological identity or . Regulating forensic genetic genealogy Science. Older DNA sequencing machines could only read one bit of DNA at a time, but current "massively parallel" machines can read more than six trillion DNA bases in a single run . Whose genes are they anyway? This fact sheet talks about some of the ethical issues to think about when we have a DNA test. Even when not explicitly tested, DNA data is tightly linked to our ancestry. In April, the Golden State Killer, a former police officer responsible for a series of rapes and murders in the 1970s and '80s . DNA lab iStock. The Ethics Behind Using Genealogy Websites to Find Crime Suspects. Using genealogy to identify a suspect is not so different from, say, looking for the birth parents of an adoptee. There are many social issues affecting an individual's emotional response to receiving DNA ancestry results—old attitudes about race and interracial relationships, adoption, children born out of wedlock, and more. 3 While the technique has been lauded by law enforcement as revolutionizing criminal identification, others are concerned by the privacy implications and impact on the family structure. They could come, as DNA databases grow and so do genetic genealogy-related arrests. Genetic genealogy is now correcting the ethical breaches of previous generations. Practice analyzing and reconstructing real genealogical cases before applying these skills to your own . Investigation techniques and ethical concepts will be included throughout the certificate program. Whose permission is needed to test a child or an adult unable to consent? "The primary ethical imperative in the sphere of genetic genealogy is informed consent by the test-taker. The appendices include a comparison guide, research forms and various resources such as books, blogs . Announcements/prizes. Although technically Familial DNA Searching (FDS) is the act of searching a genomic database and Forensic Genetic Genealogy (FGG) is using that search it leads to traditional genealogical research to find a suspect, this paper will use the terms interchangeably. Direct-to-consumer genetic genealogy services are companies that offer a variety of DNA genomics tests and/or genetic genealogy services directly to the public (rather than through clinical health care providers), typically via customer access to secure online websites. This application of genetics came to be used by family historians in the 21st century, as DNA tests became affordable. Learn how applying the Golden Rule can guide us through many if not most of the situations in which we as genetic genealogists find ourselves. Law enforcement officials may be able to access DNA results you upload to the internet. Law Enforcement* / ethics Maryland Pedigree Police / ethics Police / legislation & jurisprudence . Questions/answers. That 2018 case set off a wave of privacy concerns about genetic genealogy and divided people who had already submitted their samples. For years, specially trained genetic counselors have been able to perform tests to look for disease-related variants and provide emotional support for patients and families if there is bad news. About this webinar. Close relatives or even non-relatives can be . Some Secrets Should Remain Secret. June 2, 2021 By Alice. The Autosegment Triangulation Cluster Tool is a brand new tool introduced in October 2021. With the advancement of DNA technology and expansion of direct-to-consumer DNA services, a growing number of cold cases have been solved using a revolutionary new investigative method: familial DNA mapping. Created by Genetic Affairs for GEDmatch, this tool combines autoclusters and triangulation. DNA testing for your genealogy is easy, but it can have some huge surprises. DNA has been a popular topic of discussion in recent times due to advances in DNA testing technology. Genealogist's Code of Ethics jrussell 2020-10-14T10:15:28-04:00. Genetic genealogy — in truth, any forensics dependent on DNA — can fall prey to the same human biases that plague other aspects of law enforcement. Ethics and Standards. Criminal genealogy searching is a valuable tool but raises important ethical issues that should be examined before the practice is widely adopted. Genetic ancestry testing can encompass a broad variety of tests available within the laboratory setting and on the consumer marketplace. The Ethics of Genetic Genealogy: Tips from Judy Russell. The cases for which a genetic genealogy approach may be considered must be clearly defined to enable an ethical and reasoned decision to be made. Abstract. Many of these errors can be avoided by working to genealogy standards. Genealogy standards have evolved over many years. Respecting the privacy of DNA test takers by Judy Kellar Fox. Each new genetic test that is developed raises serious issues for medicine, public health, and social policy regarding the circumstances under which the test should be used, how the test is implemented, and what uses are made of its results. According to Grand View Research, "the global DNA testing market is set to reach over $10 billion by 2022." (Brown 2018). Case studies demonstrate analyzing the DNA test results, correlating with documentary evidence, and writing about the findings, all . Some of the challenges of the method are described, and its use is compared with traditional familial DNA searching. Individuals can then upload their genetic . The process begins with a DNA sample, uploaded to a database like GEDmatch. The new possibilities created by genetics have brought with them new questions about what is right. In this . Click here to order our latest book, A Handy Guide to Ancestry and Relationship DNA Tests. In particular, there are considerations specific to racialized ethnic groups. For forensic investigations, it can be used to identify remains by tying the DNA to a family with a missing person or to point to the likely identity of a perpetrator. Ethics. Additionally, several third-party genetic genealogy tools that have been relevant to both the genealogical and forensic community will be explored. Many people don't realize that we actually don't inherit exactly 25% of our DNA from each grandparent . Both professional genealogists and casual family researchers need genealogy standards in order to get their genealogy right. With recent revelations that U.S. law enforcement can - and already has - dipped into consumer genealogy DNA databases to help solve crimes, experts say more discussion of the ethical issues . Supporting Law Enforcement The majority of people support police when they investigate violent crimes such as rape, murder, kidnapping, etc., especially when it involves the elderly or children. Although it is most commonly pediatricians or geneticists who are called on to test children for genetic diseases, obstetricians may be asked to test already born children of parents who, through the process of prenatal testing, have been found to be carriers of genetic diseases. New technology lets police link DNA to appearance and ancestry - and it's coming to Australia December 12, 2021 10.04pm EST • Updated December 13, 2021 6.15pm EST Caitlin Curtis , James . This allows for the usage of tests in genealogy research, or genetic genealogy. For the first time, an international team of experts, among them a researcher from Tel Aviv University, formulated a globally-applicable ethical code for research of ancient human . Instead, novel uses of technology demand consideration of a vast number of ethical issues, and mandate careful interrogation of the potential impact of DNA databases on crime control. Increasingly, patients are turning to ancestry testing to gain this information, using direct-to-consumer (DTC) kits sold by independent manufacturers. But those results can have huge surprises, not only for you, but also for your matches. These tests typically include analyses with one of three types of genetic tests: mitochondrial dna (mt dna ), Y-chromosome dna, and autosomal (non-sex chromosome) dna. If you're involved in genetic genealogy, you've probably noticed the recent announcements by both 23andMe and Ancestry relative to workforce layoffs as a result of declining sales.. Permission from the Forensic Information Database . Affiliate links in genetic genealogy by Leah La Perle Larkin, The DNA Geek, 10 August 2017. Genealogy (from Greek: γενεαλογία genealogia "study of family trees") is the study of families, family history, and the tracing of their lineages.Genealogists use oral interviews, historical records, genetic analysis, and other records to obtain information about a family and to demonstrate kinship and pedigrees of its members. The use . A high-profile arrest in California shows how the long arm of the law can now extend into DNA databases to check for relatives. Guide to DNA Testing and Genetic Genealogy covers the basics of genetic genealogy, misconceptions, ethics, the four major tests, third-party tolls for autosomal DNA, ethnicity, analyzing complex issues using DNA, help for adoptees along with the future of genetic genealogy and a glossary. Snapshot Genetic Genealogy. DNA In a murder case in Germany, genetic analysis of evidence collected with a contaminated cotton swab led police to erroneously target Romani ("gypsy") communities for 2 years . This is the main concern behind the ethics issues of forensic genealogy. It is worth highlighting the important implications of use of genetic ancestry in terms of the ethical principle of justice in medical practice. He thinks the best guidance will come from parameters set by the courts and filled in with state legislation. Judy Russell, the Legal Genealogist, shares some things we need to consider around the ethics of . On 10 January 2015, Genetic Genealogy Standards were released at the first Salt Lake Institute of Genealogy Colloquium. Affiliate links in genetic genealogy by Leah La Perle Larkin, The DNA Geek, 10 August 2017. The ethics of catching criminals using their family's DNA. The Journal of Business, Entrepreneurship & the Law Volume 13 Issue 2 Article 6 5-15-2020 Ethical Implications of Forensic Genealogy in Criminal Cases Investigative genetic genealogy—the use of direct-to-consumer genetic genealogy databases to assist in the resolution of crimes involving DNA evidence—holds tremendous potential for law enforcement, but at the same time raises a number of ethical, legal, and social issues. But many medical tests that start out as optional become less and less optional as time goes by. An example: genetic testing is, for now, optional. Genealogical research and ancestry testing are popular recreational activities but little is known about the impact of the use of these services on clients' biological and social families. The tests have been promoted by amateur groups, such as surname study groups . Below is an overview of what DNA is, how genetic genealogy works, and the possible issues arising from this kind of research. 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