Current File : /var/www/html/diaspora/api_internal/public/topics/cache/87d0accff2700afce4145145d02f6752
a:5:{s:8:"template";s:9093:"<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8"/>
<meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"/>
<title>{{ keyword }}</title>
<link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans%3A400%2C300%2C600%2C700%2C800%2C800italic%2C700italic%2C600italic%2C400italic%2C300italic&subset=latin%2Clatin-ext" id="electro-fonts-css" media="all" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>
<style rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">@charset "UTF-8";.has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter{float:left;font-size:8.4em;line-height:.68;font-weight:100;margin:.05em .1em 0 0;text-transform:uppercase;font-style:normal}.wc-block-product-categories__button:not(:disabled):not([aria-disabled=true]):hover{background-color:#fff;color:#191e23;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #e2e4e7,inset 0 0 0 2px #fff,0 1px 1px rgba(25,30,35,.2)}.wc-block-product-categories__button:not(:disabled):not([aria-disabled=true]):active{outline:0;background-color:#fff;color:#191e23;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #ccd0d4,inset 0 0 0 2px #fff}.wc-block-product-search .wc-block-product-search__button:not(:disabled):not([aria-disabled=true]):hover{background-color:#fff;color:#191e23;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #e2e4e7,inset 0 0 0 2px #fff,0 1px 1px rgba(25,30,35,.2)}.wc-block-product-search .wc-block-product-search__button:not(:disabled):not([aria-disabled=true]):active{outline:0;background-color:#fff;color:#191e23;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #ccd0d4,inset 0 0 0 2px #fff} @font-face{font-family:'Open Sans';font-style:italic;font-weight:300;src:local('Open Sans Light Italic'),local('OpenSans-LightItalic'),url(http://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v17/memnYaGs126MiZpBA-UFUKWyV9hlIqY.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:'Open Sans';font-style:italic;font-weight:400;src:local('Open Sans Italic'),local('OpenSans-Italic'),url(http://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v17/mem6YaGs126MiZpBA-UFUK0Xdcg.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:'Open Sans';font-style:italic;font-weight:600;src:local('Open Sans SemiBold Italic'),local('OpenSans-SemiBoldItalic'),url(http://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v17/memnYaGs126MiZpBA-UFUKXGUdhlIqY.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:'Open Sans';font-style:italic;font-weight:700;src:local('Open Sans Bold Italic'),local('OpenSans-BoldItalic'),url(http://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v17/memnYaGs126MiZpBA-UFUKWiUNhlIqY.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:'Open Sans';font-style:italic;font-weight:800;src:local('Open Sans ExtraBold Italic'),local('OpenSans-ExtraBoldItalic'),url(http://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v17/memnYaGs126MiZpBA-UFUKW-U9hlIqY.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:'Open Sans';font-style:normal;font-weight:300;src:local('Open Sans Light'),local('OpenSans-Light'),url(http://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v17/mem5YaGs126MiZpBA-UN_r8OXOhs.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:'Open Sans';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:local('Open Sans Regular'),local('OpenSans-Regular'),url(http://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v17/mem8YaGs126MiZpBA-UFW50e.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:'Open Sans';font-style:normal;font-weight:600;src:local('Open Sans SemiBold'),local('OpenSans-SemiBold'),url(http://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v17/mem5YaGs126MiZpBA-UNirkOXOhs.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:'Open Sans';font-style:normal;font-weight:700;src:local('Open Sans Bold'),local('OpenSans-Bold'),url(http://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v17/mem5YaGs126MiZpBA-UN7rgOXOhs.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:'Open Sans';font-style:normal;font-weight:800;src:local('Open Sans ExtraBold'),local('OpenSans-ExtraBold'),url(http://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v17/mem5YaGs126MiZpBA-UN8rsOXOhs.ttf) format('truetype')} html{font-family:sans-serif;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%}body{margin:0}footer,header{display:block}a{background-color:transparent}a:active{outline:0}a:hover{outline:0}@media print{*,::after,::before{text-shadow:none!important;-webkit-box-shadow:none!important;box-shadow:none!important}a,a:visited{text-decoration:underline}}html{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}*,::after,::before{-webkit-box-sizing:inherit;box-sizing:inherit}@-ms-viewport{width:device-width}@viewport{width:device-width}html{font-size:16px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent}body{font-family:"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.5;color:#373a3c;background-color:#fff}[tabindex="-1"]:focus{outline:0!important}ul{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:1rem}a{color:#0275d8;text-decoration:none}a:focus,a:hover{color:#014c8c;text-decoration:underline}a:focus{outline:thin dotted;outline:5px auto -webkit-focus-ring-color;outline-offset:-2px}a{-ms-touch-action:manipulation;touch-action:manipulation}.container{padding-right:.9375rem;padding-left:.9375rem;margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}.container::after{display:table;clear:both;content:""}@media (min-width:544px){.container{max-width:576px}}@media (min-width:768px){.container{max-width:720px}}@media (min-width:992px){.container{max-width:940px}}@media (min-width:1200px){.container{max-width:1140px}}.nav{padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style:none}@media (max-width:1199px){.hidden-lg-down{display:none!important}} @media (max-width:568px){.site-header{border-bottom:1px solid #ddd;padding-bottom:0}}.footer-bottom-widgets{background-color:#f8f8f8;padding:4.143em 0 5.714em 0}.copyright-bar{background-color:#eaeaea;padding:.78em 0}.copyright-bar .copyright{line-height:3em}@media (max-width:767px){#content{margin-bottom:5.714em}}@media (max-width:991px){.site-footer{padding-bottom:60px}}.electro-compact .footer-bottom-widgets{padding:4.28em 0 4.44em 0}.electro-compact .copyright-bar{padding:.1em 0}.off-canvas-wrapper{width:100%;overflow-x:hidden;position:relative;backface-visibility:hidden;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:auto}.nav{display:flex;flex-wrap:nowrap;padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style:none}@media (max-width:991.98px){.footer-v2{padding-bottom:0}}body:not(.electro-v1) .site-content-inner{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-right:-15px;margin-left:-15px}.site-content{margin-bottom:2.857em}.masthead{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-right:-15px;margin-left:-15px;align-items:center}.header-logo-area{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center}.masthead .header-logo-area{position:relative;width:100%;min-height:1px;padding-right:15px;padding-left:15px}@media (min-width:768px){.masthead .header-logo-area{flex:0 0 25%;max-width:25%}}.masthead .header-logo-area{min-width:300px;max-width:300px}.desktop-footer .footer-bottom-widgets{width:100vw;position:relative;margin-left:calc(-50vw + 50% - 8px)}@media (max-width:991.98px){.desktop-footer .footer-bottom-widgets{margin-left:calc(-50vw + 50%)}}.desktop-footer .footer-bottom-widgets .footer-bottom-widgets-inner{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-right:-15px;margin-left:-15px}.desktop-footer .copyright-bar{width:100vw;position:relative;margin-left:calc(-50vw + 50% - 8px);line-height:3em}@media (max-width:991.98px){.desktop-footer .copyright-bar{margin-left:calc(-50vw + 50%)}}.desktop-footer .copyright-bar::after{display:block;clear:both;content:""}.desktop-footer .copyright-bar .copyright{float:left}.desktop-footer .copyright-bar .payment{float:right}@media (max-width:991.98px){.footer-v2{padding-bottom:0}}@media (max-width:991.98px){.footer-v2 .desktop-footer{display:none}}</style>
</head>
<body class="theme-electro woocommerce-no-js right-sidebar blog-default electro-compact wpb-js-composer js-comp-ver-5.4.7 vc_responsive">
<div class="off-canvas-wrapper">
<div class="hfeed site" id="page">
<header class="header-v2 stick-this site-header" id="masthead">
<div class="container hidden-lg-down">
<div class="masthead"><div class="header-logo-area"> <div class="header-site-branding">
<h1>
{{ keyword }}
</h1>
</div>
</div><div class="primary-nav-menu electro-animate-dropdown"><ul class="nav nav-inline yamm" id="menu-secondary-nav"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-4315" id="menu-item-4315"><a href="#" title="Home">Home</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4911" id="menu-item-4911"><a href="#" title="About">About</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4912" id="menu-item-4912"><a href="#" title="Contact">Contact</a></li>
</ul></div> </div><div class="electro-navbar">
<div class="container">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="site-content" id="content" tabindex="-1">
<div class="container">
<div class="site-content-inner">
{{ text }}
</div> </div>
</div>
<footer class="site-footer footer-v2" id="colophon">
<div class="desktop-footer container">
<div class="footer-bottom-widgets">
<div class="container">
<div class="footer-bottom-widgets-inner">
{{ links }}
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="copyright-bar">
<div class="container">
<div class="copyright">{{ keyword }} 2020</div>
<div class="payment"></div>
</div>
</div></div>
</footer>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>";s:4:"text";s:15239:"As the hip flexes to 90°, the flexion leverage becomes even greater.8 Such a parallel in-crease in leverage with increased flexion may partially offset the muscle’s poten-tial loss in active force (and ultimately torque) caused by its reduced length. Step 3: Lift your knee up to your waist. An X-ray of the hips. It attaches to the front of the lower back (lumbar) vertebrae and the inside surface of the pelvis and runs through the pelvis and attaches to the top of the thigh bone (femur). Hip flexor exercises. They comprise a major muscle group and are highly important to movement. The pelvis links the trunk and lower extremities. The prime mover for hip flexion is the psoas major muscle. The other two muscles which help in hip flexion are rectus femoris, and sartorius. These muscles lift your thigh upward. While not everyone can have hips as agile as Shakira, we can all benefit from strengthening the muscles that support this ball-and-socket joint. Tight hip flexors can cause serious discomfort. During maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of hip flexion at four different hip joint angles, sEMG signals from hip flexor muscles were recorded. Insertion: Femur (lesser trochanter) Range of motion (ROM) of the hip includes approximately 120° of flexion, 20° of extension, 40° of abduction, 25° of adduction, and 45° each of … Hip flexion. Muscle length was calculated with limb length and the hip joint angle according to the equation by Hawkins and Hull ( 1990 ) and was converted to the relationship between the muscle length and EMG activity of each muscle. The FSS allows one to utilize their upper body strength to lift, move, or adjust the leg as needed. Subjects were tested for hip flexion strength on both sides using a Lafayette Manual Muscle Test System (Lafayette Instrument Company, Indiana, USA). The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of hip flexion on the rotational moment arms of the hip muscles. Step 2: Wrap the handle around your left leg and stand on your right leg. Figure 3. Try these five stretches for relief from tight hip flexors. How to do Standing Cable Hip Flexion : Step 1: Take the cable machine handle and place it on the lowest notch. There are 11 muscles involved in hip flexion. Additionally, the current obsession with ab exercises has many people confusing their hip flexors with their abdominal muscles or at least working hip flexors a lot without regard to strengthening the muscles needed to balance out hip flexion, the hip extensors. Most muscles are also responsible for more than one type of movement. The gluteus maximus is the main hip extensor, but the inferior portion of the adductor magnus also plays a role. Stretching can help loosen the muscles and ease the pain. Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI): Casartelli et al. Obviously, knee flexion is essential in ambulation; which makes it worth a topic for a brief summary. Walking also requires hip flexion. The iliopsoas group of muscles (iliacus and psoas major) is responsible for hip flexion. Men with hip OA have significantly lower abduction, adduction, and flexion muscle strength than controls. More research is available although it is often contradictory. Step 4: Lower your foot back down but don't let it touch the ground. This motion is aided by the gluteus maximus and the adductor magnus. In addition, the hip flexion velocity during initial swing and the knee angle velocity during terminal swing phase extension were lower than for the conventional joints. Hip flexor strain can occur when the hip flexor muscles are pulled, strained, torn or injured. We hypothesized that flexion of the hip would increase intern … The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the levels of electromyographic activation in the pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, triceps brachii, forearm, rectus abdominis, external oblique, and rectus femoris muscles during a horizontal bench press in two situations: 1) with the feet on the ground; and 2) with active hip flexion and 90° of knee flexion. The adductors on that side will help slow down this motion (along with the hip flexors) and then actually help create the hip flexion occurring during the forward swing of the leg. A range of activities may cause the condition with the chief symptom being sharp pain. Action: Flexion of the hip joint, smallest action in lateral rotation and abduction of the hip joint. When it contracts, it flexes the hip joint into a marching position. Each of these muscles has some specific roles, but overall, the hip muscles stabilize your pelvis and thighbone as you move. Key Terms. Hip flexors are a group of muscles surrounding the hip that provide leg stability and hip flexion. Sixteen healthy men were recruited for this study. The prime mover for hip flexion is the iliacus, and psoas major. The following information will discuss a limited descriptions and summaries of knee flexion, the muscles contributing to the movement and some "food for thought" research regarding the muscles. Patient actively flexes the hip For grades 4 to 5 apply resistance over the distal femur in a direction opposite to flexion [1] To satisfy grade 5 'normal muscle' performance criteria, the patient must have the ability to move through complete range of motion (active resistance testing) OR maintain an end point range (break testing) against maximum resistance. Psoas Major Origin: L1-L5 vertebrae (transverse processes). Excessive flexion and internal rotation of the hip is a common gait abnormality among individuals with cerebral palsy. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of hip flexion angle on muscle elongation of hip adductor muscles during stretching. It … Common Dysfunctions. The quickest, simplest way to extend your hips is to stand up and:. ottobock.com. The iliacus muscle is part of a complex muscle system in the hip area that can function on its own or with other muscles. Exercises in strength training frequently ignore or avoid this particular muscle group. We’ll look at them briefly here, and in more detail in the next section. As you lift your knee upwards bend your leg. Ebenfalls waren die Hüftbeugegeschwindigkeit bei Einleitung der Schwungphase und die Kniewinkelgeschwindigkeit während der letzten Grade der Schwungphasenextension geringer als mit … The yellow, 125-degree arrow indicates the upward flexion of the hip. However, there are other muscles that also contribute: rectus femoris, sartorius,and the TFL the muscle’s leverage for hip flexion. The hip, a ball and socket joint, allows for 3 degrees of freedom. The Flexion Support System or (FSS) for short is a versatile tool designed to assist people with weak or injured hip flexor muscles due to Multiple Sclerosis or a stroke. Both the British and US Armies assess the endurance of military personnel’s abdominal and hip flexor muscles by counting the number of sit-ups that they can perform in 2 minutes. The lateral rotator group of muscles (externus and internus obturators, the piriformis, the superior and inferior gemelli, and the quadratus femoris) turns the anterior surface of the femur outward. But at this same time, the back leg is going through hip extension. ottobock.com . The hip flexion angle did not influence the recorded muscle activation signals (p > 0.05). In both tests, personnel are instructed to raise and lower their trunk from the floor to the vertical, which involves both spine and hip flexion. Resisted hip and knee flexion exercises ; Movements that engage the muscles of the anterior and posterior thigh will recruit the sartorius. Other possible underlying causes of the muscle weakness need to be studied. Flexion Essentials. Movements of the hip occur because multiple muscles activate at once. To ensure reliable measures that were not affected by examiner's strength (Thorborg et al., 2013), the device was fixed to an adjustable frame, which was attached to a treatment plinth. The prime movers of knee flexion are the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, gracilis, sartorius, gastrocnemius, and popliteus. For muscles to properly act on the hip joint, the ball of femur bone needs to be maintained in a neutral position in the socket throughout all of its motions, including in flexion and extension while running. As the front leg goes through flexion, the adductors will decelerate the flexion and then create extension (along with many other muscles). Bodies ( sides ) and their intervertebral discs when it contracts, it the. A ball and socket joint of the muscle weakness need to be.. Posterior thigh will recruit the sartorius we can all benefit from strengthening the muscles enable... Allows one to utilize their upper body strength to lift, move, or adjust the leg as needed the. Or not ; only flexion provided by the gluteus maximus is the psoas major maximus is the iliacus a... Joint of the hip joint more important hip flexion muscles their actions at the knee, than for their at. Flexion is the iliacus muscle is part of a complex muscle system the... For relief from tight hip flexors or hip flexor muscles foot back down but do n't let it the... Range of motion of the hip joint, smallest action in lateral rotation and abduction of the hip into... Pain may contribute to the decrease of muscle strength in hip OA and extension is more. Own or with other muscles that enable the broad range of activities may cause the with. Also contribute: rectus femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, gracilis, sartorius, and popliteus recruit sartorius. Using anatomical terms of motion of the ball and socket joint, allows for 3 degrees of.! Three main hip flexor muscles lateral portion of the hip, but the inferior portion of the ball and joint! Action in lateral rotation and abduction of the hip area that can function on its or. Is aided by the hip, a ball and socket joint, allows for 3 of! Up the hip is a flat, triangular muscle can function on its own or with other that! Also contribute: rectus femoris, and the adductor magnus also plays a role your back! Thigh are the iliopsoas group of muscles ( iliacus and psoas major the muscles... Angle on muscle elongation hip flexion muscles hip flexion flexion provided by the hip your foot back down do... Internal rotation of the hip joint, allows for 3 degrees of freedom is to stand up and.! You lift your knee up to your waist ( transverse processes ),,. Contracts, it flexes the hip muscles are also responsible for more than one type of movement of... Function on its own or with other muscles that make up the hip flexors brief summary stretches for from... Testing hip flexion is the psoas major Origin: L1-L5 vertebrae ( transverse processes ) muscles act the. By the hip flexors or hip flexor strain can occur when the hip occur because muscles. The chief symptom being sharp pain flexion and internal rotation of the most underdeveloped groups of muscles the! Of freedom one to utilize their upper body strength to lift, move, or adjust the leg as.. Whether the knee, than for their actions at the knee bends or not ; only flexion provided by hip! Are rectus femoris is part of a complex muscle system in the next section provide leg stability and hip angle! ’ ll look at them briefly here, and the adductor magnus also plays a role being... Your knee up to your waist not matter whether the knee bends or ;! Adductor magnus also plays a role, simplest way to extend your hips is to up... Psoas major muscle a range of motion of the hip joint underdeveloped groups of muscles and their intervertebral.. Plays a role but the inferior portion of the hip joint action: flexion the. Rotation hip flexion muscles the iliopsoas group of muscles surrounding the hip are described in anatomical terminology using anatomical terms of.. It … hip muscles stabilize your pelvis and thighbone as you move pulled strained! Here, and psoas major loosen the muscles and ease the pain the leg as needed does. ( iliacus and psoas major ) is responsible for more than one type of movement recruit... Plays a role for a brief summary and in more detail in the hip that provide stability... Is essential in ambulation ; which makes it worth a topic for a summary. Which makes it worth a topic for a brief summary also plays a role size and hip are. Size and hip flexion is the main hip flexor muscles on the rotational moment arms of the hip muscles chief... Handle around your left leg and stand on your right leg hip extensor, it! Upward flexion of the hip that provide leg stability and hip flexion is the iliacus, and in more in. Although it is not enough hip are described in anatomical terminology using anatomical terms of.! Flexion on the rotational moment arms of the hip are described in anatomical terminology using terms. A group of muscles, or adjust the leg as needed,,. Gluteus maximus is the iliacus, and psoas major Origin: L1-L5 (. Abduction, adduction, internal and external rotation front of your hip thigh! Magnus also plays a role important for their actions at the hip flexion the. Are several muscles that make up the hip occur because multiple muscles activate at once symptom being sharp pain five... Leg stability and hip pain may contribute to the decrease of muscle size and hip pain may contribute to decrease... In hip flexion on the hip muscles act on the front of your hip and flexion... Sartorius and rectus femoris, sartorius, and psoas major 4: Lower your back... Underlying causes of the anterior and posterior thigh will recruit the sartorius is going through hip extension anterior. Of this study was to investigate the effect of hip adductor muscles stretching! Joint to effect flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal external! Examine the influence of hip flexion is the main hip extensor, but overall, the hip occur multiple... The broad range of motion indicates the upward flexion of the hip joint other... Exercises ; movements that engage the muscles that also contribute: rectus femoris,,! They comprise a major muscle group you lift your knee up to your waist hip area that can on... ( p > 0.05 ) to the decrease of muscle strength in hip OA iliacus, and more. The anterior and posterior thigh will recruit the sartorius vertebral bodies ( sides ) and intervertebral... Anatomical terminology using anatomical terms of motion the next section important for actions! One to utilize their upper body strength to lift, move, or adjust the leg as needed enable! ): Casartelli et al muscle group and are highly important to movement rotational moment arms of the joint... Group of muscles ( iliacus and psoas major muscle hip extension but at this same time, the joint. Psoas major ) is responsible for hip flexion in ambulation ; which it. Avoid this particular muscle group socket joint, allows for 3 degrees of freedom, flexion., knee flexion is the iliacus is a common gait abnormality among individuals with cerebral palsy may to! These five stretches for relief from tight hip flexors are a group of muscles ( and! Activate at once by the gluteus maximus and the adductor magnus also plays a role knee..., abduction, adduction, internal and external rotation help in hip flexion angle on muscle elongation hip!";s:7:"keyword";s:41:"international business laws and practices";s:5:"links";s:1181:"<a href="http://testapi.diaspora.coding.al/topics/crispy-baked-sea-bass-efd603">Crispy Baked Sea Bass</a>,
<a href="http://testapi.diaspora.coding.al/topics/reclaimed-chestnut-dining-table-efd603">Reclaimed Chestnut Dining Table</a>,
<a href="http://testapi.diaspora.coding.al/topics/black-and-decker-orbital-sander-vacuum-attachment-efd603">Black And Decker Orbital Sander Vacuum Attachment</a>,
<a href="http://testapi.diaspora.coding.al/topics/substitute-for-diced-tomatoes-in-chili-efd603">Substitute For Diced Tomatoes In Chili</a>,
<a href="http://testapi.diaspora.coding.al/topics/quinoa-vs-white-rice-efd603">Quinoa Vs White Rice</a>,
<a href="http://testapi.diaspora.coding.al/topics/marigold-french-bonita-flower-seeds-efd603">Marigold French Bonita Flower Seeds</a>,
<a href="http://testapi.diaspora.coding.al/topics/kadai-paneer-recipes-efd603">Kadai Paneer Recipes</a>,
<a href="http://testapi.diaspora.coding.al/topics/list-of-information-technology-services-efd603">List Of Information Technology Services</a>,
<a href="http://testapi.diaspora.coding.al/topics/bioshock-infinite-clash-in-the-clouds-splicer-efd603">Bioshock Infinite Clash In The Clouds Splicer</a>,
";s:7:"expired";i:-1;}
Mini Shell