Current File : /var/www/html/higroup/0khvrp6/cache/a552cd6172fa1d6f7430dd4e68dcadd4
a:5:{s:8:"template";s:46130:"<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1">
<title>{{ keyword }}</title>
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto%3A400%2C700%2C900%7CPoppins%3A400%2C700%2C900" rel="stylesheet"><script type="text/javascript">
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<style type="text/css">
img.wp-smiley,
img.emoji {
display: inline !important;
border: none !important;
box-shadow: none !important;
height: 1em !important;
width: 1em !important;
margin: 0 .07em !important;
vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
background: none !important;
padding: 0 !important;
}
</style>
<link rel="stylesheet" id="evenex-widget-styles-pro-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/evenex-essential/modules/elements/assets/css/widget-styles-pro.css?ver=1.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="sweetalert2-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/user-registration/assets/css/sweetalert2/sweetalert2.min.css?ver=8.17.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="user-registration-general-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/user-registration/assets/css/user-registration.css?ver=1.9.6" type="text/css" media="all">
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<link rel="stylesheet" id="user-registration-my-account-layout-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/user-registration/assets/css/my-account-layout.css?ver=1.9.6" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="dashicons-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/css/dashicons.min.css?ver=5.8.2" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="tribe-common-skeleton-style-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/css/common-skeleton.min.css?ver=4.13.0.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="tribe-tooltip-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/css/tooltip.min.css?ver=4.13.0.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="tribe-common-full-style-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/css/common-full.min.css?ver=4.13.0.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="event-tickets-tickets-css-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/event-tickets/src/resources/css/tickets-v1.min.css?ver=5.1.2.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="event-tickets-tickets-rsvp-css-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/event-tickets/src/resources/css/rsvp-v1.min.css?ver=5.1.2.1" type="text/css" media="all">
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<style id="wp-block-library-theme-inline-css" type="text/css">
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</style>
<link rel="stylesheet" id="pmpro_frontend-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/paid-memberships-pro/css/frontend.css?ver=2.5.7" type="text/css" media="screen">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="pmpro_print-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/paid-memberships-pro/css/print.css?ver=2.5.7" type="text/css" media="print">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="theme-my-login-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/theme-my-login/assets/styles/theme-my-login.min.css?ver=7.1.3" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="elementor-icons-ekiticons-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/modules/elementskit-icon-pack/assets/css/ekiticons.css?ver=2.5.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="elementskit-parallax-style-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/evenex-essential/modules//parallax/assets/css/style.css?ver=1.5.9" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="event-tickets-rsvp-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/event-tickets/src/resources/css/rsvp.min.css?ver=5.1.2.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="event-tickets-tpp-css-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/event-tickets/src/resources/css/tpp.min.css?ver=5.1.2.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="fonts-css" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Poppins%3A300%2C400%2C500%2C600%2C700%26display%3Dswap%7CRoboto%3A400%2C500%2C700%26display%3Dswap%7CRubik%3A400%2C500%2C700%26display%3Dswap%7CArchivo%3A400%2C500%2C600%2C700&ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="bootstrap-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/bootstrap.min.css?ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
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<link rel="stylesheet" id="select2-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/user-registration/assets/css/select2.css?ver=1.9.6" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="evenex-image-choose-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/image-choose-control.css?ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="evenex-icon-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/iconfont.css?ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="xs-grid-line-animation-css-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/grid-line-parallax.css?ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="evenex-blog-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/blog.css?ver=1.4" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="evenex-master-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/css/master.css?ver=1641050289" type="text/css" media="all">
<style id="evenex-master-inline-css" type="text/css">
h1{
font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;color:#101010;font-size:36px;
}
h2,
.post .entry-header .entry-title,
.search .page .entry-header .entry-title{
font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;color:#101010;font-size:30px;
}
h3{
font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;color:#101010;font-size:24px;
}
h4{
font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;color:#101010;font-size:18px;
}
h5{
font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;color:#101010;font-size:16px;
}
h6{
font-family: Poppins, sans-serif;color:#101010;font-size:14px;
}
body{
background:#ffffff;
font-family: Roboto, sans-serif;color:#666666;line-height:1.625;font-size:16px;
}
.logo-area .site-title a , .logo-area .site-desc{
color:#ec962d;
}
.post .entry-header .entry-title a:hover,
.sidebar ul li a:hover, .xs-footer-section ul li a:hover,
.post-meta a:hover,
.header .navbar-light .navbar-nav li a:hover {
color: #ec962d;
}
.tag-lists a:hover, .tagcloud a:hover,
.sticky.post .meta-featured-post,
.widget-title:before,
.xs-custom-widget > h5:before,
.block-title.title-border .title-bg,
.block-title.title-border .title-bg::before ,
.owl-next, .owl-prev,
.header .navbar-light .navbar-nav>li.active>a:before,
.main-slider .owl-prev.disabled,
.owl-dots:before,
.featured-tab-item .nav-tabs .nav-link.active:before,
.owl-theme .owl-dots .owl-dot.active span,
.ts-footer .widget-title:before,
.main-slider .owl-next:hover, .main-slider .owl-prev:hover,
.sidebar .widget.widget_search .input-group-btn, .xs-footer-section .widget.widget_search .input-group-btn,
.xs-search-group .search-button,
.banner-solid,
.pagination li.active a,
.wp-block-button:not(.is-style-outline) .wp-block-button__link,
.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background),
.wp-block-file .wp-block-file__button,
.back_to_top > a,
.post .meta-featured-post::after {
background:#ec962d;
}
.post .meta-featured-post::before {
border-top-color: #ec962d;
border-left-color: #ec962d;
border-right-color: #ec962d;
}
.xs-search-group .search-button:hover,
.pagination li.active a:hover,
.wp-block-button:not(.is-style-outline) .wp-block-button__link:hover,
.wp-block-file .wp-block-file__button:hover {
background:#ff7c49;
}
.header-btn {
background: linear-gradient(90deg,#ec962d 0,#ff7c49 100%);
}
.header-btn::before {
box-shadow: 0 15px 25px 0 #ec962d;
}
.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:hover,
.wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:active:not(.has-text-color):hover,
.wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:focus:not(.has-text-color):hover,
.wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color):hover,
.breadcrumb>li a:hover {
color: #ff7c49;
}
.wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:active:not(.has-text-color),
.wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:focus:not(.has-text-color),
.wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color),
.navbar-nav .nav-link:hover,
.dropdown-item.active,
.dropdown-item:active,
.navbar-nav .dropdown-menu li:hover>a,
.xs-recent-post-widget .widget-post .entry-title>a:hover {
color: #ec962d;
}
.tag-lists a:hover, .tagcloud a:hover,
.owl-theme .owl-dots .owl-dot.active span{
border-color: #ec962d;
}
.block-title.title-border .title-bg::after{
border-left-color: #ec962d;
}
.block-title.title-border{
border-bottom-color: #ec962d;
}
.topbar .top-nav li a:hover,
.comments-list .comment-author a:hover,
.comments-list .comment-reply-link:hover,
.post-title a:hover,
.copyright-area a:hover,
.ts-footer .widget ul li a:hover,
.featured-tab-item .nav-tabs .nav-link.active .tab-head>span.tab-text-title,
.social-links li a:hover,
.comment-author cite a:hover {
color:#ec962d;
}
.xs-footer-section{
background-color: #FFF;
}
.btn-primary {
background: linear-gradient(90deg, #ec962d 0, #ff7c49 100%);
}
.sidebar .widget .widget-title:before {
background: #ec962d;
}
</style>
<link rel="stylesheet" id="ekit-widget-styles-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/widgets/init/assets/css/widget-styles.css?ver=2.5.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="ekit-responsive-css" href="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/widgets/init/assets/css/responsive.css?ver=2.5.1" type="text/css" media="all">
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.6.0" id="jquery-core-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.3.2" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script>
<script src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/js/underscore-before.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/js/underscore.min.js?ver=1.13.1" id="underscore-js"></script>
<script src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/js/underscore-after.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-includes/js/wp-util.js?ver=5.8.2" id="wp-util-not-in-footer-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/evenex-essential/modules//parallax/assets/js/jarallax.js?ver=1.5.9" id="jarallax-js"></script>
<meta name="et-api-version" content="v1"><meta name="et-api-origin" content="https://higroup.coding.al"><link rel="https://theeventscalendar.com/" href="https://higroup.coding.al/index.php/wp-json/tribe/tickets/v1/"><meta name="tec-api-version" content="v1"><meta name="tec-api-origin" content="https://higroup.coding.al"><link rel="https://theeventscalendar.com/" href="https://higroup.coding.al/index.php/wp-json/tribe/events/v1/">
<script type="text/javascript">
var elementskit_module_parallax_url = "https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/plugins/evenex-essential/modules//parallax/"
</script>
<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/cropped-Bag-page-001-270x270.jpg">
<style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css">
.xs-price::before {
background: linear-gradient(to left,#FF924B 0,#F25022 100%);
} </style>
</head>
<body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-9047 single-format-standard pmpro-body-has-access user-registration-page tribe-no-js check sidebar-active elementor-default elementor-kit-8181">
<header id="header" class="header header-classic header-main ">
<div class="container">
<nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg">
<a class="logo" href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 0 }}">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 0 }}<img class="img-fluid" src="https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/New-Project-4.png" alt="MixieSocialHub">
</a>
<button class="navbar-toggler p-0 border-0" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#primary-nav" aria-controls="primary-nav" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation">
<span class="header-navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
<span class="header-navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
<span class="header-navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
</button>
<div id="primary-nav" class="collapse navbar-collapse"><ul id="main-menu" class="navbar-nav ml-auto"><li id="menu-item-8650" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-8650 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 1 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 1 }}</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-8928" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8928 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 2 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 2 }}</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-8500" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8500 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 3 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 3 }}</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-8219" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8219 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 4 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 4 }}</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-8169" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8169 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 5 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 5 }}</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-8170" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8170 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 6 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 6 }}</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-8168" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8168 nav-item"><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 7 }}" class="nav-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 7 }}</a></li>
</ul></div>
</nav>
</div><!-- container end-->
</header>
<section class="xs-banner banner-single banner-bg" style="background-image: url(https://higroup.coding.al/wp-content/themes/evenex/assets/images/banner/bg_banner.png)">
<div class="container">
<div class="d-flex align-items-center banner-area">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-12">
<h1 class="xs-jumbotron-title" style="color: #ffffff">{{ keyword }}</h1>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section><div id="main-content" class="main-container blog-single sidebar-active" role="main">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-8 col-md-12 mx-auto">
<article id="post-9047" class="post-content post-single post-9047 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry pmpro-has-access">
<div class="post-body clearfix">
<!-- Article header -->
<header class="entry-header clearfix">
<div class="post-meta">
<span class="post-meta-date">
<i class="far fa-clock"></i>
January 1, 2022</span><span class="meta-categories post-cat">
<i class="far fa-folder-open"></i>
Uncategorized
</span> <span class="post-comment"><i class="far fa-comment-alt"></i><a href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 8 }}" class="comments-link">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 8 }}</a></span>
</div>
</header><!-- header end -->
<!-- Article content -->
<div class="entry-content clearfix">
<p>{{ text }}</p>
<p>{{ links }}</p>
</div> <!-- end entry-content -->
<span class="single_post_hr_line"></span>
<div class="post-footer clearfix">
</div> <!-- .entry-footer -->
</div> <!-- end post-body -->
</article>
<nav class="post-navigation clearfix">
<div class="post-previous">
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</html>";s:4:"text";s:25669:"The major physiologic theory of aging, the disposable soma theory, links dietary restriction (DR), also known as calorie or food restriction, to prolonged lifespan and makes specific predictions about the effects of aging and DR on reproduction. Hyperfunction theory is disposable soma theory 2. Carisoprodol Medicine & Life Sciences 100%. <a href="https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Evolutionary-Paper-The-Process-Of-Aging-PJZYG5GUFV">Evolutionary Paper: The Process Of Aging - 1993 Words ...</a> <a href="https://mcb.berkeley.edu/courses/mcb135k/Lecture05.ppt"><span class="result__type">PPT</span> Theories of Aging</a> <a href="http://apps.usd.edu/coglab/schieber/psyc423/pdf/aging_theory_introduction.pdf"><span class="result__type">PDF</span> An Introduction to Biological Aging Theory</a> According to this theory life maintains a balance in investing its energy resources between maintaining itself by repair processes and those which are <a href="https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jco.2014.55.1432">Biology of Cancer and Aging: A Complex Association With ...</a> (Pleiotropism = The control by a single gene of several . <a href="http://longevityfacts.com/age-calorie-restriction-evolutionary-theories-aging-antagonistic-pleiotropy-disposable-soma-theory/">Why Do We Age? The Disposable Soma Theory Answers the ...</a> Mutation Accumulation Theory of Aging: This evolutionary theory, suggested by Peter Medawar[9,10], considers aging as a byproduct of natural selection. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22071624/">The disposable soma theory revisited: time as a resource ...</a> Blagosklonny MV. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8167245/">The soma-germline communication: implications for somatic ...</a> Description A t heory related to the pleiotropy model was termed the disposable soma theory. Formulated by Thomas Kirkwood, the disposable soma theory explains that an organism only has a limited amount of resources that it can allocate to its various cellular processes. Download Citation | The disposable soma theory of aging in reverse | In a recent paper in Nature, Ermolaeva et al. Disposable Soma The disposable soma theory of aging, proposed originally by University of Newcastle professor Thomas Kirkwood, holds that organisms have a limited finite amount of energy that may be used in either maintenance and repair of the body (soma), or in reproduction. 2011 Nov 15;10(22):3853-6. doi: 10.4161/cc.10.22.18302. <a href="https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/question-33-cellular-aging-theory-ofree-radical-damage-accumulation-damage-antagonistic-pl-q88673508">Solved Question 33 Which of these is NOT a cellular aging ...</a> Disposable soma theory of aging Ageing theory The theory of the sum used and discard of ageing states that organisms age because of an evolutionary compromise between growth, reproduction and maintenance of DNA repair. This The disposable soma theory argues that all living things are optimized to carry their genetic code to the next generation. MTOR-driven quasi-programmed aging as a disposable soma theory: blind watchmaker vs. intelligent designer. KW - Comparative approach. Furthermore, these theories also explain why genetic variants such as the gene p53 and BRCA1 that increase fertility early in life also increase cancer risk later in life. (H. Sternberg, 25+26) Evolutionary Theories Disposable Soma- Somatic cells are maintained only to ensure continued reproductive success, following reproduction the soma is disposable. Affiliation 1 Department of . Cell Cycle 2013 12 1842-1847. The disposable soma theory revisited: Time as a resource in the theories of aging. Blagosklonny MV. At the cellular level, both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways regulate aging and senescence. He believed that organisms have to balance the demands of main-taining their body cells, or soma, and reproducing. The disposable soma theory (DST) notoriously contributes to explain this persistence for lineages with a clear soma/germen distinction. Aging is quasi-programmed by the blind watchmaker (c.f . The disposable soma theory, an evolutionary theory of aging, proposes that universal intracellular trade-offs between maintenance/lifespan and reproduction would drive aging across species. evolutionary theory of aging came before that. 6. Recapitulates arguments for hyperfunction theory and against disposable soma theory. Aging, then, is explained from an evolutionary perspective by asserting that this lack of maintenance exists because the required resources are better . The disposable soma theory predicts that aging occurs due to the accumulation of damage during life and that multiple defensive or repair mechanisms contribute to aging ( Kirkwood and Austad, 2000 ). Enquiry into the evolution of ageing aims to explain why a detrimental process such as aging would evolve, and why there is so much variability in the lifespans of living organisms. The disposable soma theory of aging hypothesizes that energy - for example from food sources - is often scarce, and can therefore be invested either in the maintenance of somatic tissues (contributing to individual survival or "lifespan") or in reproduction. English biologist Thomas Kirkwood proposed the disposable soma theory of aging in 1977. 5 Introduction This overview summarizes the current situation, history, major controversies, and . He believed that organisms have to balance the demands of main-taining their body cells, or soma, and reproducing. The theory was published in 1977. Because an organism invests resources into reproduction, over time mutations and other cellular damage accu-mulate in the soma because the body cannot repair all of it. Cell Cycle: Vol. There is a third mainstream theory of ageing, which also has its proponents. Based on the hypothesis that stochastic molecular damage causes senescence, this reasons that aging is coupled to reproductive fitness due to preferential investment of resources into reproduction, rather than somatic maintenance. Perhaps one of the earliest theories of aging is the so-called disposable soma theory. Cell Cycle: Vol. DNA Damage Medicine & Life Sciences 39%. In addition, aging theories generally apply only to multiparous (or iteroparous) gradually aging organisms. Cell Research, 24, 7 . Disposable Soma Theory. Together they form a unique fingerprint. Moreover, some tumor suppressor pathways lead to aging in line with the theory of antagonist pleiotropy. In brief, the theory states that aging is caused by accumulation of random damage, which is counteracted by repair. The disposable soma theory of aging predicts that individuals in a population . It is not highly regarded in comparison to other theories, largely because of this sort of evidence. theories of aging. The body uses food energy for metabolism, for reproduction, and for repair and maintenance. However, an individual's expectation of future survival prospects, and the likelihood of reproduction, are not constant. WHY DO WE GROW OLD? The disposable soma theory revisited: Time as a resource in the theories of aging. 1. antagonistic pleiotropy theory 2. mutation accumulation theory 3. disposable soma; Question: QUESTION 22 Which of the following evolutionary theories of aging argues that genes that contribute to aging survive into the next generation only if they exert beneficial functions in young organisms? In recent years, scientific research has established some really interesting biological aging theories…why we age. d. Free radical theory Rationale: The free radical theory of aging attributes damage to the accumulation of free radicals that may be countered by the intake of antioxidants. The most influential line of reasoning in gerontology is known as Disposable Soma Theory (DST). Life has persisted for about 3.5 billion years (Gy) despite fluctuating environmental pressures and the aging and mortality of individuals. The disposable soma theory is a physiologically based evolutionary hypothesis to explain why and how senescence occurs in those species where it is present, why and how longevity has been acted . The disposable soma theory (DST) is a physiologically based evolutionary hypothesis to explain (i) why senescence occurs in those species where it is present, (ii) how longevity has been influenced by natural selection, and (iii) why senescence may be absent in species that do not fulfil the requirements for its evolution. I show how dynamic state variable models based on stochastic dynamic programming (Clark & Mangel, 2000) can be used to embed genetic theories of senescence (either mutation accumulation or antagonistic pleiotropy) in the somatic environment, as George Williams called for in 1957, and how they make the disposable soma theory of aging operational. Image credits: stevepb Disposable soma theory would like to have us believe that organisms must evenly budget their energy across all domains of metabolism, reproduction, and repair/maintenance in such a way that prioritizes reproduction over everlasting maintenance.Inadequate refitting of the body throughout time eventually proves to be fatal for the organism [4]. Repair is costly and the organism allocates exactly the needed amount of energetic resources. at the center of the disposable soma theory. CiteSeerX - Document Details (Isaac Councill, Lee Giles, Pradeep Teregowda): Abstract One of the prevailing theories of aging, the disposable soma theory, views aging as the result of the accumulation of damage through imperfect maintenance. Can we accept the evolutionary theories of aging? Known as "disposable soma theory (DST)," this theory postulates that: (1) accumulation of molecular damage causes aging, and (2) repair is costly and limited by resources. As such, relevant theories regarding the bond between fertility . Note that aging theories tend to vary widely in scope. (2011). A key principle that describes the trade-off between immortal germline and the disposable soma is Thomas Kirkwood's disposable soma theory of aging. One of those theories, the Disposable Soma theory, is being tested in this project. Ofree radical damage accumulation of damage antagonistic pleiotropy theory carcinogenesis theory O disposable soma theory . According to this theory, aging is a nonadaptive trait because natural selection is negligent of . View full fingerprint . Yet, which specific popula- The author first proposed this theory in a paper published in Nature in 1977, and he argues a convincing case. (life span theory) Antagonistic Pleiotropy - Genes that are beneficial at younger ages are deleterious at older ages. Performing bioinformatics techniques, and utilizing a number of tools on data acquired from an experiment done using mice, we are looking to find if single nucleotide point mutations are occuring more often in old mice than in young mice. Keywords Disposable Soma Theory for the Evolution of Senescence It is noteworthy that the germ line of egg and sperm has been maintained alive and safe from senescence and oxidative decay for over a billion years. Life has persisted for about 3.5 billion years (Gy) despite fluctuating environmental pressures and the aging and mortality of individuals. Example If the field mouse had an ability of self-maintenance sufficient for 20-year lifespan, it would incorrectly use its somatic resources as foxes and owls eat most field mice up during 3 months. It is suggested instead that mutation accumulation is only one factor among many, which together form the cause of ageing. It is based on the idea that maintenance and repair take up valuable . Are the evolutionary theories of aging valid? There are many theories claiming to have the answer to the reasons for aging. 21 8. While the mutation accumulation and the disposable soma theories of aging rest upon permanent pressure of the environmental conditions (predators, diseases), the program of longevity could arise in evolution for overcoming the short-time extreme environmental conditions. The disposable soma theory (DST) notoriously contributes to explain this persistence for lineages with a clear soma/germen distinction. 19 6.1 The theory of the accumulation of mutations at old age 19 6.2 The theory of the antagonistic pleiotropy 20 6.3 The disposable soma theory 21 7. (2011). Epub 2011 Nov 15. The disposable soma theory of aging in reverse. This theory introduced the notion that the germ line possessed characteristics to ensure immortality and not to lose a second or minute for each generation. This is logical and intelligent. Show transcribed image text Hyperfunction theory is disposable soma theory 2. Modern evolutionary aging theories followed by most medical researchers fall into two categories: Modern Non-Programmed Aging Theories contend that we age because our bodies do The disposable soma theory breaks down the budget line for energy distribution into three separate categories: metabolism, reproduction, and repair/maintenance. A theory only intended to explain human aging could ignore conflicting non-human evidence. The disposable soma theory of aging predicts that species and cohorts in a population expecting, on average, to have high survival and low reproductive rates should invest more heavily in protecting their somas than species and populations that expect a short lifespan and to reproduce rapidly. Cell Cycle, 2011. Kirkwood's idea was that organisms only have a limited amount of energy that has to be divided between reproductive 4. Recent developments: In 2011, Tom Kirkwood, author of the non-programmed disposable soma theory (1975) and vocal critic of programmed aging theories published a paper with S. Melov titled On the programmed/ non-programmed nature of ageing within the life history attacking various programmed aging theories and their authors. Disposable soma theory of aging The idea that somatic cells exist only to further the persistence of germs cells lines (egg and sperm). The body is "disposable" because it only needs to be in good condition through the normal reproductive life of an organism; there is no need to maintain it after that The disposable soma theory of aging, arising from evolutionary considerations, has moved through a number of interations to its present form. The disposable soma theory suggests that multiple kinds of damage will accumulate in parallel within cells, as the same logic limits the investment in each of a wide range of maintenance and repair functions. The disposable soma theory thus closes the gap between mechanistic and evolutionary theories of ageing by suggesting that ageing results from progressive accumulation of molecular and cellular damage, as a direct consequence of evolved limitations in the genetic settings of maintenance and repair functions (Kirkwood, 1977, Kirkwood and Rose . 3853-3856. 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