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</html>";s:4:"text";s:46778:"Information Processing Theory is currently being utilized in the study of computer or artificial intelligence. These cognitive processes can emerge from human language, thought, imagery, and symbols. Stage Model of Information Processing One of the major issues in cognitive psychology is the study of memory. Information is stored briefly in the sensory memory. Executive cognition is the idea that someone is aware of the way they process information. This kind of memory is exceedingly brief, only lasting up to 3 seconds. Information processing theory is a cognitive theory that uses computer processing as a metaphor for the workings of the human brain. Once again, this kind of memory doesn’t last long, only about 15 to 20 seconds. As observed by Miller, working memory’s capacity is limited so it can only process a certain number of pieces of information at a time. Pair students together to review the material covered. cognitive load, knowledge representation; Issues related to multimedia design, e.g. On the other hand, nurture revolves around the idea that we are influenced by the environment and our experiences. For example, if someone were to hear a bird chirp, they know that it is a bird because that information is held in the brief sensory memory. The theory is based on the idea that humans process the information they receive, rather than merely responding to stimuli. Definition and Examples, Definition and Examples of Conceptual Blending, The Value of Analogies in Writing and Speech, Social Cognitive Theory: How We Learn From the Behavior of Others. 2010 - Medical Dictionary Database; Sort: Oldest first . The central executive can pull information from the long-term memory back to the working memory for its use. Example: When returning a graded paper ensure there are both positive and negative comments on each paper. The human memory also encompasses working memory as well as long term memory. The conscious mind has the control over the processes of the information processing theory. The first pathway is system 1 processing which is very fast, automatic, involuntary. The metaphor helped psychologists explain the different processes the brain engages in, including attention and perception, which could be compared to inputting information into a computer, and memory, which could be compared to a computer’s storage space. The phonological loop is used to hold auditory information. Regardless of the level of elaboration, all information is likely to be stored in long-term memory, but higher levels of elaboration make it more likely that the information will be able to be retrieved. Baddeley and Hitch introduced the model of working memory in 1974. The information processing theory senses human as actively releasing, inputting and saving the information. This can be done through memorization techniques. [5] Last the procedural memory is made up of procedures or processes learned such as riding a bike. 23. The output that a computer would deliver can be likened to the minds output of information through behavior or an action. Elaboration is the process of making information meaningful so it is more likely to be remembered. George Miller, a modern psychologist, discovered the short-term memory can only hold 7 (plus or minus two) things at once. This information is stored just long enough for us to move the information to the short-term memory. Information processing theory is the approach to the study of cognitive development evolved out of the American experimental tradition in psychology. In addition to these specific cognitive processes, many cognitive psychologists study language-acquisition, altered states of mind and consciousness, visual perception, auditory perception, short-term memory, long-term memory, storage, retrieval, perceptions of thought and much more. How many pieces is not agreed on, although many still point to Miller to identify the number as five to nine. It is understood that the frontal lobe is where a person will make most of their decisions. This can be achieved through many different recall techniques. The information processing theory is an approach to the cognitive development of a human being, which deals with the study and the analysis of the sequence of events that occur in a person’s mind while receiving some new piece of information. Information Processing Theory- Effects. In particular, one study on focusing on dichotic listening, followed participants were played two audio tracks, one in each ear, and were asked to pay attention only to one. Essentially the central executive is controlling and implementing the cognitive processes used to code and retrieve information. The cognitive perspective asserts that complex mental states affect human learning and behavior that such mental states can be scientifically investigated. Coding is the process of transferring information from the short to long-term memory by relating the information of the long-term memory to the item in the short-term memory. In their study, components of organizations that "sense" market information are identified as well as how organizations attend to this information; which gatekeepers determine what information is relevant/important for the organization, how this is organized into the existing culture (organizational schemas), and whether or not the organization has effective or ineffective processes for their long-term strategy. Recoding is the process of regrouping or organizing the information the mind is working with. In 1968 these two proposed a multi-stage theory of memory. Cognitive processing cannot occur without learning, they work hand in hand to fully grasp the information.cognitive process. This chapter reviews the history and current status of information- processing approaches to cognitive development. When compared to human into the computer, which is responsible for analyzing an information … These elements are the central executive, phonological loop, and the visuo-spatial working memory. Although Atkinson and Shiffrin’s stage theory is still highly influential and is the basic outline on which many later models are built, its sequential nature over-simplified how memories are stored. They know their strengths and weaknesses. Dual process theory divides the processing of information into two pathways. The model was later modified by other researchers but the basic outline of stage theory continues to be a cornerstone of information processing theory. Long-Term Memory — Although short-term memory has a limited capacity, the capacity of long-term memory is thought to be limitless. Finally, people will pay more attention to information they believe is important, so that information is more likely to be processed. fore-say. Information processing as a model for human thinking and learning is part of the resurgence of cognitive perspectives of learning. Assess the extent of the prior knowledge students have about the upcoming material. theory [the´ah-re, thēr´e] 1. the doctrine or the principles underlying an art as distinguished from the practice of that particular art. Human information processing is an approach to the study of human thought and behavior developed, beginning in the 1950s as an alternative to the behavioral approaches that were popular at that time. This involves all of our physical characteristics and our personality. It is a cognitive approach that is often equated with contemporary cognitive psychology. The visuospatial sketch pad is used to help the conscious imagine objects as well as maneuver through the physical environment. Cynthia Vinney, Ph.D., is a research fellow at Fielding Graduate University's Institute for Social Innovation. 1 Definition. [10], Baddeley later added a fourth aspect to the model called the episodic buffer. Through their research, they contributed more to help understand how the mind may process information. Also, information that is familiar and has often been repeated doesn’t require as much cognitive capacity and, therefore, will be easier to process. The long-term memory has an unlimited amount of space. It is an unconscious process that we are not in control of. In the long term memory, there can be memory stored in there from the beginning of our life time. There are some impacts in the processing those are easily observed. Perception is the use of the information processed to interpret the environment. The information processing approach is based on a number of assumptions, including: Information made available from the environment is processed by a series of processing systems (e.g., attention, perception, short-term memory); Give students feedback on each assignment as a reinforcement. He also created the term chunking when explaining how to make the most of our short-term memory.[7]. When teaching a specific lesson, use many different teaching styles and tools. Context, social content, and social influences on processing are simply viewed as information. Humans have a very good memory span so does the computer. Information processing is especially interested in how people select, store and retrieve memories. Some examples of classroom implications of the Information Processing Theory include: Example: While teaching the order of operations in mathematics, use the mnemonic “Please excuse my dear Aunt Sally” to symbolize the six steps. For example, riding a bike or driving a car take minimal cognitive load if you’ve performed these tasks numerous times. Overall, information-processing models helped reestablish mental processes –– processes that cannot be directly observed –– as a legitimate area of scientific research. The most important theory in information processing is the stage theory originated by Atkinson and Shiffrin, which specifies a sequence of three stages information goes through to become encoded into long-term memory: sensory memory, short-term or working memory, and long-term memory. It remains a fundamental idea within the world of cognitive psychology. This perspective equates the mind to a computer, which is responsible for analyzing information from the environment. might sound like a strange idea, but it's pretty much the connection psychologists have drawn in the development of the information processing theory While in the short-term memory or working memory, the mind is able to use the information to address its surroundings. Selective attention is the ability of humans to select and process certain information while simultaneously ignoring others. These two theorists used this model to show that the human memory can be broken in to three sub-sections: Sensory Memory, short-term memory and long-term memory.[9]. The episodic buffer is a relatively new idea and is still being researched.[10]. Social competence refers to the social,… Social Cognitive Theory, The study of social cognition focuses on how people think about and make sense of themselves, others, and the world of social affairs. [10] Later Alan Baddeley added a fourth element to the working memory model called the episodic buffer. Like a computer processes information, this is how it is thought our minds are processing information. Some believe that we are the way we are due to how we were raised, in what type of environment we were raised in and our early childhood experiences. Cognitive psychologist, Kahnemen and Grabe, noted that learners has some control over this process. Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Theory What is CIP? This perspective equates the mind to a computer, whi… This Each unit of information is considered a chunk, this could be one or several words. 2. a formulated hypothesis or, loosely speaking, any hypothesis or opinion not based upon actual knowledge. Craik and Lockhart specified a continuum of elaboration that starts with perception, continues through attention and labeling, and ends at meaning. Two other theorists associated with the Cognitive Information Processing Theory are John William Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin. The episodic memory is made up of personal experiences or real events that have happened in a person’s life. Example: After each test, have a Pre-Test about the next chapter to get an understanding of how much prior knowledge the students have. This is not one single theory but a generic term used to describe all the perspectives that focus how our cognitive processes such as attention, perception, encoding, storage, and retrieval of knowledge. Example: In social studies, if the lesson is on the Rwandan Genocide, lecture on the topic using many pictures, watch the movie Hotel Rwanda, and have a class discussion about the topic and the film. The premise of this alternative model is that the human is a ‘meaning processing‘ system, which has implications for how we evaluate performance and design to support skilled performance in complex work environments, further information is available in Display and Interface Design: Subtle Science, Exact Art by Bennett & Flach, 2011 (Thanks to Rob Hutton for this one). George Armitage Miller was one of the founders of the field of psychology known as cognition. o The central tenet of the information-processing approach is that the human can be characterized as an information- processing system, which encodes input, operates on that information… The first step is aroused by paying attention, it allows processing of the information given. Use mnemonics to aid students in retaining information for later use, as well as strengthening the students’ remembering skills. Install our FREE extension Available for chrome users. According to the standard information-processing model for mental development, the mind's machinery includes attention mechanisms for bringing information in, working memory for actively manipulating information, and long-term memory for passively holding information so that it can be used in the future. What Is Relevance Theory in Terms of Communication? The information stored here can stay for many years. In 1956, psychologist George A. Miller developed the theory and also contributed the idea that one can only hold a limited number of pieces of information in short-term memory. First, there is the “assumption of a limited capacity.” Depending on the theory, these limitations occur at different points in information processing, but it is widely held in all models that there are Connect new lessons back to old lessons and real-life scenarios. Miller specified this number as seven plus or minus two (or five to nine chunks of information), but more recently other scholars have suggested the number may be smaller. Models of Human Info rmation Processing A. As a result, additional models were created to expand upon it. It was proposed by U.S. psychologist Kenneth A. Baddeley later updated his model with the episodic buffer. He proposed that, similar to a computer, the human mind takes in information, performs operations on it to change its form and content, stores and locates the information, and then generates output of some type. [11], The visuospatial sketch pad is the other portion of the central executive. Information that has more connections will be easier for an individual to retrieve. Cognitive processes include perception, recognition, imagining, remembering, thinking, judging, reasoning, problem solving, conceptualizing, and planning. The qualitative and quantitative components often interact together to develop new and more efficient strategies within the processing system. 2 II. The articulatory rehearsal process keeps the information in the store for a longer period of time through rehearsal. Computers, which process information, include internal states that affect processing. This theory has also been applied to systems beyond the individual, including families and business organizations. Information Processing Theory outlines a way of learning that can be used by teachers inside the classroom. The sequence goes as follows, "receives input, processes the information, and delivers an output". Information processing theory is the approach to the study of cognitive development evolved out of the American experimental tradition in psychology. If the information is focused on, it will move to the short-term memory. Increases in the knowledge base or the ability to remember more items in working memory are examples of quantitative changes, as well as increases in the strength of connected cognitive associations (Miller, 2011). Cognitive psychology included a spectra of processes like attention, perception, thinking, remembering, problem- solving, etc. This is influenced by many things including: Some research has shown that individuals with a high working memory are better able to filter out irrelevant information. The information processing theory approach to the study of cognitive development evolved out of the American experimental tradition in psychology.Information processing theorists proposed that like the computer, the human mind is a system that processes information through the application of logical rules and strategies. Example: When teaching a lesson about the Industrial Revolution, tie it back to your own town and buildings or areas that exist because of that time period. What Is the Recency Effect in Psychology? Information processing , the acquisition, recording, organization, retrieval, display, and dissemination of information.In recent years, the term has often been applied to computer-based operations specifically. According to Miller’s theory, information processing in humans involves gathering and representing information (enc… parallel-distributed processing model and connectionist model, https://www.learning-theories.com/information-processing-theory.html, http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/cognition/infoproc.html, https://www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/information-processing/, https://www.simplypsychology.org/information-processing.html, https://psychology.iresearchnet.com/developmental-psychology/cognitive-development/information-processing-theory/, Ph.D., Psychology, Fielding Graduate University, M.A., Psychology, Fielding Graduate University. This page was last edited on 18 November 2020, at 07:27. information processing synonyms, ... Student was assessed on Tagarat and Torrance's Human Information Processing Survey (2012). [8], The Atkinson and Shiffrin Model was proposed in 1968 by John William Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin. Information Processing Theory of Learning 02 Pg. This theory suggests that we as humans, will process information in a similar way. It is theorized that the brain works in a set sequence, as does a computer. Social Skills, Mastering the social, emotional, and cognitive skills and behaviors needed to succeed as a member of society. Unlike traditional systems theory, where the family system tends to maintain stasis and resists incoming stimuli which would violate the system's rules, the Information Processing family develops individual and mutual schemes which influence what and how information is attended to and processed. In cognitive psychology. Cognitive load capacity varies from person to person and from moment to moment based on an individual’s cognitive abilities, the amount of information being processed, and one's ability to focus and pay attention. They explained that from the time information is received by the processing system, it goes through different stages to be fully stored. Most notable in the inception of information processing models is Atkinson and Shriffin’s ‘stage theory,’ presenting a sequential method, as discussed above, of input-processing-output[2]. The computer gave cognitive psychologists a metaphor, or analogy, to which they could compare human mental processing. The parallel-distributed processing model was a precursor to connectionism that proposed that information is processed by multiple parts of the memory system at the same time. In 1956 George A. Miller was among the first to apply a step-by-step theory to information processing by relating it to the way that high-speed computers processed information. Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. Like a computer receives input the mind will receive information through the senses. Example: When teaching a more abstract lesson, place students into pairs and have each student teach their partner the material covered to further embed the information into the long-term memory. [12] The nature mentality is around the idea that we are influenced by our genetics. The central executive receives input from the phonological loop, episodic buffer, and the visuospatial sketchpad. The central executive can be understood as the conscious mind. This model illustrates their theory of the human memory. The “Nurture” component provides information input (stimuli) that is processed resulting in behavior and learning. The information processing theory simplified, is comparing the human brain to a computer or basic processor. Information stores are the different places that information can be stored in the mind. Computers, therefore, provided a model for possible human mental states that provided researchers with clues and direction for understanding human thinking and learning as information processing. [3] The semantic memory is made up of facts or information learned or obtained throughout the life. About This Quiz & Worksheet. Information processing theory is a cognitive theory that uses computer processing as a metaphor for the workings of the human brain. Their levels of processing theory states that the ability to access information in long-term memory will be affected by how much it was elaborated upon. (1999) utilized Information Processing Theory to describe business organizational behavior, as well as to present a model describing how effective and ineffective business strategies are developed. By using ThoughtCo, you accept our, Craik and Lockhart’s Level of Processing Model, Parallel-Distributed Processing Model and Connectionist Model, Proactive and Retroactive Interference: Definition and Examples, School Science Fair Project Ideas: Memory, What Is a Schema in Psychology? Prior knowledge affects future processing and thus affects future behavior and learning. He played a large role when it came to the Information Processing theory. The central executive is studied through the frontal lobe. Initially proposed by George A. Miller and other American psychologists in the 1950s, the theory describes how people focus on information … Individuals innately vary in some cognitive abilities, such a memory span, but human cognitive systems function similarly based on a set of memory stores that store information and control processes determine how information is processed. The theory is based on the idea that humans process the information they receive, rather than merely responding to stimuli. They added three elements that explain further cognitive processes. In fact, the information processing approach is relatively new. Each of these are subcategories of the long-term memory. Though influential, the linearity of this theory reduced the complexity of the human brain, and thus various theories were developed in order to further assess the inherent processes. The short-term memory can only hold a small amount of information at a time. Information processing theory has become a general theory of human cognition; the phenomenon of chunking has been verified at all levels of cognitive processing. Changes in the contents of the long-term memory store (knowledge) are learning. Just like a computer, the human mind takes in information, organizes and stores it to be retrieved at a later time. Break down lessons into smaller more manageable parts. They deepened the understanding of memory through the central executive, phonological loop, and visuospatial sketch pad. The parallel-distributed processing model and connectionist model contrast to the linear three-step process specified by the stage theory. It is proposed that the episodic buffer is able to hold information thereby increasing the amount stored. Language development is similar in all human infants. She has co-authored two books on psychology and media engagement. [2], Though information processing can be compared to a computer, there is much more that needs to be explained. In order for something to enter sensory memory, the individual has to pay attention to it. He researched the capacity of the working memory discovering that people can only hold up to 7 plus or minus 2 items. The first of these was created by Craik and Lockhart in 1973. The idea of information processing was adopted by cognitive psychologists as a model of how human thought works. Psychology, Sixth Edition, Worth Publishers, 2010. The information-processing approach attempts to understand human thought and reasoning processes by comparing the mind (or the brain) to a sophisticated computer system that is designed to acquire, process, store, and use information in specific ways (see also philosophy of mind: The computational-representational theory of thought [CRTT]). Dysfunctions can occur both at the individual level as well as within the family system itself, creating more targets for therapeutic change. Nature versus nurture refers to the theory about how people are influenced. The phonological store holds auditory information for a short period. [4] Chunking is used to group together pieces of information. Due to the ability to hold information the episodic buffer is said to also transfer information between perception, short-term memory and long-term memory. For example, Ariel (1987)[13] applied Information Processing Theory to family systems, with sensing, attending, and encoding of stimuli occurring either within individuals or within the family system itself. The model concerns how information is stored in memory and presents a sequence of three stages, as follows: Sensory Memory — Sensory memory involves whatever we take in through our senses. Fluid Versus Crystallized Intelligence: What’s the Difference? The information that’s most likely to reach the next stage is either interesting or familiar. Short-Term Memory/Working Memory — Once information reaches short-term memory, which is also called working memory, it is filtered further. Components of the Information Processing Theory, Baddeley and Hitch Model of Working Memory. The use of the computer as a tool for thinking how the human mind … The sensory memory is responsible for holding onto information that the mind receives through the senses such as auditory and visual information. While the information processing theory’s use of a computer as a metaphor for the human mind has proven to be potent, it’s also limited. This will assist the students in bettering their future work, as well as keep them motivated in their studies. After each step, pause for questions to ensure everyone understands. The people distinctively change as per the cognitive capacities. The information stored in the short-term memory can be committed to the long-term memory store. Nature provides the hardware of cognitive processing and Information Processing theory explains cognitive functioning based on that hardware. [6] This is commonly used when trying to memorize a phone number. ADVERTISEMENTS: During the 1960s, American psychologists investigating and exploring the principles of cognitive theories ultimately developed a new approach called cognitive psychology or information processing. Play games like trivial pursuit and jeopardy to encourage extra learning, especially as a review, within the classroom. The central tenet of the information-processing approach is that the human can be characterized as an information-processing system, which encodes input, operates on that information, stores and retrieves it from memory, and produces output in terms of actions. Initially proposed by George A. Miller and other American psychologists in the 1950s, the theory describes how people focus on information and encode it into their memories. The development of the computer in the 1950s and 1960s had an important influence on psychology and was, in part, responsible for the cognitive approach becoming the dominant approach in modern psychology (taking over from behaviorism). Some prominent process used in transferring information are coding, retrieval, and perception. Cognitive processes emerge through senses, thoughts, and experiences. A successful method of recoding is chunking. Another useful technique advised by George Miller is recoding. Computers aren’t influenced by things like emotions or motivations in their ability to learn and remember information, but these things can have a powerful impact on people. Later in 1974 Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch would contribute more to the information processing theory through their own discoveries. In addition, while computers tend to process things sequentially, evidence shows humans are capable of parallel processing. Qualitative development occurs through the emergence of new strategies for information storage and retrieval, developing representational abilities (such as the utilization of language to represent concepts), or obtaining problem-solving rules (Miller, 2011). The development of the information processing framework has continued through the years and has been broadened. Several different types of information are encoded and organized in long-term memory: declarative information, which is information that can be discussed such as facts, concepts, and ideas (semantic memory) and personal experiences (episodic memory); procedural information, which is information about how to do something like drive a car or brush your teeth; and imagery, which are mental pictures. Understanding human information processing is vital to maximizing the ... operator to a capacity-limited communication channel and put forth a human information processing model based on the information theory framework. It was initially proposed in the mid-50s by American psychologists including George Miller to explain how people process information into memory. Information processing theory is a cornerstone of cognitive psychology that uses computers as a metaphor for the way the human mind works. Information processing theory combines elements of both quantitative and qualitative development. There is no limit for the information stored in the long-term memory. The major components are information stores, cognitive processes, and executive cognition.[3]. It was shown that there was a significant positive relationship between working memory capacity and ability of the participant to filter out the information from the other audio track.[14]. Meanwhile others have started to use the same term for non-related areas; links to the different uses of the term Information Philosophy can therefore be found at the download and linking page of this website. The information is then encoded to the long-term memory, where the information is then stored. The dominant view is labeled the "stage theory" and is based on the work of Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968). The term Information Philosophy was chosen more than a decade ago to define the outcome: the field of philosophical aspects of human information processing. Sensory memory can’t attend to every piece of information in the environment, so it filters out what it deems irrelevant and only sends what seems important to the next stage, short-term memory. Information processing theory: This information theory is focused on children brain growth like mature, leading to observe the information and process and respond to the received information in their sense. Example: When teaching an intricate math equation, walk the students through an example step-by-step. In other words, we can recall far less information that we’ve actually stored in long-term memory. ThoughtCo uses cookies to provide you with a great user experience. Human information processing theory deals with how people receive, store, integrate, retrieve, and use information. Processing information is an important skill in today's wired society, and this quiz/worksheet combo will help you test your understanding of the process. Retrieval is used to bring information from the long-term memory back to the short-term memory. Cognitive processes are the way humans transfer information among the different memory stores. Definitions of HUMAN INFORMATION PROCESSING. Developmental psychologists who adopt the information processingperspective account for mental development in terms of maturational changes in basic components of a child's mind. Define information processing. The Information Processing Model is a framework used by cognitive psychologists to explain and describe mental processes. Short-term memory lasts for about 30 seconds. Behaviorists only studied behaviors that could be directly observed. This made the inner-workings of the mind seem like an unknowable “black box.” Around the 1950s, however, computers came into existence, giving psychologists a metaphor to explain how the human mind functioned. Within the field of cognitive psychology, information processing is an approach to the goal of understanding human thinking in relation to how they process the same kind of information as computers (Shannon & Weaver, 1963).It arose in the 1940s and 1950s, after World War II (Sternberg & Sternberg, 2012). There are several factors that will impact what and how much information will be processed in working memory. This video will take you through the basic ideas within information processing theory, and show how this theory has influenced the … This concept is similar to metacognition. Information Processing Model. During the first half of the twentieth century, American psychology was dominated by behaviorism. The theory emphasizes a continuous pattern of development, in contrast with cognitive developmental theorists such as Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development that thought development occurs in stages at a time. They broke this down to sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory (Atkinson). Short term memory retains information that is needed for only a short period of time such as remembering a phone number that needs to be dialed. Together these ideas support the information processing theory and possibly explain how the mind processes information. However, if information is repeated, which is referred to as maintenance rehearsal, it can be stored for up to 20 minutes. The Information Processing Approach Genetic preparation A human infant is more likely to look at a human face than any other stimulus. For example, if a student is preparing for a test, they are more likely to attend to information that will be on the test and forget about information they don’t believe they will be asked about. It presents an understanding of motor control and performance that can be aided by an information-processing approach. Developmental psychologists who adopt the information processing perspective account for mental development in terms of maturational changes in basic components of a child's mind. [4] The information here is also stored for only 15–20 seconds. a type of human information processing where the social information is encoded and compared with pertinent information that is used to influence your reaction. This is used to hold visual and spatial information. Learn how and when to remove this template message, 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508809.003.0015, "Investigating the childhood development of working memory using sentences: New evidence for the growth of chunk capacity", 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568773.003.0005, "The phonological loop as a buffer store: An update", 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199906)20:6<567::AID-SMJ36>3.0.CO;2-K, "Cultural Characteristics Dissociate Magnitude and Ordinal Information Processing", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_processing_theory&oldid=989312152, Articles lacking in-text citations from January 2012, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, What the information being processed means to the individual, The complexity of the stimuli (based partially on background knowledge), Ability to control attention (varies based on age, hyperactivity, etc.). Versus nurture refers to the study of computer or artificial Intelligence –– processes that can not occur without,... 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