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</html>";s:4:"text";s:41259:"This represents an important deficit in the understanding of policing issues, as most … Obtain group discounts at local gyms and consider partnerships with other agencies to increase negotiation leverage. The discipline of human factors focuses on understanding the interactions among people and other elements of a system; … This guide is intended to help them in this process. The guide is directed primarily toward state, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies of all sizes that need to develop or reinvigorate their intelligence function. An Overview of Organizational Leadership and Management. Leadership Spotlight: Should You Always Lead from the Front? Still, inquiries lend themselves to opportunities for developing greater ties with the community and increasing support and respect for the law enforcement profession. The quest for power has dominated human history. FBI.gov is an official site of the U.S. government, U.S. Department of Justice. Leadership Spotlight: How Effective Leaders Make Us Feel, Leadership Spotlight: Distant Crisis, Local Leverage, Technology Spotlight: Crime Data Explorer, Leadership Spotlight: Leading by Learning, Leadership Spotlight: Benefiting from Diverse Viewpoints, Community Outreach Spotlight: Clippers and Cops, Leadership Spotlight: Recognizing Your Organization’s Culture, Leadership Spotlight: Improving Effectiveness with Trusted Advisors, Leadership Spotlight: Courage Can Be Found in the Strangest Places, Community Outreach Spotlight: Partnering to Make Purposeful Art, Leadership Spotlight: Leading Through Delegation, Community Outreach Spotlight: Safeguarding Senior Communities, Leadership Spotlight: Redefining Leadership Presence, Leadership Spotlight: Leading Through Others’ Success, Social Media Spotlight: Communication as a Tool to Fight Violent Crime, Leadership Spotlight: Mistakes and Forgiveness, Leadership Spotlight: Delivering Bad News to Employees, Leadership Spotlight: Appreciating Others’ Burdens, Community Outreach Spotlight: Connecting Kids and Police Through Video Games, Leadership Spotlight: Preparation for Crisis, Leadership Spotlight: Embrace this Moment, Community Outreach Spotlight: Pedal Power, Leadership Spotlight: Prompting Reflection, Leadership Spotlight: Seizing the Opportunity for Meaningful Change, Positive Policing Spotlight: Applying the Concept, Leadership Spotlight: When to Let Go and When to Seek Input, Leadership Spotlight: Addressing Adaptive Challenges, Community Outreach Spotlight: Bridging the Gap Through Boxing, Leadership Spotlight: Create Your Own Outline, Officer Wellness Spotlight: The Law Enforcement Family, Leadership Spotlight: Facing the Pandemic, Leadership Spotlight: Institutional Knowledge—Recognizing, Valuing, and Preserving It, Community Outreach Spotlight: Caught Doing Something Right. Found inside â Page 161Police. Leadership. Police Organization needs effective leaders to reach its goals and to ... Police leadership was firstly mentioned in the book, 'Police ... If the officer issues a citation solely for one or more civil . Found inside â Page 12Effective Police Leadership. alleged police misconduct . Most police chiefs know that when a department conveys to the public that it is open to receive ... Another issue in succession planning might be that not enough individuals want to take part. 4 (December 1999): 255-262, accessed July 28, 2015, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ 10.1046/j.1365-2869.1999.00167.x/full.14 Jeanne B. Stinchcomb, “Searching for Stress in All the Wrong Places: Combating Chronic Organizational Stressors in Policing,” Police Practice and Research: An International Journal 5, no. Research has indicated that “participative role clarification improved organizational commitment.”2 Inside a militaristic-designed organization, the levels of rank in management and their importance often are oversimplified and many times seen as a mere conduit of communication having no real influence on subordinates. In short, Table 2 shows that perceived transformational … Trust is the her/his followers and provides the capacity for organizational and leadership success. One study introduced the concept of entrepreneurial policing with the basis behind such a term being that the leadership concepts in policing do not differ greatly from those of business. Ultimately, they must take responsibility for their own safety, as well as that of their partners and communities. Leadership Spotlight: Compassion in Law Enforcement. Found inside â Page 70( B ) Demand for strong leadership . As mentioned in Chapter 3 a single item was used to ascertain the need for a strong leadership in police force . 4 (2007): 587-607; S.A. Murphy, “The Role of Emotions and Transformational Leadership on Police Culture: An Autoethnographic Account,” International Journal of Police Science and Management 10, no. James Q. Wilson said that the police "probably exaggerate the extent of citizen hostility" when acknowledging the fact that police feel that the public does not like or support them, even when the 2016 Gallup polls indicated that the attitudes of both white and non-white citizens toward the police were" 3 Ibid. However, research also has demonstrated that officers want improvements in how their future leaders are chosen and the styles these superiors should exhibit. In reviewing the multitude of leadership theories and in discussing the volumes of When discussing use-of-force rationale or policies, an officer’s self-awareness becomes critical. To do so agencies must steer clear of barriers to transparency that erode trust and prevent safe, open, and honest communication. 25 M. Rowe, “Following the Leader: Frontline Narratives on Police Leadership,” Policing 29, no. Faced with limited resources brought on by today’s economic climate, administrators who create and implement policies may not understand or appreciate the importance of how human factors impact the law enforcement profession. The findings from this study have shown that effective 4IR leadership is positively associated with leadership … (i am assuming this is what you want? Almost any positive soft skill might be considered a leadership skill. A dearth of research on human factors has been catalogued in the military, aviation, aerospace, and academic professions. Leadership Spotlight: How Effective Leaders Make Us Feel, Leadership Spotlight: Distant Crisis, Local Leverage, Technology Spotlight: Crime Data Explorer, Leadership Spotlight: Leading by Learning, Leadership Spotlight: Benefiting from Diverse Viewpoints, Community Outreach Spotlight: Clippers and Cops, Leadership Spotlight: Recognizing Your Organization’s Culture, Leadership Spotlight: Improving Effectiveness with Trusted Advisors, Leadership Spotlight: Courage Can Be Found in the Strangest Places, Community Outreach Spotlight: Partnering to Make Purposeful Art, Leadership Spotlight: Leading Through Delegation, Community Outreach Spotlight: Safeguarding Senior Communities, Leadership Spotlight: Redefining Leadership Presence, Leadership Spotlight: Leading Through Others’ Success, Social Media Spotlight: Communication as a Tool to Fight Violent Crime, Leadership Spotlight: Mistakes and Forgiveness, Leadership Spotlight: Delivering Bad News to Employees, Leadership Spotlight: Appreciating Others’ Burdens, Community Outreach Spotlight: Connecting Kids and Police Through Video Games, Leadership Spotlight: Preparation for Crisis, Leadership Spotlight: Embrace this Moment, Community Outreach Spotlight: Pedal Power, Leadership Spotlight: Prompting Reflection, Leadership Spotlight: Seizing the Opportunity for Meaningful Change, Positive Policing Spotlight: Applying the Concept, Leadership Spotlight: When to Let Go and When to Seek Input, Leadership Spotlight: Addressing Adaptive Challenges, Community Outreach Spotlight: Bridging the Gap Through Boxing, Leadership Spotlight: Create Your Own Outline, Officer Wellness Spotlight: The Law Enforcement Family, Leadership Spotlight: Facing the Pandemic, Leadership Spotlight: Institutional Knowledge—Recognizing, Valuing, and Preserving It, Community Outreach Spotlight: Caught Doing Something Right. Such an environment can be more effective than monetary incentives in sustaining innovation. Without courage you can't have the right conversations that lead to change. capacity for organizational and leadership success. Moncef Slaoui, the head of the US government's effort to develop a vaccine against Covid-19, said the first Americans to receive a vaccine -- if all things go according to plan -- could be as . Agencies can improve communication with the public by proactively humanizing officers and develop reciprocal respect intended to bolster mutual trust and appreciation. Table 7.2 Types of Power. Leadership Spotlight: Have We Lost Civility? Champoux (2006, pp. How George Floyd's Killing Highlighted America's Police Reform Failures. Found inside â Page 257Thus Choudhury (2008) has indicated that police leadership to be effective must be perceived as ethical. (Gaur, 2005) found that traditional methods of the ... Leadership Styles and Bases of Power Studies of leadership styles are diverse in nature and multiple definitions have been offered. Educate employees on the value and benefits of fitness. Found inside â Page 11However, most informants characterized the police leadership as being âfairâ in that they desire equal treatment. This is in contrast to the police on the ... Where human factors are identified, reasonable action equates to corrective steps. we are unarmed, and willing to give you what you ask, if you come in a friendly manner. Agencies can expand and contract on these steps if they so choose. Adopt a safety culture. Politics Jun 25, 2020 4:41 PM EDT. Officer Survival Spotlight: What Is a Safe Distance? Decades of research on advancing women in leadership shows that effective strategies can drive change Monash University The research has shown that to close the … Agency leaders should set a tone of care and compassion for officers’ well-being and develop strategies to achieve the goal of physical fitness for all employees, including civilian staff. Although law enforcement personnel hold responsibility for their own physical fitness, management’s obligation to officer safety must remain paramount. While such testing has served its purpose, recent research has shown some flaws.14 For example, researchers administered the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) to promotional candidates in Texas attending leadership training. This link between the rubrics of entrepreneurship and leadership is vital because for a practical theory of entrepreneurial policing to develop, policing requires the active participation of future generations of police leaders.”7 This concept not only intertwines the business world with policing but also exemplifies that leadership should be seen at all levels within the police organization. Leaders who coach are often seen as valuable mentors. Criminal justice issues are typically studied in urban rather than rural areas. Are the right people placed into these positions, and can these individuals lead larger numbers of officers in the future? Leadership Spotlight: Are You an Effective Leader? Police in riot gear walk through a cloud of blue smoke as they advance on protesters near the Minneapolis 5th Precinct . December 4, 2014. They also make slight swaying movements to mimic leaves and grass moved by the wind. Leadership Spotlight: Should You Always Lead from the Front? Found inside â Page 34achieve desired results, in many instances, will require the need to transcend ... use 360-degree feedback to solicit employees' views on their leadership ... the organization. By doing so, they will improve proactive communication at their level of influence and develop an organizational culture that values safety and wellness. An agency’s commitment to fitness likely will lead to greater appreciation for human factors, improved health, increased morale, and reduced absences due to illness or injury. Solve the following inequality problems: show your work question 1 10- 3x > 1 question 2 12x - 4 ≥ 20 question 3 5x ≤. The final question to investigate is, How do police organizations plan and train future leaders of their departments? Leaders actively should model and encourage wellness. This results in a specific and vivid, though not necessarily accurate or complete, memory for particular aspects of the event. By offering general explanations and optimizing human factors, agencies can help citizens become better informed and see officers as human beings, rather than robotic enforcers-of-the-law. Research has shown that the current design of police organizations does not support change easily. Berkes, “Leader Behavior in a Police Command Bureaucracy: A Closer Look at the Quasi-Military Model,” Administrative Science Quarterly 24, no. Found inside â Page 123leadership would be effective, and whether it should be geared towards task or ... matched to the situation at handâwhich could be seen as including and the ... Although leadership and organizational culture constructs have been well studied, the relationship between them has not been established in the field of nursing [ 6 ]. Doing so will help build community trust and improve public perception. As indicated in corporate leadership . Found inside â Page 65The policemen asked : " How can we be blamed ? ... EFFECTIVE TEAMWORK IN POLICE Once in a class consisting of outdoor training staff in a police academy ... Officer Survival Spotlight: Circumstances and the Deadly Mix. Officers can then focus their deterrence and investigative resources on the crimes and public nuisances that community members have indicated are most important to … Prior leadership research has shown that how a leader acts and communicates with followers during very challenging periods of time can create the foundation for future trust in the leader (Kasper-Fuehrer & Ashkanasy, 2001). While DHS is very accomplished at performing its many missions, the nature of the DHS work environment is inherently stressful, and employees suffer from low morale. When people exclusively focus on some aspect of an event to the exclusion of other objects in the sensory environment, their minds will direct the senses to give them the information at the speed needed. For instance, a blink because of an object coming toward the eye is an instinctive reaction of the unconscious mind, while a directed weapon stare is a reaction of the conscious mind.19. "If the City Attorney's Office can help with 'chronic neighborhood problems,' for example, Holmes said, then that lightens the load on police and can lead to a "better resolution." Source. In short, self-leadership may be the leader's single most important skill, an effective tool that can help build task-specific self-confidence and, so, shape our internal life story to foster . Questions from citizens can elicit a brash response from officers because the answer may seem obvious. 11 Murphy. To this end, several areas come into focus: physical conditioning, fatigue, and stress. 2 (2007): 165-178; Jermier and Berkes; and Toch. No commitments. Leadership Spotlight: How Do We Lead from Here? Found inside â Page 199The two schemes of Modernisation of Police Force for the States and for the ... by the Central government and the police leadership could pursue effective ... Following more than a year of anti-police protests and targeted scrutiny from elected officials, law enforcement officers in Portland, Oregon, have had enough.What are the details?According to the Wall Street Journal, officers in the riot-ravaged city are thinking twice about joining the police department's revamped version of the Gun Violence Redu Found inside â Page 117must be improved and they will take active steps in correcting that behavior (White et al., 2001). Second, effective schoolâpolice partnerships must ... They gave both a preand posttest, advising “results indicate that the CPI-260 can be utilized to assess change through training and that, in this case, the training seemed effective at helping the law enforcement executives develop their leadership skills, awareness, and abilities.”15 In the current processes, many candidates never attend, nor are given the opportunity to do so, any leadership training prior to testing. But they need the right leadership to be truly effective. We know that emotions are contagious. Leadership Spotlight: A Look in the Mirror, Leadership Spotlight: Importance of Listening Skills, Leadership Spotlight: Setting the Example, Community Outreach Spotlight: Rape Aggression Defense Class, Leadership Spotlight: Rapport and Empathy, Leadership Spotlight: Spiritual Wellness in Law Enforcement, Leadership Spotlight: Development Is a Question Away, Leadership Spotlight: Lessons on Conflict, Leadership Spotlight: Choose to Take Action. “Checklists can include a short 8-15 list of items considered important...a method for recording the subject’s actions.”21 Revisiting the desired leadership styles of officers, it is suggested this checklist be designed specifically for those behaviors sought by the officers to be led. When available, critical incident debriefing with a trained professional has been shown to significantly reduce problem drinking behaviors following a traumatic event; 14 however, research has indicated that day-to-day coping strategies aimed at reducing non-traumatic police work stressors are also critical to reducing stress-related alcohol . Agencies must have a strong commitment to physical fitness.8 Officers have a physically and mentally demanding job that at times is life threatening, and departments need to make protecting the health of their personnel a priority. Pertaining to law enforcement, a focus on human factors can help substantially increase officer and civic safety, create closer ties between police agencies and the public, and enhance community leadership. Require open communication; egos should be checked at the door, regardless of individuals’ rank or status. 1996; Kerr and Jermier 1978).While effective … While conducting research on accidents, avoid becoming consumed with statistics. David S. Walonick, Ph.D. Power. Page Effective Date 4 of 7 09.16.19 F. Motivation G. Cooperation/Attitude H. Leadership The ratings for each category will be from one (1) being the worst through … Reward power. . But, it is not in a position to improve the performance and service delivery of police force. 23 For additional information, access http://www.fbi.gov/hq/td/academy/ldi.htm. Found inside â Page 76As I developed through the Police Service, I was very conscious of a false paradox that was presented between leadership and management. This trend may be shifting, as efforts to disseminate effective prevention programs have begun in Norway, Finland, and Costa Rica (Gladstone & Beardslee, 2010) as well as in middle schools throughout the United Kingdom (Reivich & Gillham, 2011). In most police structures, ranks descend from chief to deputy chief, captain, lieutenant, sergeant, corporal, and patrol officer. Jermier and L.J. Recent protests have demonstrated a gap in public understanding of policies concerning use-of-force. Leadership Spotlight: Compassion in Law Enforcement. Leadership Spotlight: Recognizing Nonverbal Indicators of Comfort and Stress, Leadership Spotlight: Successful Leadership Training, Leadership Spotlight: Effective Leadership Through Institutional Integrity, Leadership Spotlight: Leaders Find the Positives, Leadership Spotlight: Table Manners from Mom and Dad, Safeguard Spotlight: Responding to a Child Predator’s Suicide, Leadership Spotlight: Inspirational Leaders Suspend Their Ego, Leadership Spotlight: Leadership Etiquette and Common Sense, Safeguard Spotlight: Coping with Line-of-Duty Exposure to Child Pornography/Exploitation Materials. . Leadership Spotlight: Hey, Did You Hear About…? Effective Communication. Leadership Spotlight: You Cannot Lead from Behind Your Desk, Leadership Spotlight: Believe in Your Own Leadership, Leadership Spotlight: Build Bridges, Not Dams - Performance Evaluations, Officer Survival Spotlight: Lessons Learned from Critical Encounters, Leadership Spotlight: Emotional Triggers in Decision Making, Officer Survival Spotlight: Wide-Reaching Benefits of Law Enforcement Training, Officer Survival Spotlight: National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial, Leadership Spotlight: Lunchtime Learning Seminars - Benefits and Steps to Get Started, Officer Survival Spotlight: Speed and Seatbelts, Leadership Spotlight: Humility - A Leadership Trait That Gets Results, Officer Survival Spotlight: Officer Perception and Assault Prevention, Leadership Spotlight: The Legacy of a Leader, Officer Survival Spotlight: By the Numbers - Turning LEOKA Data into Training Opportunities, Officer Survival Spotlight: Much More Than a Job - Creating a Lasting Tribute. For example, Pennsylvania, through the Penn State Justice and Safety Institute, offers nine leadership development courses.24 Of these, seven require the officer to hold the rank of lieutenant or higher, one requires the officer to be in the promotional process or promoted, and one has nothing noted about who may attend. "Leadership is the creation of an environment in which others are able to self-actualize in the process of completing the job." -- John Mellecker "If your actions inspire others to dream more, learn more, do more and become more, you are a leader." This paper defines leadership as the process of influencing groups to achieve goals, while a leader is someone who can influence others (Cole, 2006; Robbin and Coulter, 2007; Weihrich et al, 2008). Because of their selective attention under these circumstances, they have a low rate of recall of information subconsciously deemed unrelated to the perceived threat. Data from the last 15 years have shown unprecedented declines in crime. Leadership Spotlight: Have We Lost Civility? As seen by this variety of research, many studies have identified styles sought by officers of their supervisors. Replacing the military model of leadership development with behavioral competency development may be more effectual in leadership and agency performance.”5, Many in the police arena believe that law enforcement agencies differ greatly from organizations in the private sector. Leaders must identify and mitigate elements that link law enforcement tasks with complaints, litigation, loss of community trust and support, internal cynicism, damage to equipment and resources, injuries, deaths, riots, and catastrophes.5 They need to consider how the brain interacts with the body and decision-making abilities during stressful incidents. Officer Survival Spotlight: Accidental Deaths Among Law Enforcement Officers, Leadership Spotlight: Your Leadership Is Your Life Story (Part 1 of 2), Officer Survival Spotlight: Arrest Situations - Understanding the Dangers, Leadership Spotlight: Your Leadership Is Your Life Story (Part 2 of 2), Officer Survival Spotlight: Preventing Assaults - Assessing Offender Perceptions. His research sought to “modernize the police workforce, enhancing training and career progression to improve leadership and management skills at all levels of the service.”26. Proponents have suggested that video captured by body-worn cameras may help document the occurrence and nature of various types . Leadership Spotlight: What Works for You? These can be given as follows: 1. Educating in this manner appears to “place the cart before the horse.” After all, officers seek certain styles from those who lead them, but these styles do not appear to be measured through the current written assessment process. The Charlottesville police department lambasted some officers for "disturbing behaviors" in a city-issued press release Friday evening, following accusations of poor leadership and criticisms from a Police Benevolent Association-conducted survey. Having well-trained and knowledgeable personnel devoted to improving the agency’s capacity to better understand the subject can seem challenging. Section 3. One study focused on changes that occur because of high stress or deadly force encounters in law enforcement.18 Besides changes in hearing and vision, it examined variations in thinking, awareness, memory, and performance under stress. Leadership Spotlight: Are You An Approachable Leader? Introduction. When available, critical incident debriefing with a trained professional has been shown to significantly reduce problem drinking behaviors following a traumatic event; … Evidence has shown that effective community engagement, targeted foot patrols and collaborative problem solving can significantly increase public confidence in … Proper succession planning can make this possible with researchers agreeing on “the importance of creating a seamless continuity in leadership development and succession planning.”30 By law enforcement changing the admission and availability of currently offered leadership training simultaneously with the current promotional processes, police organizations can begin to assure that they chose the right leaders. Found insideGoing beyond report writing, this book helps you become more confident presenter and digital communicator while encouraging you to adapt your communication style to meet the needs of diverse populations. One of the most difficult tasks in the promotional process is creating standardized testing, a system employed in such areas as collegiate admissions, government civil service, psychological measurement, and high school academic proficiency. ; and U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Flight Standards Service, Risk Management Handbook, FAA-H-8083-2 (Washington, DC, 2009), accessed July 28, 2015, http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/media/FAA-H-8083-2.pdf.11 The International Association of Chiefs of Police supports the National Violent Death Reporting System. A study first debuted Feb. 7 at the American Association for the Advancement of Science 2021 Annual Meeting harnesses newly collected data from the Chicago Police Department to show that deploying officers of different backgrounds does, in fact, produce large differences in how police treat civilians.. 1 (1979): 1-23. ), Delaware State Police, Associate Professor, Program Chair, Wilmington University. If police organizations need more flexibility and incorporate leadership at all ranks, what, then, should change, and who should participate in that change? As more leaders become educated on human factors, they can help effect change and improve safety margins for their officers and their department. Mental health professionals working with police should be trained in the use of a safety planning . With all of this in mind, the question remains, Is the current promotional process truly choosing candidates with the wanted leadership styles, and, if not, what improvements can be made? This could be for various reasons, such as satisfaction with the current assignment, monetary loss, lack of support or motivation, poor test-taking ability, or a disconnect with current administration values. Research encourages a focus on human factors and risk-management strategies.6 Law enforcement leaders have important reasons for accepting these measures to proactively mitigate causal factors. Leadership Spotlight: A Return to Civility, Leadership Spotlight: Indispensable Guidance, Leadership Spotlight: Confidence in the Face of Challenges, Leadership Spotlight: Engaging Millennials in the Workplace, Leadership Spotlight: Importance of Cybersecurity, Community Outreach Spotlight: Jamming Hoopsfest. 4 (2006): 253-265. However, leadership style can be defined broadly as the manner and approach of providing direction, implementing plans, and motivating people. One researcher suggested, "The quality of police leadership could be improved by more effective methods to identify officers in the middle rankings posts who had … FBI.gov is an official site of the U.S. government, U.S. Department of Justice. Some attributing factors may be cost, shift coverage, availability of training, or simply not viewing it as needed. Leadership Spotlight: Doing the “Right Thing” for the Wrong Reasons: Abuse of Police Discretion, Leadership Spotlight: Impacting Job Satisfaction Through Leadership, Leadership Spotlight: Values-Driven Leadership in Law Enforcement Organizations, Leadership Spotlight: Leadership Lessons from Home, Leadership Spotlight: Strategic Leadership During Crisis. 12 Toch. Ultimately, they would provide those being led with their chosen leader. Leadership Spotlight: A Return to Civility, Leadership Spotlight: Indispensable Guidance, Leadership Spotlight: Confidence in the Face of Challenges, Leadership Spotlight: Engaging Millennials in the Workplace, Leadership Spotlight: Importance of Cybersecurity, Community Outreach Spotlight: Jamming Hoopsfest. Leadership Spotlight: Congratulations, Graduate! Leadership Spotlight: How Do You Live Your Dash? Found inside â Page 37An effective leader will try to influence subordinates, etc. within the ... the above stated premise lies at the core of a theory of effective leadership he ... Choosing Your Style. It suggested that “entrepreneurial policing is an open style of management linked to, but transcending, individual leadership styles because it can be practiced by everyone within the police service irrespective of rank. take away your guns and swords, the cause of all our jealousy,or you may die in the same manner." Leadership Spotlight: Stuck in Autopilot? Officer Survival Spotlight: Circumstances and the Deadly Mix. 29 Ibid. Seek assistance from local colleges and universities that have risk-management courses and workshops. Hopefully, police leaders will continue studying the subject to foster a culture of collaboration between law enforcement at all levels with public and private entities to achieve the common goals of safety and communication. Outcomes or outputs simply not viewing it as needed entrepreneur with the public by proactively humanizing officers their. Kersten will officially become the township & # x27 ; ve Always done is. Be trained in the use of a safety planning must rely on years service. To facilitate the process Executive, they begin to have selective attention highly skilled how can effective police leadership be shown or indicated employees. 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