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</html>";s:4:"text";s:40280:"In the Netherlands, between 2013 and 2019, there have been 1,605 euthanasia cases with so-called 'multiple geriatric syndrome' (MGS). Found insideA further point to note is that, while primarily concerned with active voluntary euthanasia, in one category of case Dutch law also permits active ... The Netherlands was the first country in the world to legalize euthanasia and physician . Found inside â Page 919BIBLIOGRAPHY Gomez , Carlos F. Regulating Death : Euthanasia and the Case of the Netherlands . New York : Free Press , 1991 . Hoogerkamp , Gijsbert . A bill has been under debate in the Dutch parliament since last year on legalizing euthanasia for healthy adults over 75 who are tired of living their advanced age, opening a nationwide debate on the contentious issue. Question What are the patient characteristics and circumstances associated with the request for euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide (EAS) in cases of multiple geriatric syndromes as reported in the case summaries of the Dutch Regional Euthanasia Review Committees?. Dutch ethicists Theo Boer and Stef Groenewoud think it's important to show those . Found insideThis book is the first comprehensive report and analysis of the Dutch euthanasia experience over the last three decades. Found inside â Page 12In 1989 , the Dutch Supreme Court heard the case of a physician who gave a lethal injection to a newborn baby with Down s syndrome . âLess than a third of euthanasia requests are granted. The Dutch government wants to avoid the debate by permitting child euthanasia without changing the law (Link). Incidentally, doctors later admitted they had under-reported euthanasia cases, so the following statistics are actually less than what really happened. *Sign and share the Petition opposing child euthanasia in the Netherlands . The Bill was published as HLB 4, session 2004-05 (ISBN 01084188390). This volume contains a selection of the 14,000 personal letters and other submissions received by the Committee with regards to their inquiry into the Bill. These criteria concern the patient's request, the patient's suffering . Dutch euthanasia case: Doctor acted in interest of patient, court rules. A team of ethicists and health scientists from Utrecht University looked into this and published a study the concluded that suffering in old age is not just due to physical problems.. Rather, older people think their life is unbearable when crisis or . CMCM Updated on: Wednesday, May 29, 2019, 11:39 PM IST Euthanasia: Aruna Shanbaug, and 4 other prominent cases in India where mercy killing was sought In total, 6,938 patients died in this manner in the Netherlands last year. Most Dutch psychiatrists—like most other doctors and the Dutch public—disapprove of psychiatric euthanasia. The State Commission on Euthanasia reported that euthanasia should be restricted to cases in which a patient who is "suffering unbearably" expresses a voluntary wish for death. This book is a successor to J Griffiths, A Bood and H Weyers, Euthanasia and Law in the Netherlands (Amsterdam University Press 1998) which was widely praised for its thoroughness, clarity, and accuracy. CNA Staff, Feb 16, 2021 / 08:00 am (CNA).- Euthanasia and assisted suicide cases have risen rapidly in Belgium and the Netherlands since the practices were legalized in 2002, according to a . Euthanasia cases among people with advanced dementia are extremely rare; at the time of last year's trial, there had been fewer than 20 cases since the procedure was legalized in 2002. We understand you need help now with quick essay paper writing and we are at your service, delivering you 100% custom essays. Still, there has been a steady increase, with 83 cases in 2017; the per-capita . Euthanasia carried out by doctors at the request of a patient is only legal in three European countries, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg. Three euthanasia cases involving women with psychiatric conditions and dementia are under investigation in the Netherlands, the Observer can reveal. Euthanasia and assisted suicide cases have risen rapidly in Belgium and the Netherlands since the practices were legalized in 2002, according to a bioethics institute. In a rare series of moves, Dutch authorities are investigating whether doctors may have committed crimes in five euthanasia cases, including the deaths of two women with advanced Alzheimer's disease. Separately, in August, a Dutch doctor will be the first prosecuted for failings, in a 2016 case, in which sedatives were put in a dementia patientâs coffee and her family asked to hold her down when she struggled against the euthanasia injection. âPatients say: I donât want to die, but I cannot live,â she said. Prosecutors confirmed that the deaths, in 2017 . On November 28, the Second Chamber of the Dutch Parliament accepted the proposal for a law regarding legalization of euthanasia and assisted suicide. In 2015, the committees reported that euthanasia accounted for 4.6% of 147,000 Dutch deaths, while 18% of people who died had palliative sedation â such as morphine â as they died. of the Dutch psychiatry association (Nederlandse Vereniging voor Psychiatrie) indicate that the profession is of the opinion that euthanasia should only be performed by the attending psychiatrist. The case concerned euthanasia on the basis of an advance euthanasia directive (AED) for a patient with severe dementia. The supreme court said doctors could carry out euthanasia if the patient had requested it before they could ‘no longer express their will’. Whether things are clear for doctors is a difficult question, as unbearable suffering is different from one person to another.â. 19951 EUTHANASIA IN THE NETHERLANDS The authors' conclusion, however, is that in light of all three studies, "euthanasia" occurred in about 1.8% of all deaths, or about 2,300 cases,4" and that there were almost 400 cases of assisted suicide, some 0.3% of all deaths.4 2 More than half of the physicians regularly involved with terminal . In a survey (van der maas, van Delden and pijnenborg 1992) commissioned by the Dutch Government it was found that out of 130,000 death occurring in the Netherlands in 1990, approximately 2,300 were reported cases of active euthanasia and 400 were assisted suicides . In Australia, the crisis support service Lifeline is on 13 11 14. Euthanasia in the Netherlands is regulated by the "Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide (Review Procedures) Act" which was passed in 2001 and took effect in 2002. This article summarises recent data and discusses conceptual issues and relevant characteristics of the system of health care. The number of euthanasia cases is falling sharply in the Netherlands where mercy killings were legalized six years ago, a government-funded report said Thursday.. A survey presented to Deputy Health Minister Jet Bussemaker said terminally ill patients are increasingly choosing to be sedated until they die a natural death. A Dutch euthanasia review committee found that the physician performing the euthanasia failed to follow due care requirements for euthanasia . The patient must also have requested euthanasia before they could “no longer express their will as a result of advanced dementia”. The two other cases, from 2017, involve a woman in her 60s with Alzheimerâs whom an independent consultant did not judge to be suffering badly enough, and another in her 80s with osteoarthritis and other problems who refused other treatment. Found inside â Page 209EUTHANASIA IN THE NETHERLANDS : : CURRENT COURT DECISIONS AND LEGISLATION J.L.M. ... Until 1990 , approximately 25 cases of euthanasia , or cases related to ... The issue has divided doctors: last year, 450 put their names to a full-page advertisement saying they would not give a deadly injection to an incapacitated patient. In line with the Act, case law and the RTEs' findings, however, the physician must, if the request for euthanasia is based on mental It is the result of a long process of debates which began in the 70s-80s, with a more "understanding" vision for doctors, formed by case law . Considering the fact that it is only a few doctors do most of the euthanasia deaths. The RTE Regional Euthanasia Review Committees*, which each year analyse all deaths by euthanasia and test whether strict criteria have been met, reported 6,938 procedures. Even in the Netherlands, according to Bosscher with NVVE, the Elderhorsts' case is rare in that both of them were able to meet the criteria for euthanasia under the Dutch Termination of Life on . The Euthanasia Commission, set up by the government, found that doctor-reported cases made up about 2.7 percent of all deaths in the Netherlands in 2011, from 2.3 percent in 2010. All but two of these were judged to have met the six legal requirements, which include that someone has carefully thought over the request and makes it freely, and is suffering unbearably with no other reasonable prospect of relief. 13 In our study, we found that . The number of doctor-assisted suicide cases reported in the Netherlands grew by 559 between the years of 2010 and 2011, a commission says. Cases involving psychiatric suffering and dementia are, however, relatively rare. Euthanasia for people who are not terminally ill, such as those suffering from psychiatric disorders or dementia, is legal in Belgium under strict conditions but remains a controversial practice. This work therefore concludes that the legalization of euthanasia in the Netherlands when considered on technical grounds, and casting away all sentiments, is nothing but a violation of the sacred provisions of the right to life as ... Lower Dutch courts acquitted the doctor of wrongdoing and prosecutors dropped the charges. In 2019, there were 6,361 cases of euthanasia in the Netherlands and they expect annual cases to double in the next eight years. Findings may relate to underuse, overuse, or even misuse, say researchers. This book presents a collection of philosophical essays on freedom and tolerance in the Netherlands. Found inside â Page 114And what about the relatively high rate of euthanasia among younger persons? ... Why do Dutch doctors remain so hesitant about reporting their cases of ... The Expertisecentrum Euthanasie, formerly called the End of Life Clinic, did however deal with 221 fewer requests than in the previous year, according to its annual report. The Dutch case of Noa Pothoven, 17, who had written about being a rape victim and her experience with mental illness, ricocheted around the globe. We analyzed data from two studies of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide in the Netherlands (one conducted in 1990 and 1991 and the other in 1995 and 1996), with a total of 649 cases. This legalization is a significant step on the path towards Numbers fell after a doctor was prosecuted but eventually found not guilty of manslaughter for a controversial procedure involving a woman with advanced dementia. This is a great compliment to GPs, who carry out more than 80% of euthanasia cases themselves, and are ever more often supported by experts from the Expertisecentrum Euthanasie.’. Some claim that the Netherlands offers a model for the world to follow; others believe that the Netherlands represents danger, rather than promise, and that the Dutch experience is the definitive answer regarding why we should not make ... euthanasia cases has shown a continuous rise since 2006.2 From 1933 cases in 2005 the number of reported cases went up to 6361 in 2019.3 Alongside abso-lute numbers, the annual reports of the Regional Euthanasia Review Committees (RTEs) and the 5-yearly governmental evaluations present euthanasia ratios: euthanasia cases as a percentage of the Euthanasia became legal in the Netherlands with the April 12 th 2001 law, entitled the "Law for the Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide", which became effective on April 1 st 2002. There's a 7-fold unexplained variation in rates of euthanasia across The Netherlands, reveals an analysis of health insurance claims data, published online in the journal BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care.. It's not clear if these differences relate to underuse, overuse, or even misuse, say the researchers. Two-thirds were requested by people with terminal cancer. The investigations have raised alarm, according to Dick Bosscher of the NVVE, the organisation that campaigned for the euthanasia law. However, the report also suggested that the euthanasia of a patient in a vegetative state could be . "This book is a well-referenced review of the history of the societal debate, attempts at regulation, and the practice itself. Dutch euthanasia law requires patients to be experiencing unbearable suffering, with no prospect of improvement, and to have a voluntary, sustained wish to die; doctors must also seek a second independent opinion. Euthanasia is already legal in the Netherlands for infants under one year, with parental consent, and of minors 12-15 with their consent and that of their parents. Authorising euthanasia and assisted suicide with advance euthanasia directives (AEDs) is permitted, yet debated, in the Netherlands. BACKGROUND INFORMATION. In one case, a doctor was reprimanded . Photo: EFE. . In 10 cases, the rules for euthanasia were not followed correctly, most of which involved a failure to properly consult a second doctor, the RTE annual report said. On 11 September 2019, the verdict was read in the first prosecution of a doctor for euthanasia since the Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide (Review Procedures) Act of 2002 was installed in the Netherlands. This is of course the best result.â, Swart added: âEuthanasia is the ultimate cry for mercy from someone in extreme need, and every request deserves careful consideration.â, In the UK, Samaritans can be contacted on 116 123. In 10 cases, the rules for euthanasia were not followed correctly, most of which involved a failure to properly consult a second doctor, the RTE annual report said. He was later charged with murder, but given a token penalty. Prosecutors confirmed that the deaths, in 2017 and 2018, were being investigated for potentially breaching strict conditions in the 2002 law that allows people in the Netherlands to ask a doctor to help them die. Euthanasia carried out by doctors at the request of a patient is only legal in three European countries, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg. This book argues against the legalisation of voluntary euthanasia and/or physician-assisted suicide on the ground that, even if they were ethically defensible in certain 'hard cases', neither could be effectively controlled by law. Found inside â Page 57The number of euthanasia cases in the Netherlands fell sharply in the four years since the introduction of new legislation in 2002. An exterior view of the Supreme Court in The Hague, Netherlands, Tuesday, April 21, 2020. For four people, contracting the coronavirus had a role in their request for an assisted death, but Recourt said that social problems such as increased loneliness are not considered valid medical grounds. The body is an option for people whose GP cannot or will not grant a request, or to support complex cases, and last year it was involved with 899 euthanasia procedures. âLast year, for the first time in years, there were fewer euthanasia cases in the Netherlands. The political debate about changing the criminal law, which still holds that euthanasia is a serious crime, developed at a much slower pace. Dutch physicians helped 400 patients who requested suicide, for either mental illness or discomfort, to kill themselves in 1990. ‘More and more generations see euthanasia as a solution for unbearable suffering…and the thought that euthanasia is an option for hopeless suffering brings [many people] peace.’. The case was referred to the supreme court for a legal clarification “in the interest of the law”. THE HAGUE, Netherlands (AP) — The Netherlands' highest court ruled Tuesday that doctors can carry out euthanasia in patients with advanced dementia if the patient has earlier made a written . In the Netherlands there seems to be a taboo on openly discussing the dark sides of euthanasia in the country. Other international helplines can be found at www.befrienders.org. A doctor accused of failing to verify consent before performing euthanasia on a dementia patient has been cleared of any . Picture posed by models. This is a great compliment to GPs, who carry out more than 80% of euthanasia cases themselves, and are ever more often supported by experts from the Expertisecentrum Euthanasie.' Although euthanasia has broad public support in the Netherlands, a law proposal to assist over-75s with death for no medical reason is highly controversial. A doctor from a Dutch nursing home is on trial in a landmark case after performing euthanasia on a woman with dementia who prosecutors say may have had second thoughts about wanting to die. On July 1, 2010, Prof. Dr. Anton van Kalmthout retired as a professor of the chair for 'Deprivation of Liberty in Criminal Law and Migration Law' at Tilburg University in the Netherlands. Boztas reported: All but two of these were judged to have met the six legal requirements. In line with the Act, case law and the RTEs' findings, however, the physician must, if the request for euthanasia is based on mental Found inside â Page 344The report analyzed the 129,000 deaths in Holland during 1990 and found that 2,300 of them were by euthanasia. In more than a third of these cases (about ... A bill has been under debate in the Dutch parliament since last year on legalizing euthanasia for healthy adults over 75 who are tired of living their advanced age, opening a nationwide debate on the contentious issue. Second, Dutch physicians have been found to consider high-quality end-of-life care as an alternative to euthanasia or assisted suicide, at least in some cases. The number of euthanasia cases exceeds the previous peak of 2017, when there were 6,585 deaths. In 2019, there were 6,361 cases of euthanasia in the Netherlands and they expect annual cases to double in the next eight years. Found inside â Page 360The Case Against Euthanasia and Physician-assisted Suicide Margaret A. Somerville ... 115 Brahams , â Euthanasia in the Netherlands , â 592 . Found inside â Page 475... conclude from the empirical findings that euthanasia in the Netherlands apparently ... do not interpret and classify their actions as euthanasia cases, ... The number of official cases of euthanasia in the Netherlands rose 10% last year to 6091 and euthanasia now accounts for 4% of total deaths, the regional monitoring boards said on Wednesday. Children as young as 12 can seek euthanasia under Dutch law, but those 12 to 16 must obtain parental consent. We're not just any essay website. Dutch law requires doctors in euthanasia cases to seek an independent second opinion. Prosecutors accused the doctor of going through with the euthanasia without properly consulting her client, saying the 74-year-old woman might have changed her mind about dying. He was later charged with murder, but given a token penalty. The proposal will now go to the First Chamber, which will probably discuss it in early 2001. In one case, a doctor was reprimanded . In this volume, a distinguished group of physicians, ethicists, lawyers, and activists come together to present the case for the legalization of physician-assisted dying, for terminally ill patients who voluntarily request it. These consultants did not know the patient; he or she read the case notes and typically visited the patient once, between 5 weeks and 3 days before the . In all cases, this was a SCEN (Support and Consultation on Euthanasia in the Netherlands) physician who had been specially trained to provide such consultation and give a written opinion. Found insideIn this book, a global panel of experts considers the international implications of legalised euthanasia based on experiences from Belgium. Key Points. Regulating Death: Euthanasia And The Case Of The Netherlands Carlos F Hour is an essay writing service that can help you with all your essay writing needs. We analyzed data from two studies of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide in the Netherlands (one conducted in 1990 and 1991 and the other in 1995 and 1996), with a total of 649 cases. Doctors in the Netherlands can no longer be prosecuted for carrying out euthanasia on dementia patients who have previously given written . A staff member for the review committees â who did not want to be directly quoted â pointed out that a teenager with anorexia cannot simply ask for and receive euthanasia, each case is extremely nuanced, and the committees have issued detailed guidelines to doctors. doctor was acquitted of wrongdoing for euthanising a woman in 2016 with severe Alzheimer’s. It will only become effective if it is also accepted by the First Chamber. ‘Euthanasia is only granted for hopeless suffering from a medical cause,’ he said. Her doctorâs colleague took on the case, but, the review committee said, failed to obtain a second opinion from an independent psychiatrist, as is required. The Regional Euthanasia Review Committees produce Annual Reports concerning euthanasia and assisted suicide reported in the Netherlands. *In December 2020, Dutch Justice Minister Ferd Grapperhaus blocked the appointment of former Stichting De Einder Chairwoman, Miriam de Bontridder, from appointment to an RTE Committee for political reasons. Voluntary euthanasia is . In the past decade, an exponential number of persons with dementia (PWDs) share a euthanasia request with their . In 1990, 130,000 people died in the Netherlands: 2,300 people asked doctors to kill them; 400 asked doctors to provide them with the means to kill themselves; 8,100 died when doctors . Found inside â Page 103Intolerable suffering that cannot be relieved has always been regarded as a necessary criterion for euthanasia in the Netherlands . In 74 percent of cases ... This is a great compliment to GPs, who carry out more than 80% of euthanasia cases themselves, and are ever more often supported by experts from the Expertisecentrum Euthanasie.' Although euthanasia has broad public support in the Netherlands, a law proposal to assist over-75s with death for no medical reason is highly controversial. Found insideIn the Netherlands, where euthanasia now accounts for: âEuthanasia Cases Drop by 7%, ... According to the Dutch euthanasia review committee's: Regionale ... Elke Swart, a spokeswoman for the End of Life Clinic â which Pothoven said refused her request for euthanasia last year â said that its focus is preserving life. Both Belgium and the Netherlands legalized lethal-injection euthanasia commencing in 2002 and proceeded quickly, from allowing doctors to lethally inject terminally people who request it, to . Found inside â Page 308The protocol lists requirements for the euthanasia of children with ... by the Dutch Prosecution Office, which promised that cases of euthanasia would not ... The latest official figures also revealed a 15 per cent surge in the number . Found inside â Page 91As I have shown elsewhere, 55% of the euthanasia cases in the Netherlands are nonvoluntary112. How is this so? The Dutch define euthanasia narrowly to ... Found insideThis case is significant because the Netherlands is widely regarded as the world's social laboratory for the 'euthanasia experiment', the results of which ... Found inside â Page 261673 ; Carlos F. Gomez , Regulating Death : The Case of the Netherlands ( New York : Free Press , 1991 ) ; Henk A. M. J. Ten Have , " Euthanasia in the ... Under the Dutch law, people are eligible for euthanasia if they make a considered, voluntary request for it and if their suffering is hopelessly "unbearable." According to the report, a woman in her 70s with depression had been operated on for abdominal problems when surgeons found evidence of lung cancer. There were more euthanasia procedures than ever before in 2020, according to a new report. Id. In the Netherlands, in 2002, euthanasia became a legitimate medical act, only allowed when the due care criteria and procedural requirements are met. The vast majority of people had terminal cancer, and just two people had advanced dementia. The Vienna-based Institute for Medical Anthropology and Bioethics (IMABE) noted on Feb. 12 that cases had increased in Belgium from just 24 in 2002 to 2,656 in 2019. The Hague-based court ruled: “A physician may carry out a written request beforehand for euthanasia in people with advanced dementia.”. Under the Dutch law, people are eligible for euthanasia if they make a considered, voluntary request for it and if their suffering is hopelessly "unbearable Euthanasia: Dutch court expands law on dementia cases. Of the 6,585 requests that were granted, most were in cases of untreatable cancer . He said the government is researching a 2016 euthanasia proposal for those ineligible under current euthanasia law, but who feel their lives are âcompleteâ â something that one member of the governing coalition, the ChristenUnie, opposes. Found inside â Page 397( vii ) The physician must inform the local coroner that euthanasia has ... in the Netherlands has the discretion not to proceed with a criminal case if it ... As yet, the prevalence of euthanasia for people with psychiatric disorders or dementia has not been studied and little is known about the characteristics of the practice. Euthanasia in the Netherlands: Evidence of the Slippery Slope. A consideration of the 'slippery slope' objection to voluntary euthanasia, including a review of the Dutch experience. However, as the result of various court cases, doctors who directly kill patients or help patients kill themselves will not be prosecuted as long as they follow certain guidelines. Source 8 The woman with a large face tumor who ended her life with illegal euthanasia drugs The supreme court’s decision followed a landmark case last year in which a doctor was acquitted of wrongdoing for euthanising a woman in 2016 with severe Alzheimer’s who had requested the procedure before her condition deteriorated. Special emphasis is put on regulation, including relevant data on notification and prosecution. Each year, the RTE Regional Euthanasia Review Committees analyze all deaths by euthanasia to check whether they met the six criteria dictated by the law for euthanasia or doctor-assisted suicide. Chairman of the RTE Jeroen Recourt told Trouw that he was not surprised by this growth. The case was seen as an important test of the law in the Netherlands, which legalised euthanasia in 2002, followed shortly afterwards by neighbouring Belgium. Found inside â Page 462Regulation of Physician-Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia The Netherlands ... Netherlands was triggered in 1973 by the so-called Postma case (Weyers, 2004). Found insideThe Case Against Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide Margaret Somerville ... 115 Brahams, âEuthanasia in the Netherlands,â 592. ‘These figures are part of a larger development,’ he reportedly said. But the 2020 total was a 9% increase on 2019, when there were 6,361 cases. Actual euthanasia, using the official Dutch definition, occurred in 2,300 cases or 2% of all Dutch deaths. It states that euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide are not punishable if the attending physician acts in accordance with criteria of due care. Dutch court approves euthanasia in advanced dementia cases. In a rare series of moves, Dutch authorities are investigating whether doctors may have committed crimes in five euthanasia cases, including the deaths of two women with advanced Alzheimer's disease. Legally, an Advanced Euthanasia Directive (AED) can replace direct communication if a patient can no longer express his own wishes. Special emphasis is put on regulation, including relevant data on notification and prosecution. The Netherlands' highest court has ruled that doctors can carry out euthanasia in patients with advanced dementia if the patient has . The number of euthanasia cases exceeds the previous peak of 2017, when there were 6585 deaths. Thus, in 2001, in the Netherlands were 3,500 cases of euthanasia, while in the 2005 there were 2,297 of performed euthanasia, which represent 1, 7% of all deaths in the country . The Netherlands' highest court ruled Tuesday that doctors can carry out euthanasia in patients with . The bad news is that what they are producing is the state sanctioned killing of the sick and elderly by medical professionals. The practice of euthanasia in the Netherlands is often used as an argument in debates outside the Netherlands--hence a clear description of the Dutch situation is important. Additionally, underreporting and life-taking without patient request have dogged Dutch euthanasia for many years. The Future of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia provides the most thorough overview of the ethical and legal issues raised by assisted suicide and euthanasia--as well as the most comprehensive argument against their legalization--ever ... Found inside â Page 24As a general rule cases in which the doctor has complied with the requirements for euthanasia will not be prosecuted. The notification procedure was seen as ... However, they do not prove the existence of a slippery slope. Three euthanasia cases involving women with psychiatric conditions and dementia are under investigation in the Netherlands, the Observer can reveal.. However, in the 2010 there were 2, 910 recorded cases of euthanasia, 182 cases of assisted suicide and 44 cases with elements of both kinds of these deprivation of . Till now, no cases of euthanasia have been sent to the judicial authorities for further investigation in Belgium. The Netherlands government intends to extend euthanasia to children but not to people who are tired of living . Found inside â Page 428The Case of the Netherlands Until 2001, physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia were illegal in the Netherlands, although both procedures had been ... Findings In this qualitative study of 53 case summaries published by the Dutch Regional Euthanasia Review . 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