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</html>";s:4:"text";s:37222:"That was in March. [109][110] The supposed house of his birth, the Elbridge Gerry House (it is uncertain whether he was born in the house currently standing on the site or an earlier structure) stands in Marblehead, and that town's Elbridge Gerry School is named in his honor. Elbridge T. Gerry, Jr. is Limited . Redrawing the lines -- almost 200 years of gerrymandering. [22], Gerry was convinced to rejoin the Confederation Congress in 1783, when the state legislature agreed to support his call for needed reforms. After he declined, the Republican caucus turned to the 67-year-old Gerry, a choice that Madison approved despite Albert Gallatin's prediction that the Massachusetts patriot "would give us as much trouble as our late Vice-President." [58], Gerry joined co-commissioners Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and John Marshall in France in October 1797, and met briefly with Foreign Minister Talleyrand. [2] Gerry's parents had 11 children in all, although only five survived to adulthood. Ironically for today's partisan political world, Governor Gerry was a member of the Democratic-Republican Party (the opposing party at the time was the Federalists). Gerry, who replaced Clinton as the Republican vice-presidential nominee in the 1812 election, was a vice president more to Madison's liking. Gerrymandering - the drawing of Congressional district boundaries to achieve single-party dominance within a state by concentrating a party's voting power within certain districts while diluting the opposing party's voting power in others 2 - is a time-honored tradition in American politics, but in recent years has been raised to new . MEZÕ, FERENC (2003): A politikai földrajz . unless clearly stated otherwise. educational' process. A former ship's captain who emigrated from England in 1730, Thomas Gerry was a pillar of the Marblehead community, serving as a justice of the peace and selectman and as moderator of the town meeting. Although he was unsuccessful in obtaining them for the lower house of Congress, Gerry did obtain such indirect elections for the Senate, whose members were to be selected by the state legislatures. 3. alvinpnglnn. Elbridge Gerry was born on 17 July 1744 in Marblehead . Heavily in debt after cosigning a note for a brother who defaulted on his obligation, and saddled with the expenses of a large family, Gerry asked President James Madison to appoint him collector of customs at Boston. October 17, 1787. ELBRIDGE GERRY, the eighth governor of Massachusetts, was born in Marblehead, Massachusetts on July 17, 1744. Inspector General | Legal | Accessibility | External Link Disclaimer | USA.gov, Encyclopedia of the American Revolution: Library of Military History, critical of James Madison’s foreign policy. The son of a wealthy shipping magnate, Elbridge Gerry was born in Marblehead, Massachusetts, in 1744. If you’re interested in learning more about modern gerrymandering and the law, here is a shortlist of some of our recent holdings, and a map of Essex County: KF4905.B85 2010 Bullock, Charles S., 1942- Redistricting: the most political activity in America. But Massachusetts voted against him again. [6] However, an incident of mob action prompted him to resign from the committee the next year. He married Ann Thompson (1763-1849) 12 January 1786 in New York City, New York, United States. "[16] He was implicated as a member of the so-called "Conway Cabal", a group of Congressmen and military officers who were dissatisfied with the performance of General George Washington during the 1777 military campaign. Fearful as he was about the new Constitution, Gerry was equally worried that "anarchy may ensue" if the states failed to ratify it. Gerry ultimately decided that, as "a war existed and had produced a special session of Congress," he was "differently circumstanced from any of his predecessors, and was under an obligation to remain in the Chair until the important business of the session was finished." Elbridge Gerry was born in Marblehead, Massachusetts, on July 17, 1744. . [38], One consequence of the furor over his letter was that he was not selected as a delegate to the Massachusetts ratifying convention[39] although he was later invited to attend by the convention's leadership. Six amendments: how and why we should change the Constitution. His education was attained at Harvard University, where he graduated in 1762. Found inside – Page 153Samuel E. Morison , " Elbridge Gerry , Gentleman - Democrat , " New England Quarterly 2 ( 1929 ) : 6-33 focuses strongly on Gerry's political oscillations , whereas Billias , Elbridge Gerry points out the principal continuities in ... [92] He is buried in the Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C.,[93] with a memorial by John Frazee. of a new salamander-shaped political district that he had "gerrymandered" to favor his political party. Born at Marblehead, Massachusetts in 1744, he entered Harvard University at age 14, graduating with a Master's Degree in 1765 at age 20. Gerrymandering is a current political topic today; as always, it is usually initiated by the incumbents to retain or increase their power. The cases before the court involved a practice in which districts are drawn to favor one person, one political party, or one class of people. He was also a leader of the American . To gerrymander is to draw the boundaries of electoral districts in an irregular way so as to create an unfair advantage for a particular political party or faction. Email a Senate historian. Redistricting: the most political activity in America. Elbridge Gerry is remembered today for his controversial attempt as governor to draw congressional districts in Massachusetts to the advantage of his party. ” The redistricting authorized by Gerry won 29 seats for the his Republican party, whereas the Federalists won a puny 11 seats. As a Democratic-Republican he served as the fifth vice president of the United States under President James Madison from March 1813 until his death in November 1814. The Federalist press responded to this plan with cartoon figures of a salamander-shaped election district—the "Gerrymander"—adding to the American political lexicon a term that is still used to connote an irregularly shaped district created by legislative fiat to benefit a particular party, politician, or other group. [52] He used the floor of the House to speak out against aristocratic and monarchical tendencies he saw as threats to republican ideals, and generally opposed laws and their provisions that he perceived as limiting individual and state liberties. Add a comment. A political cartoon from 1812 criticizing Massachusetts state senate electoral districts drawn by the legislature to favor candidates in Governor Elbridge Gerry's party. We further reserve the right, in our sole discretion, to remove a user's The first “gerrymander” was drawn on a map and signed into law on February 11, 1812. Gerrymander definition, the dividing of a state, county, etc., into election districts so as to give one political party a majority in many districts while concentrating the voting strength of the other party into as few districts as possible. He was also a leader of the American . Congressman from Maine from 1849 to 1851. The vice presidency had been vacant for nearly a year by the time Elbridge Gerry took office as the nation's fifth vice president on March 4, 1813. "[50], Gerry vigorously supported Alexander Hamilton's reports on public credit, including the assumption at full value of state debts, and supported Hamilton's new Bank of the United States, positions consistent with earlier calls he had made for economic centralization. He opposed any attempt to give officers of the executive significant powers, specifically opposing establishment of the Treasury Department because its head might gain more power than the President. The president was such an inept commander in chief that even his loyal ally, House Speaker Henry Clay of Kentucky, considered him "wholly unfit for the storms of War." Elbridge Thomas Gerry (i; July 17, 1744 (O.S. MÉSZÁROS, JÓZSEF - SOLYMOSI, NORBERT - SPEISER, FERENC (2007): Spatial distribution of political parties in Hungary 1990-2006. But, like Clinton, Gerry would die in office before the end of his term, leaving Madison—and the nation—once again without a vice president. Elbridge Gerry did run for reelection as Massachusetts governor in 1812 and lost to Caleb Strong. * Gerry’s district of Essex was a particularly odd shape, long on one side and curved along the north end. Ultimately, these Republicans joined with Federalists to defeat the nomination by a vote of 18 to 17. Elbridge Gerry is remembered today for his controversial attempt as governor to draw congressional districts in Massachusetts to the advantage of his party. 37- References Part 2.pdf. America on the Brink is an important contribution to our understanding of the founding of the American federal republic. Buel's fine book represents political history at its very best. As one of the town's leading merchants and Patriots, Gerry played a major role in ensuring the storage and delivery of supplies from Marblehead to Boston, interrupting those activities only to care for his dying father. Privacy Policy | Nevertheless, Gerry is forever tied to an important concept in American legal history. After working in the family's shipping business for a number of years, Gerry switched careers and entered into politics. In 1787 he purchased the Cambridge, Massachusetts estate of the last royal lieutenant governor of Massachusetts, Thomas Oliver, which had been confiscated by the state. ", Gerry was elected to the second Continental Congress in December 1775, serving until 1780 and again from 1783 to 1785. Gerry created the metaphorical salamander to reshape voting districts and ensure his own election and re-election and that of loyal political office holders. Elbridge Gerry. However, Gerry took Pennsylvania leader Thomas Mifflin, one of Washington's critics, to task early in the episode, and specifically denied knowledge of any sort of conspiracy against Washington in February 1778. [21] He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1781. For the first time, by focusing closely on the dynamic give-and-take at the Constitutional Convention, Ray Raphael reveals how politics and personalities cobbled together a lasting, but flawed, executive office. [43] Following its ratification, Gerry recanted his opposition to the Constitution, noting that a number of other state ratifying conventions had called for amendments that he supported. But, unlike many of his fellow merchants, he refused to take excessive profits from wartime commerce, explaining that he would "prefer any Loss to the least Misunderstanding with the public relative of Interest. The lines of these districts gave Gerry's party an advantage in the upcoming election. As a member of that favored class, he considered public service a responsibility, not an opportunity for personal or financial gain. July 09, 1788. Contact | Upset that the Federalist Party was critical of James Madison’s foreign policy, Gerry signed the reapportioning plan that heavily favored his Republican party. Gerrymander definition is - the act or method of gerrymandering. Oration on the Fourth of July 1788. The first " gerrymander " was drawn on a map and signed into law on February 11, 1812. As a Democratic-Republican he was selected as the fifth Vice President of the United States (1813-1814), serving under James Madison. He is the only signatory of the Declaration of Independence buried in Washington, D.C. Elbridge Gerry was born on July 17, 1744, in Marblehead, Massachusetts. Charles A. Goodrich, 1856, A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825, Delegates to the Constitutional Convention: Massachusetts, Elbridge Gerry, the Unfairly Maligned Revolutionary, Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district, Physical history of the Declaration of Independence, Members of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts, Faceted Application of Subject Terminology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elbridge_Gerry&oldid=1043567962, 19th-century vice presidents of the United States, 1812 United States vice-presidential candidates, Continental Congressmen from Massachusetts, Democratic-Republican Party state governors of the United States, Democratic-Republican Party vice presidents of the United States, Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts, Politicians from Cambridge, Massachusetts, Signers of the United States Declaration of Independence, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Short description is different from Wikidata, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2019, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, James Thompson Gerry (1797–1854), who left, This page was last edited on 10 September 2021, at 19:24. [37] Strong pro-Constitution forces attacked him in the press, comparing him unfavorably to the Shaysites. Found insideAttacking Adams and recommending Charles Cotesworth Pinckney as the Federalist candidate in 1800. [27] In its deliberations, he consistently advocated for a strong delineation between state and federal government powers, with state legislatures shaping the membership of federal government positions. [60] Some days after that meeting, the delegation was approached by three French agents (at first identified as "X", "Y", and "Z" in published papers, leading the controversy to be called the "XYZ Affair") who demanded substantial bribes from the commissioners before negotiations could continue. He had recently suffered a stroke, and old age had so withered his slight physique that one observer likened his appearance to that of a "scant-patterned old skeleton of a French Barber." This "Gerry-Mander" cartoon first appeared in the Boston Gazette, March 26, 1812, and was quickly reprinted in Federalist newspapers in Salem and Boston. [28], He supported the idea that the Senate composition should not be determined by population; the view that it should instead be composed of equal numbers of members for each state prevailed in the Connecticut Compromise. KF4905 .R39 2010 The realist’s guide to redistricting: avoiding the legal pitfalls. and threatened the proprietors' other properties. Gerry spent the summer of 1814 in Massachusetts, awaiting news of the war effort from Madison. Read our In this provocative set of essays, John Bookman delves beneath the transitory issues of the day to identify and respond to the fundamental, perennial questions of American politics. [56] During Adams' term in office, Gerry maintained good relations with both Adams and Vice President Thomas Jefferson, hoping that the divided executive might lead to less friction. Gerry signed both the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation. [62] Believing Gerry to be the most approachable of the commissioners, Talleyrand successively froze first Pinckney and then Marshall out of the informal negotiations, and they left France in April 1798. The political practice of gerrymandering is named after him. He advocated a more civilian-controlled military. Upset that the Federalist Party was critical of . Gerry's inaugural address, an extended oration condemning the British and praising Madison, was unusual in content and length. He was influential in convincing a number of delegates to support passage of the United States Declaration of Independence in the debates held during the summer of 1776; John Adams wrote of him, "If every Man here was a Gerry, the Liberties of America would be safe against the Gates of Earth and Hell. Governor (and future vice president) Elbridge Gerry signed off on his party's redistricting plan in February, unwittingly cementing his place in the United States lexicon of underhanded . [89] Gerry's actions in support of the War of 1812 had a partisan edge: he expressed concerns over a possible Federalist seizure of Fort Adams (as Boston's Fort Independence was then known) as a prelude to Anglo-Federalist cooperation, and sought the arrest of printers of Federalist newspapers.[90]. The word itself is a portmanteau word, that is, a word made . He hoped he should not violate that respect in declaring on this occasion his fears that a civil war may result from the present crisis of the U.S. Gerry objected to several provisions in the new Constitution, including the language in Article I, section 3, specifying that "The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate." He also helped write our Constitution, but he didn't sign it. Political parties can use tactic to . This is the first full-length biography of Rufus King. His great-grandson, Peter G. Gerry (1879–1957), was a member of the US House of Representatives and later a US Senator from Rhode Island. [71] In 1803 Republicans in the state were divided, and Gerry only had regional support of the party. If he was, as his biographer George Athan Billias admits, a "second rank figure" in a body that included such luminaries as Thomas Jefferson and John and Samuel Adams, he was also a diligent legislator. Usage Policy | Chosen by the party as its vice presidential candidate in the 1812 election, Gerry served for only a year and a half of his term before dying. However, infighting within the party and a shortage of qualified candidates played against Gerry, and the Federalists scored points by complaining vocally about the partisan nature of the reforms. He found the capital much changed when he returned in the fall; British troops had burned most of the city's public buildings, including the Capitol, and the Senate would meet in temporary quarters for the remainder of his term. Term coined after Massachusetts Gov. The future vice president played a limited role in the resistance movement until the spring of 1770, when he served on a local committee to enforce the ban on the sale and consumption of tea. Gerry would ultimately not sign the final draft of the constitution because it allowed for slavery.[32]. Indeed, "gerrymandering" is a common political tactic today and undeniably part of Gerry's legacy. Breaking with the precedent established by John Adams, Gerry therefore refused to vacate the chair, presiding over the Senate until the first session of the 13th Congress adjourned on August 2, 1813. Of Massachusetts's 22 electors, only 2 voted for Gerry and none voted for Madison. [59] Adams chose Gerry, over his cabinet's opposition (on political grounds that Gerry was insufficiently Federalist), because of their long-standing relationship; Adams described Gerry as one of the "two most impartial men in America" (Adams himself being the other). [1][4] Gerry's father, who had emigrated from England in 1730, was active in local politics and had a leading role in the local militia. On Sunday, to spread awareness of gerrymandering and inspire congressional district reform, a coalition of political groups hosted a birthday party for Elbridge Gerry, who would turn 274 years old . LIBRARY OF CONGRESS The process of dividing a particular state or territory into election districts in such a manner as to accomplish an unlawful purpose . (RNC) is a U.S. political committee that provides national leadership for the Republican Party of the United States. Elbridge Gerry was born 17 July 1744 in Marblehead, Essex County, Massachusetts, United States to Thomas Gerry (1702-) and Elizabeth Greenleaf (1716-1755) and died 23 November 1814 Washington, District of Columbia, United States of unspecified causes. He is known best for being the namesake of gerrymandering, a process by . You are fully "This book is a scholarly introduction for the general reader on the most important political actors and documents of the American revolutionary era that shaped Abraham Lincoln's politics"-- He became seriously ill in late November 1814, retiring early on the evening of November 22 and complaining of chest pains the next morning. Elbridge Gerry, then governor of Massachusetts, signed into law a redistricting plan designed to keep his political party in power in the upcoming election. Lu provides a compelling narrative about the connection between inclusive political systems and open access economies, hypothesizing that entry into banking was firstly made upon partisan grounds before later becoming open access/free entry ... Found insideTHE INSTITUTE FOR POLITICAL INNOVATION The authors will donate all royalties from the sale of this book to the Institute for Political Innovation. But, he now admitted, he could have accepted this provision and others that he found troubling had the Constitution not granted Congress such sweeping powers. [87] He was chosen by the party Congressional nominating caucus to be Madison's vice presidential running mate in the 1812 presidential election, although the nomination was first offered to John Langdon. Elbridge Gerry. "We might as well put the President himself at the head of the Legislature," he had argued. Content Responsibility | But, as correctly noted earlier in the post, Gerry was the Governor, not a state representative. It was seen by French leaders as signs of an Anglo-American alliance, and France had consequently stepped up seizures of American ships. [88] At that time the office of vice president was largely a sinecure; Gerry's duties included advancing the administration's agenda in Congress and dispensing patronage positions in New England. Like many of his fellow scholars, he paid careful attention to the imperial crisis that would eventually precipitate the American Revolution, arguing in his master's thesis that the colonists were justified in their resistance to "the new Prohibitory Duties, which make it useless for the People to engage in Commerce. An artist added … The catch? Standing Committees. Henry Jackson was particularly vicious: "[Gerry has] done more injury to this country by that infamous Letter than he will be able to make atonement in his whole life",[36] and Oliver Ellsworth, a convention delegate from Connecticut, charged him with deliberately courting the Shays faction. This act is intended to set new boundaries of electoral districts in favor of specific political parties. "[S]everal gentlemen of the Senate had intimated a wish that he would retire from the Chair two or three weeks before the time of adjournment, and would thus give to the Senate an opportunity for choosing a President pro tempore," he later explained, but "other gentlemen expressed a contrary desire, and thought that the President should remain in the Chair, and adjourn the Senate." [77][78], Gerry's first year as governor was less controversial than his second, because the Federalists controlled the state senate. The updated second edition pays special attention to the significant redistricting controversies of the last decade, from the Supreme Court to state courts. Found insideThis book considers the political and constitutional consequences of Vieth v. During his second term, the legislature approved new state senate districts that led to the coining of the word "gerrymander"; he lost the next election, although the state senate remained Democratic-Republican. The lines of these districts gave Gerry's party an advantage in the upcoming election. It was not until 1800 that he would formally associate with the Democratic-Republicans in opposition to what he saw as attempts by the Federalists to centralize too much power in the national government. "[35], During the ratification debates that took place in the states following the convention, Gerry continued his opposition, publishing a widely circulated letter documenting his objections to the proposed constitution. Gerry also advanced numerous proposals for indirect elections of the President of the United States, most of them involving limiting the right to vote to the state governors and electors. [57], President Adams appointed Gerry to be a member of a special diplomatic commission sent to Republican France in 1797. Includes extensive correspondence between Elbridge Gerry and others. When gerrymandering is taught in U.S. history classes, it is likely students will be shown a picture of the original political cartoon drawn by Elkanah Tisdale for the Gazette and held here at the Library of Congress. Found insideEach dispute bears in some way on the broader story of the emerging nation. A member of the moderate bloc—he was neither an extreme nationalist nor a committed states' rights advocate—he acted as a conciliator during the first phases of the convention. Instead, they supported a resolution ordering Madison to inform the Senate whether Gallatin would retain his cabinet post (and, if so, who would serve in his absence). Found insideErik J. Engstrom offers a historical perspective on the effects of gerrymandering on elections and party control of the U.S. national legislature. [73], Republican James Sullivan won the governor's seat from Strong in 1807, but his successor was unable to hold the seat in the 1809 election, which went to Federalist Christopher Gore. It says ” Gerry did not win the 1812 election for his home district despite the reapportionment.”. To give his party unfair political advantage is the reason Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts redrew the Congressional districts in his state. Gerry thereafter became a Democratic-Republican, running unsuccessfully for Governor of Massachusetts several times before winning the office in 1810. His predecessor, George Clinton, an uncompromising "Old Republican" with frustrated presidential ambitions, had died in office on April 20, 1812. This answer has been confirmed as correct and helpful. Gerry and other prominent Marbleheaders had established a hospital for performing smallpox inoculations on Cat Island; because the means of transmission of the disease were not known at the time, fears amongst the local population led to protests which escalated into violence that wrecked the facilities[which?] Madison was voted as president and Elbridge Gerry was sworn into office in March 1813. He won his first election to the Massachusetts […] Young Elbridge was probably educated by a private tutor before his admission to Harvard College in 1758. His path through the politics of the age has been difficult to characterize. )[11] During the Siege of Boston that followed, Gerry continued to take a leading role in supplying the nascent Continental Army, something he would continue to do as the war progressed. 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