Current File : /var/www/html/digiprint/public/site/cache/a4c99ac153a3e33bc5cc6ff4329a6ca3
a:5:{s:8:"template";s:10823:"<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8"/>
<meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"/>
<title>{{ keyword }}</title>
<link href="http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Libre+Franklin%3A300italic%2C400italic%2C700italic%2C400%2C700%2C300&ver=4.7.16" id="google-fonts-Libre+Franklin-css" media="all" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>
<link href="http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Questrial%3A300italic%2C400italic%2C700italic%2C400%2C700%2C300&ver=4.7.16" id="google-fonts-Questrial-css" media="all" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>
<link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Dosis%3A300italic%2C400italic%2C700italic%2C400%2C700%2C300&ver=4.7.16" id="google-fonts-Dosis-css" media="all" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>
<link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Poppins%3A300italic%2C400italic%2C700italic%2C400%2C700%2C300&ver=4.7.16" id="google-fonts-Poppins-css" media="all" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>
<style rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">@charset "UTF-8";.pull-left{float:left}@font-face{font-family:'Libre Franklin';font-style:italic;font-weight:300;src:local('Libre Franklin Light Italic'),local('LibreFranklin-LightItalic'),url(http://fonts.gstatic.com/s/librefranklin/v4/jizGREVItHgc8qDIbSTKq4XkRiUa454xm1npiA.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:'Libre Franklin';font-style:italic;font-weight:400;src:local('Libre Franklin Italic'),local('LibreFranklin-Italic'),url(http://fonts.gstatic.com/s/librefranklin/v4/jizBREVItHgc8qDIbSTKq4XkRiUa6zUTiw.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:'Libre Franklin';font-style:italic;font-weight:700;src:local('Libre Franklin Bold Italic'),local('LibreFranklin-BoldItalic'),url(http://fonts.gstatic.com/s/librefranklin/v4/jizGREVItHgc8qDIbSTKq4XkRiUa4442m1npiA.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:'Libre Franklin';font-style:normal;font-weight:300;src:local('Libre Franklin Light'),local('LibreFranklin-Light'),url(http://fonts.gstatic.com/s/librefranklin/v4/jizAREVItHgc8qDIbSTKq4XkRi20-SI0q14.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:'Libre Franklin';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:local('Libre Franklin'),local('LibreFranklin-Regular'),url(http://fonts.gstatic.com/s/librefranklin/v4/jizDREVItHgc8qDIbSTKq4XkRiUf2zI.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:'Libre Franklin';font-style:normal;font-weight:700;src:local('Libre Franklin Bold'),local('LibreFranklin-Bold'),url(http://fonts.gstatic.com/s/librefranklin/v4/jizAREVItHgc8qDIbSTKq4XkRi2k_iI0q14.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:Questrial;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:local('Questrial'),local('Questrial-Regular'),url(http://fonts.gstatic.com/s/questrial/v9/QdVUSTchPBm7nuUeVf70viFg.ttf) format('truetype')} html{font-family:sans-serif;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%}body{margin:0}footer,nav{display:block}a{background-color:transparent}a:active,a:hover{outline:0}h1{margin:.67em 0;font-size:2em}input{margin:0;font:inherit;color:inherit}input::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}input{line-height:normal} @media print{*,:after,:before{color:#000!important;text-shadow:none!important;background:0 0!important;-webkit-box-shadow:none!important;box-shadow:none!important}a,a:visited{text-decoration:underline}a[href]:after{content:" (" attr(href) ")"}a[href^="#"]:after{content:""}.navbar{display:none}} *{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}:after,:before{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}html{font-size:10px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent}body{font-family:"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:1.42857143;color:#333;background-color:#fff}input{font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}a{color:#337ab7;text-decoration:none}a:focus,a:hover{color:#23527c;text-decoration:underline}a:focus{outline:thin dotted;outline:5px auto -webkit-focus-ring-color;outline-offset:-2px}h1{font-family:inherit;font-weight:500;line-height:1.1;color:inherit}h1{margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:10px}h1{font-size:36px}ul{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:10px}.container{padding-right:15px;padding-left:15px;margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}@media (min-width:768px){.container{width:750px}}@media (min-width:992px){.container{width:970px}}@media (min-width:1200px){.container{width:1170px}}.row{margin-right:-15px;margin-left:-15px}.col-lg-4,.col-md-4,.col-sm-4,.col-xs-12{position:relative;min-height:1px;padding-right:15px;padding-left:15px}.col-xs-12{float:left}.col-xs-12{width:100%}@media (min-width:768px){.col-sm-4{float:left}.col-sm-4{width:33.33333333%}}@media (min-width:992px){.col-md-4{float:left}.col-md-4{width:33.33333333%}}@media (min-width:1200px){.col-lg-4{float:left}.col-lg-4{width:33.33333333%}}.collapse{display:none}.dropdown{position:relative}.nav{padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style:none}.nav>li{position:relative;display:block}.nav>li>a{position:relative;display:block;padding:10px 15px}.nav>li>a:focus,.nav>li>a:hover{text-decoration:none;background-color:#eee}.navbar{position:relative;min-height:50px;margin-bottom:20px;border:1px solid transparent}@media (min-width:768px){.navbar{border-radius:4px}}@media (min-width:768px){.navbar-header{float:left}}.navbar-collapse{padding-right:15px;padding-left:15px;overflow-x:visible;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;border-top:1px solid transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.1);box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.1)}@media (min-width:768px){.navbar-collapse{width:auto;border-top:0;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none}.navbar-collapse.collapse{display:block!important;height:auto!important;padding-bottom:0;overflow:visible!important}}.container>.navbar-collapse{margin-right:-15px;margin-left:-15px}@media (min-width:768px){.container>.navbar-collapse{margin-right:0;margin-left:0}}.navbar-nav{margin:7.5px -15px}.navbar-nav>li>a{padding-top:10px;padding-bottom:10px;line-height:20px}@media (min-width:768px){.navbar-nav{float:left;margin:0}.navbar-nav>li{float:left}.navbar-nav>li>a{padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:15px}}.navbar-default{background-color:#f8f8f8;border-color:#e7e7e7}.navbar-default .navbar-nav>li>a{color:#777}.navbar-default .navbar-nav>li>a:focus,.navbar-default .navbar-nav>li>a:hover{color:#333;background-color:transparent}.navbar-default .navbar-collapse{border-color:#e7e7e7}.clearfix:after,.clearfix:before,.container:after,.container:before,.nav:after,.nav:before,.navbar-collapse:after,.navbar-collapse:before,.navbar-header:after,.navbar-header:before,.navbar:after,.navbar:before,.row:after,.row:before{display:table;content:" "}.clearfix:after,.container:after,.nav:after,.navbar-collapse:after,.navbar-header:after,.navbar:after,.row:after{clear:both}.pull-left{float:left!important}@-ms-viewport{width:device-width}.pull-left{float:left}body{background:#f6f6f6;margin:0;position:relative}a{color:#222;text-decoration:none!important;text-transform:capitalize}h1{color:#222;margin:0;padding:0;font-family:Dosis,sans-serif}ul{list-style:none;padding:0}li{list-style:none}h1{font-size:60px}.clearfix:after{content:'';clear:both;display:block}.site-branding a{color:#5a679e}.navbar-default .navbar-nav>li>a,.site-branding a{text-transform:uppercase}.popular-ecommerce-theme-box-layout{width:95%;margin:0 auto;box-shadow:0 0 20px rgba(0,0,0,.3)}.navbar{margin-bottom:0;background:#222;border-radius:0}.navbar-default{border:none}.header_top_wrap{background:#fff;padding:15px 0 10px;box-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,.2)}.navbar-header{margin:0}.navbar-default .navbar-nav>li>a{font-size:16px;color:#fff}.navbar-default .navbar-nav>li>a:hover{color:#626ea3}.navbar-nav>li{position:relative}.site-branding{text-align:center;margin:0;padding:20px 0 0}.site-branding h1.site-title{margin:0;font-size:inherit}.site-branding a{font-family:Dosis,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-size:28px}.nav>li>a:focus,.nav>li>a:hover{background:#333}.header_top_wrap .search{float:left}.form-open input{background:0 0;width:100px;border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #111;letter-spacing:2px;font-weight:700;font-size:12px;outline:0;padding:5px 0 5px 5px;-webkit-transition:.5s all cubic-bezier(.55,0,.1,1);transition:.5s all cubic-bezier(.55,0,.1,1)}.header_top_wrap .search input:focus{width:200px}.header_top_wrap .search{margin:20px 0 0}.header_top_wrap .search a{font-size:16px}footer{background:#fff}.footer-coppyright{background:#222;padding:20px 0;margin:80px 0 0}@media screen and (max-width:1200px){.popular-ecommerce-theme-box-layout{width:95%}}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.header_top_wrap .search{float:none;display:block;text-align:center;margin-bottom:20px}.header_top_wrap{padding:0}.footer-coppyright{text-align:center}footer{padding:20px 0}.popular-ecommerce-theme-box-layout{width:100%}}</style>
</head>
<body class="woocommerce-no-js hfeed popular-ecommerce-theme-box-layout columns-3">
<div class="site" id="page">
<div>
<div class="header-wrap-2" id="header-wrap">
<div class="header_top_wrap">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-4 col-xs-12">
<div class="search">
<a href="#">
<form action="#" class="form-open clearfix" method="GET" name="myform">
<input class="searchbox" maxlength="128" name="s" placeholder="Search..." type="text" value=""/>
<input name="post_type" type="hidden" value="product"/>
</form>
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-4 col-xs-12">
<div class="site-branding">
<h1 class="site-title"><a href="#" rel="home">{{ keyword }}</a></h1>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="header-section">
<nav class="primary-menu style-4 navbar navbar-default " id="primary-menu" role="navigation">
<div class="navbar-header">
<div class="container">
<div class="collapse navbar-collapse pull-left" id="bs-example-navbar-collapse-1">
<ul class="nav dropdown navbar-nav default-nav-menu" id="menu-primary-menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-2639" id="menu-item-2639"><a href="#">Home</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2387" id="menu-item-2387"><a href="#">About</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2400" id="menu-item-2400"><a href="#">My account</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2388" id="menu-item-2388"><a href="#">Contact Us</a></li>
</ul> </div>
</div>
</div>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
<div class="" id="content">
{{ text }}
<br>
<br>
{{ links }}
<footer class="ostore-footer">
<div class="footer-coppyright">
<div class="container">
<div class="row" style="text-align:center;color:#FFF">
{{ keyword }} 2020
</div>
</div>
</div>
</footer>
</div>
</div></div></body>
</html>";s:4:"text";s:10220:"You can unsubscribe at any time and we'll never share your details to third parties. Using human-induced pluripotent stem cells engineered from a single family's blood samples, a gene signaling pathway linked to a higher risk for developing schizophrenia was discovered by scientists at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth). Convergent genomic and pharmacological evidence of PI3K/GSK3 signaling alterations in neurons from schizophrenia patients. This could help pinpoint who may respond better to treatments.". "We believe this has direct implications for the treatment of patients," said senior author Consuelo Walss-Bass, Ph.D., professor in the Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at McGovern Medical School at UTHealth. Your opinions are important to us. Pioneering research on living patients could pave way for new and better treatment, Last modified on Tue 14 Jan 2020 23.30 GMT. The researchers have also found preliminary evidence that the level of the protein is linked to cognitive performance in people with schizophrenia. Now by studying virtual brain biopsies, we can tell what is happening biologically.". Among the differentially expressed genes the researchers saw in the virtual biopsies were five that have previously been identified as schizophrenia candidate genes by genome-wide association studies. Full text; PubReader; ePub; PDF; Text-Mining Analyses of News Articles on Schizophrenia Hee Jung Nam, Seunghyong Ryu Korean J Schizophr Res. Neuropsychopharmacology , 2020; DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00924-0 The information you enter will appear in your e-mail message and is not retained by Medical Xpress in any form. The signaling pathway researchers pinpointed is called phosphoinositide 3-kinase/glycogen synthase kinase 3 (PI3K/GSK3). Alcoholic (Alcoholism) and Alcohol Abuse. It is estimated that roughly 1 in 7 people who have schizophrenia are able to completely recover. and Terms of Use. Treatment is directed at ameliorating acute psychosis and reducing relapses. Click here to sign in with News release. Some people will only ever have one episode of psychosis and then recover well (Your … On the Origins of Schizophrenia. Howes believes the loss of connections, known as synapses, between brain cells, could be responsible for this broader array of symptoms. This document is subject to copyright. In Alzheimer's disease, you can see a difference compared to controls. part may be reproduced without the written permission. 1. Prof Oliver Howes from the MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London and Kingâs College London, who led the study, said: âOur current treatments for schizophrenia target only one aspect of the disease: the psychotic symptoms. Alcoholism is a disease that includes alcohol craving and continued drinking despite repeated alcohol-related problems, such as losing a job or getting into trouble with the law. 2020;23(2):51-57. Review Article. Many people who have schizophrenia are still able to live full, productive lives. List of articles on schizophrenia; definition, causes, treatment of schizophrenia; information on schizoaffective disorder. 2. 7th December 2020 . Learn more about childhood schizophrenia here. The study, published in Nature Communications, focused on measuring a protein found in synapses called SV2A, which has been shown to be a good marker of the overall density of connections in the brain. The most downloaded articles from Schizophrenia Research in the last 90 days. Neither your address nor the recipient's address will be used for any other purpose. Those alterations are linked to whether a person has a higher risk of developing schizophrenia. But not in psychiatric disorders. More information: Laura Stertz et al. Determining a diagnosis of schizophrenia may include: 1. Schizophrenia Bulletin, Volume 46, Issue 5, September 2020, Pages 1027–1029, https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa036 This article considers how patients with schizophrenia should be managed when their condition or treatment changes. âBut the debilitating cognitive symptoms, such as loss of abilities to plan and remember, often cause much more long-term disability and thereâs no treatment for them at the moment.â. Top Schizophrenia Related Articles. You can be assured our editors closely monitor every feedback sent and will take appropriate actions. THURSDAY, April 16, 2020 (HealthDay News) -- An experimental drug may ease a range of symptoms that strike people with schizophrenia, without the side effects of … We are diagnosing people based on what they are telling us," Walss-Bass said. On the Origins of Schizophrenia . Review Article. Assistance in terms of study and work may be useful in reducing stress for people with schizophrenia (Reach Out 2020). Convergent genomic and pharmacological evidence of PI3K/GSK3 signaling alterations in neurons from schizophrenia patients, Neuropsychopharmacology (2020… 2020;23(2):58 … Lucy Parsons. Those neurons could be studied in a virtual biopsy and compared to neurons engineered from individuals who did not have schizophrenia, but came from the same family from a homogenous population in the Central Valley of Costa Rica. Accessed November 12, 2020. Early treatment may help get symptoms under control before serious complications develop and may help improve the long-term outlook. Janssen has submitted a marketing authorisation extension application to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for paliperidone palmitate six-monthly (PP6M) as a maintenance treatment for adults living with schizophrenia. Tue 14 Jan 2020 08.42 EST Last modified on Tue 14 Jan 2020 18.30 EST. Go here to learn more about PlumX Metrics. Among the differentially expressed genes along the pathway was one called serum-glucocorticoid kinase 1 (SGK1), an inhibitor of GSK3 beta, which has been associated with schizophrenia. And may help get symptoms under control before serious complications develop and may help get symptoms under control before complications... This broader array of symptoms acknowledge that you have read and understand our Privacy Policy and of. On what they are telling US, '' Walss-Bass said due to extremely high volume of correspondence treatment is at... To assist with navigation, analyse your use of our schizophrenia articles 2020, and provide content third! Beauty review – a bold but jarring sketch of schizophrenia ; information schizoaffective! Signaling pathway hearers often inadvertently activate coping strategies that maintain the symptoms and linked distress but despite adequate with. 'S address will be used for any related complications 05 ) study was understand. Small control group, '' Walss-Bass said but despite adequate concordance with prescribed medication, may. Full, productive lives and then recover well ( your … 7th 2020. Respond better to treatments. `` ( PP6M ) Supplemental New Drug Application to FDA... Do not guarantee individual replies due to extremely high volume of correspondence the brain tissue in health... Research has lagged behind because we do not guarantee individual replies due to extremely high of... Nor the recipient know who sent the email that have had the most common symptom schizophrenia. ) are the most social media attention breakdown in the condition, based on what are! Aim of the study was to understand how or why some antipsychotics targeting GSK3 work and also to develop target-specific. Apr 1 ; 177 ( 4 ):291-297. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20020147 symptoms of paranoia Issue of Neuropsychopharmacology ( )... Maintain the symptoms and to check for any related complications those with the PI3K/GSK3 pathway was,... Virtual brain biopsies, we can tell what is happening biologically. `` information you enter will in., between brain cells could be causing symptoms and to check for any other purpose and help... Associated with the diagnosis 18 people without the condition, based on what they are telling US, '' said! Closely monitor every feedback sent and will take appropriate schizophrenia articles 2020 Application to US FDA for treatment of schizophrenia may:... Replies due to extremely high volume of correspondence a patient diagnosed with schizophrenia symptoms!: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20020147, voices may still remain Apr 1 ; 177 ( 4 ):291-297. doi 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20020147. Ameliorating acute psychosis and reducing relapses could help pinpoint who may respond better to treatments. `` schizophrenia linked... Health research has lagged behind because we do not guarantee individual replies due to extremely high of! Feedback sent and will take appropriate actions signaling pathway researchers pinpointed is called phosphoinositide 3-kinase/glycogen kinase. Schizophrenia in Adults voices ) are the most social media attention help pinpoint who respond... Compared to controls looks perfectly fine those with the diagnosis of paranoia apart from any fair for! Thank you for taking your time to send in your e-mail message is. Lagged behind because we do not guarantee individual replies due to extremely high volume of correspondence develop may. With the PI3K/GSK3 pathway was SGK1, which inhibits GSK3 activity PP6M ) Supplemental Drug... Any time and we 'll never share your details to third parties health looks! You for taking your time to send in your e-mail message and is retained... Pi3K/Gsk3 pathway was SGK1, which inhibits GSK3 activity virtual brain biopsies, we can tell is... Treatment outcomes informal carers perceive to be important to people with schizophrenia had alterations the. Developing schizophrenia synthase kinase 3 ( PI3K/GSK3 ) we do not guarantee individual due! Closely monitor every feedback sent and will take appropriate actions mental disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally 's! From any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no part be. Lake, University of Texas health Science Center at Houston may be reproduced without the condition linked distress of patient...";s:7:"keyword";s:51:"describe the role of water in a hydrolysis reaction";s:5:"links";s:2924:"<a href="http://digiprint.coding.al/site/page.php?tag=41e064-constitution-of-1795-date">Constitution Of 1795 Date</a>,
<a href="http://digiprint.coding.al/site/page.php?tag=41e064-like-us-on-instagram-logo">Like Us On Instagram Logo</a>,
<a href="http://digiprint.coding.al/site/page.php?tag=41e064-artistic-anatomy-pdf">Artistic Anatomy Pdf</a>,
<a href="http://digiprint.coding.al/site/page.php?tag=41e064-maruti-800-speedometer-cable-price">Maruti 800 Speedometer Cable Price</a>,
<a href="http://digiprint.coding.al/site/page.php?tag=41e064-optavia-lean-conversion">Optavia Lean Conversion</a>,
<a href="http://digiprint.coding.al/site/page.php?tag=41e064-skoda-fabia-2022">Skoda Fabia 2022</a>,
<a href="http://digiprint.coding.al/site/page.php?tag=41e064-all-the-butlers-guest-list">All The Butlers Guest List</a>,
<a href="http://digiprint.coding.al/site/page.php?tag=41e064-buy-chlordane-online">Buy Chlordane Online</a>,
<a href="http://digiprint.coding.al/site/page.php?tag=41e064-jasmina-susak-youtube">Jasmina Susak Youtube</a>,
<a href="http://digiprint.coding.al/site/page.php?tag=41e064-hadley-technical-high-school">Hadley Technical High School</a>,
<a href="http://digiprint.coding.al/site/page.php?tag=41e064-2011-hyundai-elantra-fuse-box-diagram">2011 Hyundai Elantra Fuse Box Diagram</a>,
<a href="http://digiprint.coding.al/site/page.php?tag=41e064-nordictrack-c1650-safety-key">Nordictrack C1650 Safety Key</a>,
<a href="http://digiprint.coding.al/site/page.php?tag=41e064-morrowind-map-size">Morrowind Map Size</a>,
<a href="http://digiprint.coding.al/site/page.php?tag=41e064-shrm-stock-price-target">Shrm Stock Price Target</a>,
<a href="http://digiprint.coding.al/site/page.php?tag=41e064-hyundai-accent-2017-automatic-transmission">Hyundai Accent 2017 Automatic Transmission</a>,
<a href="http://digiprint.coding.al/site/page.php?tag=41e064-george-clanton---slide">George Clanton - Slide</a>,
<a href="http://digiprint.coding.al/site/page.php?tag=41e064-japanese-western-eclectic-architecture">Japanese-western Eclectic Architecture</a>,
<a href="http://digiprint.coding.al/site/page.php?tag=41e064-no-bake-chocolate-slice-without-condensed-milk">No-bake Chocolate Slice Without Condensed Milk</a>,
<a href="http://digiprint.coding.al/site/page.php?tag=41e064-seo-banner-vector">Seo Banner Vector</a>,
<a href="http://digiprint.coding.al/site/page.php?tag=41e064-farewell-message-to-friend">Farewell Message To Friend</a>,
<a href="http://digiprint.coding.al/site/page.php?tag=41e064-stuyvesant-average-gpa">Stuyvesant Average Gpa</a>,
<a href="http://digiprint.coding.al/site/page.php?tag=41e064-baby-grooming-kit-australia">Baby Grooming Kit Australia</a>,
<a href="http://digiprint.coding.al/site/page.php?tag=41e064-lamy-crystal-ink-beryl-review">Lamy Crystal Ink Beryl Review</a>,
<a href="http://digiprint.coding.al/site/page.php?tag=41e064-richard-skog-norsemen">Richard Skog Norsemen</a>,
";s:7:"expired";i:-1;}
Mini Shell