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---
title: Using a middleware
weight: 7
---
This package comes with `RoleMiddleware`, `PermissionMiddleware` and `RoleOrPermissionMiddleware` middleware. You can add them inside your `app/Http/Kernel.php` file.
```php
protected $routeMiddleware = [
// ...
'role' => \Spatie\Permission\Middlewares\RoleMiddleware::class,
'permission' => \Spatie\Permission\Middlewares\PermissionMiddleware::class,
'role_or_permission' => \Spatie\Permission\Middlewares\RoleOrPermissionMiddleware::class,
];
```
Then you can protect your routes using middleware rules:
```php
Route::group(['middleware' => ['role:super-admin']], function () {
//
});
Route::group(['middleware' => ['permission:publish articles']], function () {
//
});
Route::group(['middleware' => ['role:super-admin','permission:publish articles']], function () {
//
});
Route::group(['middleware' => ['role_or_permission:super-admin|edit articles']], function () {
//
});
Route::group(['middleware' => ['role_or_permission:publish articles']], function () {
//
});
```
Alternatively, you can separate multiple roles or permission with a `|` (pipe) character:
```php
Route::group(['middleware' => ['role:super-admin|writer']], function () {
//
});
Route::group(['middleware' => ['permission:publish articles|edit articles']], function () {
//
});
Route::group(['middleware' => ['role_or_permission:super-admin|edit articles']], function () {
//
});
```
You can protect your controllers similarly, by setting desired middleware in the constructor:
```php
public function __construct()
{
$this->middleware(['role:super-admin','permission:publish articles|edit articles']);
}
```
```php
public function __construct()
{
$this->middleware(['role_or_permission:super-admin|edit articles']);
}
```
### Catching role and permission failures
If you want to override the default `403` response, you can catch the `UnauthorizedException` using your app's exception handler:
```php
public function render($request, Exception $exception)
{
if ($exception instanceof \Spatie\Permission\Exceptions\UnauthorizedException) {
// Code here ...
}
return parent::render($request, $exception);
}
```
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