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</html>";s:4:"text";s:42489:"Purpose of the war was to ⦠The war began on 6 July 1967 when Nigerian Federal troops advanced in two columns into Biafra. Recognizing the tensions inherent in the system, the British worked with Nigerian leaders to crea⦠[6] Laws were passed mandating that political parties could not be ethnically or tribally based; however, it was hard to make this work in practice. eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'newworldencyclopedia_org-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_3',167,'0','0']));eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'newworldencyclopedia_org-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_4',167,'0','1']));eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'newworldencyclopedia_org-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_5',167,'0','2'])); The Nigerian government also claimed that the Biafran government was hiring foreign mercenaries to extend the war. They also wanted an independent Nigeria to be organized into several small states so that the conservative and backward North could not dominate the country. Gen. Gowon responded by asking then Col. Muritala to form another division (2 division) to expel Biafrans from mid-west, defend Biafra's west and attack Biafra from the west as well. The current conflict in the Niger Delta first arose in the early 1990s over tensions between foreign oil corporations and a number of the Niger Delta's minority ethnic groups who feel they are being exploited, particularly the Ogoni and the Ijaw. More than fifty years ago, Great Britain carved an area out of West Africa containing hundreds of different groups and unified it, calling it Nigeria. The state lost its oil fields–its main source of revenue–and without the funds to import food, an estimated one million of its civilians died as a result of severe malnutrition. âEven the bravest troops canât fight when theyâre dying of starvation. On May 29, 2000, The Guardian of Lagos reported that President Olusegun Obasanjo commuted to retirement the dismissal of all military persons who fought for the breakaway state of Biafra during the Nigerian civil war. Prior to the discovery of oil, Nigeria's wealth derived from agricultural products from the south, and minerals from the north. The Hausas and Igbos still walk on eggs around each other, the Nigerian civil war has made tribalism or ethnic rivalry chewed deeper still.The resentment felt by the Igbos whenever there is a slight evidence of domination by the Hausas and vice versa. They created Médecins Sans Frontières in 1971 (Doctors Without Borders).[4]. From 1968 onward, the war fell into a form of stalemate, with Nigerian forces unable to make significant advances into the remaining areas of Biafran control. Nigerian Troops firing artillery gun in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, during the Nigerian Civil War. It was a result of a long period of alleged political, economic, ethnic, cultural and religious deprivations, which had its genesis in the geography, history, culture and demography of Nigeria. In 1960, Nigeria ⦠The suffering in Biafra during the Nigerian Civil War led to the development of international humanitarian agencies designed to respond to complex emergencies anywhere in the world, This was despite the disconnect between Ironsi, having stopped an Igbo-led coup. This was one of the first post-World War II tragedies that the media took into living rooms across the globe and it gave impetus to the development of humanitarian responses to complex emergencies, whether caused by natural calamity or by human hand. During the ensuing years, the Northern Emirs, thus were able to maintain traditional political and religious institutions, while limiting social change. Courageous and Determined Biafran Women, Training During the War. The cause of the fire was unknown, but it spread at incredible speed, racing up the ...read more, In Annapolis, Maryland, the United States Naval Academy admits women for the first time in its history with the induction of 81 female midshipmen. With their emphasis upon achievement, individual choice, and democratic decision-making, the challenges of modernization for the Igbo entailed responding to new opportunities in traditional ways. The right-hand Nigerian column advanced on the town of Nsukka which fell on July 14, while the left-hand column made for Garkem, which was captured on July 12. The British political ideology of dividing Nigeria during the colonial period into three regions North, West and East exacerbated the already well-developed economic, political, and social competition among Nigeria’s different ethnic groups. At the same time no peace process can accomplish its preferred objectives without the active accommodation of the war economy in its core postwar plans. Fearing marginalization within the state, on May 30, 1967 the Igbo-majority province declared its independence as the Republic of Biafra. The right-hand Nigerian column advanced on the town of Nsukka which fell on July 14, while the left-hand column made for Garkem, which was captured on July ⦠Art, Music, Literature, Sports and leisure. Umahi warned Igbos to be wary of IPOB, saying the outlawed group was trying to instigate another civil war. Col. Muritala later became military head of state. Four days later, Biafra surrendered to Nigeria. Aguiyi-Ironsi was killed and widespread reprisals were unleashed against the Igbo. However, the Igbo people took to Western education zealously. The final Nigerian offensive, named "Operation Tail-Wind," was launched on January 7, 1970 with the 3rd Marine Commando Division attacking, and supported by the 1st Infantry division to the north and the 2nd Infantry division to the south. The coup itself failed, as Ironsi rallied the military against the plotters. The Nigerian army offensive was through the north of Biafra led by Colonel Shuwa and the local military units were formed as the 1st Infantry Division. He was warned by his advisers that this reflected a failure to understand the difference on the side of Gowon, and that it would be revoked. Following independence in 1960, three provinces were formed along tribal lines, the Hausa and Fulani (north), Yoruba (south-west), and Igbo or Ibo (south-east). The capital is Abuja. Civil war breaks out in Nigeria Five weeks after its secession from Nigeria, the breakaway Republic of Biafra is attacked by Nigerian government forces. This Sultan was regarded as the source of all political power and religious authority. THE Nigerian Civil War ended 50 years ago, but it continued to rage in the hearts of the power elite. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/civil-war-in-nigeria. Col Benjamin Adekunle is seen here with left hand on the artillery gun. These demands seemed to cease when it became clear that oil in the southeast would become a major revenue source. Its territory consisted of the Eastern Region of Nigeria.. Biafra's declaration of independence from Nigeria resulted in civil war between Biafra and Nigeria. At age two, he will be declared the Dalai Lama. The brainchild of a determined sports editor, the event was designed to bolster the sport and improve its reputation during the darkest years of the Great Depression. The war was a political and ethnic conflict that occurred when the Nigerian Eastern region proclaimed themselves as the Republic of Biafra. The same headline could well have been used over a story that received no coverage at all ...read more, On July 6, an infant named Tenzin Gyatso, future leader of Tibet, is born to a peasant family in Takster, Tibet. The Niger Delta people sustained heavy suffering and deaths during the Nigerian Civil War, also known as the Biafran War with Nigeria. If the coup of January 15, 1966 was the immediate cause of the civil war, its historical roots are traceable to British colonial rule. The Biafran air attacks did disrupt the combat operations of the Nigerian Air Force, but only for a few months. Nigeria then blocked food and supplies from entering Biafra, which resulted in a humanitarian crisis of huge proportion. The war that took place in the Unite States from 1861 to 1865 is now commonly called the ‘Civil War.’ However, the term was rarely used while the fighting was going on. Amphibious landings by the Nigerian marines led by Major Isaac Adaka Boro captured the Niger Delta cities of Bonny, Okrika and Port Harcourt on July 26, and the port of Calabar on October 18 by elements of the Nigerian 3rd Marine Commando Division. Like many other African nations, Nigeria was an artificial structure initiated by the British which had neglected to consider religious, linguistic, and ethnic differences. In Jan. 1970, after 31 months of civil war, Biafra surrendered to the federal government. From these lessons came the beginnings of a framework for several issues, including: dealing with internally displaced persons (IDPs), negotiating humanitarian access and repatriation of unaccompanied children. Read More; role of. The war began on July 6, 1967 when Nigerian Federal troops advanced in two columns into Biafra. They met little resistance and the Mid-West was easily taken over. © 2020 A&E Television Networks, LLC. [9], On the other hand, this war and others that have taken place in the post-colonial space confirm for some the notion that places like Africa are still too rife with ancient tribal animosities to create stable and viable states, thus some members of the international community have been slow to respond even when the facts of people's suffering (such as in Rwanda during the Rwandan Genocide are fully known. It developed into a leading humanitarian agency. Niger Delta is an oil-rich region in southern Nigeria inhabited by more than 31 million people. The election crisis had already infused bad blood in the various ethnic groups such as among the igbos, the Hausas and the Yorubas who nurse some hatred against one another even to the extermination of members. Furthermore, most Igbo eventually adopted the religion of the Christian colonialists. In the north, Biafran forces were pushed back into their core Igbo territory, and the capital of Biafra, the city of Enugu, was captured by Nigerian forces belonging to the 1st Infantry Division on October 4. This article explores the consequences of a massacre of civilians in Asaba, a town on the west bank of the river Niger, during the early stages of the Nigerian civil war… The ECOWAS Court has ordered 10 of the third-party applicants in a proceeding relating to the payment of compensation by Nigeria over its management of the countryâs civil war aftermath, to file before its next sitting, the terms of their settlement. The Nigerian government launched a "police action" to retake the secessionist territory. A Nigerian lady is Yoruba has taken to social media to render an unqualified apology to Igbo people. Nigeria's army offensive was through the north of Biafra led by Col. Shuwa and designated as 1 division. It also ignored the fact that the army was largely composed of Northerners at the private level, but Igbos at the officer level, and thus promotions would have to draw upon a large body of Igbo officers. At this stage of the war, other regions of Nigeria (the West and Mid-West) still considered the war as a confrontation between the north (notable Hausas) and the east (notable Igbos). Five weeks after its secession from Nigeria, the breakaway Republic of Biafra is attacked by Nigerian government forces. The Igbos felt that they had been deliberately displaced from government positions, because their pre-war posts were now occupied by other Nigerians (mostly Yoruba and Hausa-Fulani). Nigerian Civil War starts in 1967; 1975 Nigerian coup d'état (1975) Military government. The division was led mostly by northern officers. Biafran Currency. The NGO Médecins Sans Frontières was created in 1971 in the aftermath of the war by Bernard Kouchner and other French doctors who had worked in besieged Biafra. Ndi-Igbo would have learnt again to fly, if the Biafra pounds was reasonably exchanged with the Nigeria’s currency and, were allowed to withdraw from their savings in the Nigerian Banks before the war. More common was the claim that the arms-carrying aircraft would closely shadow aid aircraft, making it more difficult to distinguish between aid aircraft and military supply aircraft. â¦January 1966 led to the Nigerian Civil War (1967â70). Born in Missouri in 1835, Clemens followed a circuitous route to becoming an observer and writer of the American West. His advisers, meanwhile, felt that Gowon had enacted as much of Aburi as was politically feasible and that Gowon had acted in the spirit of Aburi. With reason. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. In Igbo areas, missionaries were introduced at a later date because of British difficulty in establishing firm control over the highly autonomous Igbo villages. So in 1969 the Nigerian Army sent 120,000 men pushing through the center of Biafra, dividing the Ibo zone in half. The Igbo would have moved on if those that lost their jobs during the war were automatically re-absorbed into the civil service and military immediately after the war. Only a few days earlier, Ojukwu fled into exile by flying by plane to the republic of Côte d'Ivoire, leaving his deputy Philip Effiong to handle the details of the surrender to Yakubu Gowon of the federal army. This book This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Images of the suffering reached the global community via the media, attracting a large relief effort. The tension set in motion by political activists in Nigeria eventually culminated in the outbreak of the civil war on November 6, 1967. Further feelings of injustice were caused by Nigeria, during the war, changing its currency so that Biafran supplies of pre-war Nigerian currency were no longer honored and then, at the end of the war, offering only N£20 to easterners on exchange of their Biafran currency. Interspersed between these three groups were ethnic minorities that lacked political rights. Nigeria also used 'mercenaries', in the form of Egyptian pilots for their air force MiG 17 fighters and Il 28 bombers. ), Nigerian Politics and Military Rule: Prelude to the Civil War … A huge box-office success, the film starred Tom Hanks in the title role of Forrest, a good-hearted man with a low I.Q. The Nigerian civil war and the invasion of Czechoslovakia / S. E. Orobator In: African Affairs: (1983), vol. In a sense, you can say that the British were the cause of the Biafran Civil War which happened in Nigeria from 1967 to 1970. The Nigerian Civil War ended on January 15, 1970, with the surrender of Biafran leadership. This was due to the arrangement and agreement between Federal government and the East that all soldiers should be returned to their regions to stop the spate of killings in which Igbos soldiers had been major victims. 327, p. 201-214. The division was made up of mostly northern officers. As the Civil War continued, the Nigerian government- determined to bring the oil-rich area back into its territory waged total war against Biafra, mainly in the form of a blockade, which created a famine throughout the region J. F . Ironsi then instituted military rule, alleging that the democratic institutions had failed and that, while he was defending them, they clearly needed revision and clean-up before reversion back to democratic rule. The military governor of the Igbo-dominated southeast, Colonel Odumegwu Ojukwu, citing the northern massacres and electoral fraud, proclaimed with the southern parliament the secession of the south-eastern region from Nigeria as the Republic of Biafra, an independent nation on May 30, 1967. The Nigerian federal forces launched their final offensive against the Biafrans on December 23, 1969 with a major thrust by the 3rd Marine Commando Division (the division was commanded by Col. Obasanjo, who later became president twice) which succeeded in splitting the Biafran enclave into two by the end of the year. During the 1940s and 1950s the Igbo and Yoruba parties were in the forefront of the fight for independence from Britain. Northern leaders, however, fearful that independence would mean political and economic domination by the more Westernized elites in the South, preferred the perpetuation of British rule. Originally ...read more, On July 6, 1775, one day after restating their fidelity to King George III and wishing him “a long and prosperous reign” in the Olive Branch Petition, Congress sets “forth the causes and necessity of their taking up arms” against British authority in the American colonies. The soldiers that were supposed to defend Mid-West were mostly mid-west Igbos and were in touch with their eastern counterpart. Consequently, the Yoruba were the first group in Nigeria to become significantly modernized and they provided the first African civil servants, doctors, lawyers, and other technicians and professionals. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. In contrast to the Hausa-Fulani, the Igbo often participated directly in the decisions which affected their lives. The north, up until around 1965, had had low-level demands to secede from Nigeria and retain its wealth for northerners. Unlike the other two regions, decisions among the Igbo were made by a general assembly in which every man could participate. The civil war was fought over the secession of Biafra (the predominantly-Igbo, former Eastern Region of Nigeria). The Nigerian Civil War, also known as the Nigerian-Biafran War, was a three-year bloody conflict with a death toll numbering more than one million people. The Nigerian government launched a "police action" to retake the secessionist territory. Two-thirds of those who perished were children. Reconstruction, helped by oil money, was swift; however, the old ethnic and religious tensions remained a constant feature of Nigerian politics. This further fueled Igbo fears that the northerners had plans to strip eastern oil to benefit the North. A view of blunders in the Nigerian strategy. After facing unexpectedly fierce resistance and high casualties, the right-hand Nigerian column advanced on the town of Nsukka which ⦠The role of humanitarian, civil or advocacy groups, international organizations and conflict resolution, the impact of the Cold War, and resources control (oil) in shaping the w and outcomes of the war are examined. Asaba is predominantly occupied by the Igbos but was never part of … One of the chief functions of the traditional political system was to maintain the Islamic religion. The Biafran attack was led by Lt. Col. After diplomatic efforts by Nigeria failed to reunite the country, war between Nigeria and Biafra broke out in July 1967. During the war, there were 100,000 military casualties and between 500,000 and two million civilians' deaths from starvation. This agreement, in the 1980s, was modified to further favor the Federal government. The Yoruba monarchs, however, were less autocratic than those in the North, and the political and social system of the Yoruba accordingly allowed for greater upward mobility based on acquired rather than inherited wealth and title. She apologized on behalf of herself, her family and her children for the war crimes that were committed against the Igbos during the Nigerian civil war. Four battalions of the Nigerian 2nd Infantry Division were needed to drive the Biafrans back and eliminate their territorial gains made during the offensive. The Nigerian Civil War, also known as the Biafran War, July 6, 1967 – January 13, 1970, was a political conflict caused by the attempted secession of the southeastern provinces of Nigeria as the self-proclaimed Republic of Biafra. Asaba is predominantly occupied by the Igbos but was never part of Biafra. Evelyn Okororie was a trader in Port Harcourt, southeast Nigeria before the civil war broke out. Igbo and Yoruba leaders, anxious to obtain an independent country at all cost accepted the Northern demands. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Nigerian_Civil_War&oldid=1016233, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. Kouchner also witnessed these events, particularly the huge number of starving children, and when he returned to France, he publicly criticized the Nigerian government and the Red Cross for their seemingly complicit behavior. in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. It’s a situation jihadists mean to exploit. 82, no. But the Nigerians were repulsed three times and lost thousands of troops as they tried to cross the Niger during October. In 1960, Nigeria gained independence from Britain. The Yoruba political system in the southwest, like that of the Hausa-Fulani, also consisted of a series of monarchs (Obas). When Nigeria won independence from Britain in 1960, the population of 60 million people consisted of nearly 300 differing ethnic and cultural groups. where the elder Bush worked in the oil industry. Get the Latest News and Features at Daily Post - National, Politics, Entertainment, Metro, Sport & Opinions. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. Status was acquired through the ability to arbitrate disputes that might arise in the village, and through acquiring rather than inheriting wealth. For the country was divided in such a way that the North had slightly more population than the other two regions combined. As a result, the North, at the time of independence in 1960, was by far the most underdeveloped area in Nigeria with a literacy rate of 2 percent as compared to 19.2 percent in the East (literacy in Arabic script, learned in connection with religious education, was higher). On January 11, 1970, Nigerian forces captured the provincial capital of Owerri, one of the last Biafran strongholds, and Ojukwu was forced to flee to the Ivory Coast. Although there was much sympathy in Europe and elsewhere, only four countries recognized the new republic. ⦠They had a lively awareness of the political system and regarded it as an instrument for achieving their own personal goals. The Islamic State in the Greater Sahara has been carrying out sophisticated attacks in … [8] One positive result of the war was the development of mechanisms to respond rapidly to human tragedy, whether caused by natural disaster or human hand. [5] It has been estimated that up to three million people may have died due to the conflict, most from hunger and disease. The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970. The effects of the Nigeria civil war can still be felt everywhere in the country at varying degrees. Civil war, ethnic tensions, and broken promises: The ongoing power struggle between Ethiopian government forces and Tigrayan leaders has deep … Banjo. By the 1940s they had transformed themselves into one of the most educated, wealthiest, and politically unified groups in Nigeria and presented a serious challenge to Yoruba predominance in the civil service and the professions. âA year into the war, the Ibo had nothing left. The Biafrans continued to resist in their core Igbo heartlands, which were soon surrounded by Nigerian forces. The Nigerian government launched a "police action" to retake the secessionist territory. The Biafran government claimed that Nigeria was using hunger and genocide to win the war, and sought aid from the outside world. The Nigerians then settled down to a period of siege by blockading Biafra. The pre-1966 tax-sharing agreements on mineral wealth was changed to favor the Federal government at the expense of the state. In 1937, the child was declared the reincarnation of a great Buddhist spiritual leader and named the 14th Dalai Lama. Claims of electoral fraud were the ostensible reason for a military coup on January 15, 1966, led by Igbo junior Army officers, mostly majors and captains. The war began on July 6, 1967 when Nigerian Federal troops advanced in two columns into Biafra. Programme on Ethnic and Federal Studies. An who winds up at the center of key cultural and historical events of the second half of the 20th ...read more, FBI agents arrest George “Bugs” Moran, along with fellow crooks Virgil Summers and Albert Fouts, in Kentucky. These doctors, led by Kouchner, concluded that a new aid organization was needed that would ignore political/religious boundaries and prioritize the welfare of victims. Moreover, severe population pressure in the Igbo homeland combined with an intense desire for economic improvement drove thousands of Igbo to other parts of Nigeria in search of work. The discovery of vast oil reserves in the Niger River delta, a sprawling network of rivers and swamps at the southernmost tip of the country, had tempted the southeast to annex the region in order to become economically self-sufficient. Biafra was formally recognised by Gabon, Haiti, Ivory Coast, Tanzania, and Zambia. This coup was led by Lt. Col. Murtala Mohammed. The entire Niger Delta became a major war front as the Nigerian Army fought and pushed Biafran The Biafran town of Owerri fell on January 9, and Uli fell on January 11. Biafra, officially the Republic of Biafra, was a secessionist state in West Africa that existed from May 1967 to January 1970 during the Nigerian Civil War. The Nigerian Civil War: Causes, Strategies, And Lessons Learnt. ", Speaking to the BBC 30 years after the war, Chief Emeka Ojukwu said that "When the civil war ended, the government promised the Ibo people that there would be no victors and no vanquished." Up to 250,000 are killed, while thousands more are mutilated and raped, often by armies of drugged child soldiers led by ruthless warlords. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. They were supported by foreign mercenary pilots continuing to fly in food, medical supplies and weapons. Women doing laundry on the banks of the Niger River in Niamey, Niger, in 2018. All Rights Reserved. On this basis the Northern Region was allocated a majority of the seats in the Federal Legislature established by the colonial authorities. The civil war was fought over the secession of Biafra (the predominantly-Igbo, former Eastern Region of Nigeria). Bernard Kouchner was one of a number of French doctors who volunteered with the French Red Cross to work in hospitals and feeding centers in besieged Biafra. General Yakubu Gowon (retd) declared Vanguard News A … The coup, despite its failure, was perceived as having benefited mostly the Igbos because all but one of the five coup plotters were Igbos, and Ironsi, himself an Igbo, was thought to have promoted many Igbos in the Army at the expense of Yoruba and Hausa officers. The blockade of the surrounded Biafrans led to a humanitarian disaster when it emerged that there was widespread civilian hunger and starvation in the besieged Igbo areas. ...read more, On July 6, 1994, the movie Forrest Gump opens in U.S. theaters. The Hausa-Fulani commoners, having contact with the political system only through their village head who was designated by the Emir or one of his subordinates, did not view political leaders as amenable to influence. However, the exclusion of easterners from power made many fear that the oil revenues would be used to benefit areas in the north and west rather than their own. INTERDECT - the International Disaster Specialists. Chillingly, the view that people deserve to lie in the graves they dig for themselves influences some policymakers, while donor- and disaster-fatigue makes others wary of giving as generously when they think that the wound being treated is somehow self-inflicted.[10]. His force attacked Nigerian military airfields in Port Harcourt, Enugu, Benin City and Ughelli, destroying or damaging a number of Nigerian Air Force jets used to attack relief flights, including a few Mig-17s and three out of Nigeria's six Ilyushin Il-28 bombers that were used to bomb Biafran villages and farms on a daily basis. Civil war broke out. As Nigerian forces were to retake the Mid-West, the Biafran military administrator declared the Republic of Benin on September 19. The roots of Nigeriaâs civil war can be traced to colonial rule, when the British forced three very distinct peoples, each living in their own regionâthe predominantly Muslim Hausa-Fulani in the North, the Yoruba in the Southwest, and the Igbo in the Southeastâto integrate into a state that encouraged regional and ethnic competition. No food, no ammo, not even fuel, which is ironic when they were sitting on the big Niger delta oilfields. Some of the founders of Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors without Borders) took part, later establishing the agency as a response to the tragic war. As a concomitant of this system, Christian missionaries were excluded from the North, and the area thus remained virtually closed to Western education and influence, in contrast to the Igbo, the richest of whom sent many of their sons to British universities. But another Nigerian offensive from April to June 1968 began to close the ring around the Biafrans with further advances on the two northern fronts and the capture of Port Harcourt on May 19, 1968. Six years later, the Muslim Hausas in northern Nigeria began massacring the Christian Igbos in the region, prompting tens of thousands of Igbos to flee to the east, where their people were the dominant ethnic group. When he was two years old, Bush’s parents moved to Texas. Tribal tensions increased after a military coup in 1966 which resulted in General Aguiyi-Ironsi, an Igbo, taking power as President. [3] He died in prison 11 years later. New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article 2001. Hundreds of languages are spoken in the country, including Yoruba, Igbo, Fula, Hausa, Edo, Ibibio, Tiv, and English. The Swedish eccentric, Count Carl Gustaf von Rosen, also led a flight of MiniCOINs in action; his BAF (Biafran Air Force) consisted of three Swedes and two Biafrans. It placed Lt. Col. Yakubu Gowon into power. This highly centralized and authoritarian political system elevated to positions of leadership persons willing to be subservient and loyal to superiors, the same virtues required by Islam for eternal salvation. After entering the country, the volunteers, in addition to Biafran health workers and hospitals, were subjected to attacks by the Nigerian army, and witnessed civilians being murdered and starved by the blockading forces. This was seen as a deliberate policy to hold back the Igbo middle class, leaving them with little wealth to expand their business interests. Nigeria has one of the highest rates of internal violence in the world, only unlike others with similar levels of bloodshed such as Colombia or Chechnya, there is not a civil war going on. These tradition-derived differences were perpetuated and, perhaps, even enhanced by the British system of colonial rule in Nigeria. No war or violent conflict subsists without a war economy behind it. Recruitment into the Nigeria Army increased with Biafra's offensive to the west mostly among other southern ethnics especially Yoruba and Edo people. 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