Current File : /var/www/html/diaspora/api_internal/public/topics/cache/69f0546bf71a6764ef91bca1cbcc01ad
a:5:{s:8:"template";s:9093:"<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8"/>
<meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"/>
<title>{{ keyword }}</title>
<link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans%3A400%2C300%2C600%2C700%2C800%2C800italic%2C700italic%2C600italic%2C400italic%2C300italic&subset=latin%2Clatin-ext" id="electro-fonts-css" media="all" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>
<style rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">@charset "UTF-8";.has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter{float:left;font-size:8.4em;line-height:.68;font-weight:100;margin:.05em .1em 0 0;text-transform:uppercase;font-style:normal}.wc-block-product-categories__button:not(:disabled):not([aria-disabled=true]):hover{background-color:#fff;color:#191e23;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #e2e4e7,inset 0 0 0 2px #fff,0 1px 1px rgba(25,30,35,.2)}.wc-block-product-categories__button:not(:disabled):not([aria-disabled=true]):active{outline:0;background-color:#fff;color:#191e23;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #ccd0d4,inset 0 0 0 2px #fff}.wc-block-product-search .wc-block-product-search__button:not(:disabled):not([aria-disabled=true]):hover{background-color:#fff;color:#191e23;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #e2e4e7,inset 0 0 0 2px #fff,0 1px 1px rgba(25,30,35,.2)}.wc-block-product-search .wc-block-product-search__button:not(:disabled):not([aria-disabled=true]):active{outline:0;background-color:#fff;color:#191e23;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #ccd0d4,inset 0 0 0 2px #fff} @font-face{font-family:'Open Sans';font-style:italic;font-weight:300;src:local('Open Sans Light Italic'),local('OpenSans-LightItalic'),url(http://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v17/memnYaGs126MiZpBA-UFUKWyV9hlIqY.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:'Open Sans';font-style:italic;font-weight:400;src:local('Open Sans Italic'),local('OpenSans-Italic'),url(http://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v17/mem6YaGs126MiZpBA-UFUK0Xdcg.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:'Open Sans';font-style:italic;font-weight:600;src:local('Open Sans SemiBold Italic'),local('OpenSans-SemiBoldItalic'),url(http://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v17/memnYaGs126MiZpBA-UFUKXGUdhlIqY.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:'Open Sans';font-style:italic;font-weight:700;src:local('Open Sans Bold Italic'),local('OpenSans-BoldItalic'),url(http://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v17/memnYaGs126MiZpBA-UFUKWiUNhlIqY.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:'Open Sans';font-style:italic;font-weight:800;src:local('Open Sans ExtraBold Italic'),local('OpenSans-ExtraBoldItalic'),url(http://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v17/memnYaGs126MiZpBA-UFUKW-U9hlIqY.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:'Open Sans';font-style:normal;font-weight:300;src:local('Open Sans Light'),local('OpenSans-Light'),url(http://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v17/mem5YaGs126MiZpBA-UN_r8OXOhs.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:'Open Sans';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:local('Open Sans Regular'),local('OpenSans-Regular'),url(http://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v17/mem8YaGs126MiZpBA-UFW50e.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:'Open Sans';font-style:normal;font-weight:600;src:local('Open Sans SemiBold'),local('OpenSans-SemiBold'),url(http://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v17/mem5YaGs126MiZpBA-UNirkOXOhs.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:'Open Sans';font-style:normal;font-weight:700;src:local('Open Sans Bold'),local('OpenSans-Bold'),url(http://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v17/mem5YaGs126MiZpBA-UN7rgOXOhs.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:'Open Sans';font-style:normal;font-weight:800;src:local('Open Sans ExtraBold'),local('OpenSans-ExtraBold'),url(http://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v17/mem5YaGs126MiZpBA-UN8rsOXOhs.ttf) format('truetype')} html{font-family:sans-serif;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%}body{margin:0}footer,header{display:block}a{background-color:transparent}a:active{outline:0}a:hover{outline:0}@media print{*,::after,::before{text-shadow:none!important;-webkit-box-shadow:none!important;box-shadow:none!important}a,a:visited{text-decoration:underline}}html{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}*,::after,::before{-webkit-box-sizing:inherit;box-sizing:inherit}@-ms-viewport{width:device-width}@viewport{width:device-width}html{font-size:16px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent}body{font-family:"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.5;color:#373a3c;background-color:#fff}[tabindex="-1"]:focus{outline:0!important}ul{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:1rem}a{color:#0275d8;text-decoration:none}a:focus,a:hover{color:#014c8c;text-decoration:underline}a:focus{outline:thin dotted;outline:5px auto -webkit-focus-ring-color;outline-offset:-2px}a{-ms-touch-action:manipulation;touch-action:manipulation}.container{padding-right:.9375rem;padding-left:.9375rem;margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}.container::after{display:table;clear:both;content:""}@media (min-width:544px){.container{max-width:576px}}@media (min-width:768px){.container{max-width:720px}}@media (min-width:992px){.container{max-width:940px}}@media (min-width:1200px){.container{max-width:1140px}}.nav{padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style:none}@media (max-width:1199px){.hidden-lg-down{display:none!important}} @media (max-width:568px){.site-header{border-bottom:1px solid #ddd;padding-bottom:0}}.footer-bottom-widgets{background-color:#f8f8f8;padding:4.143em 0 5.714em 0}.copyright-bar{background-color:#eaeaea;padding:.78em 0}.copyright-bar .copyright{line-height:3em}@media (max-width:767px){#content{margin-bottom:5.714em}}@media (max-width:991px){.site-footer{padding-bottom:60px}}.electro-compact .footer-bottom-widgets{padding:4.28em 0 4.44em 0}.electro-compact .copyright-bar{padding:.1em 0}.off-canvas-wrapper{width:100%;overflow-x:hidden;position:relative;backface-visibility:hidden;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:auto}.nav{display:flex;flex-wrap:nowrap;padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style:none}@media (max-width:991.98px){.footer-v2{padding-bottom:0}}body:not(.electro-v1) .site-content-inner{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-right:-15px;margin-left:-15px}.site-content{margin-bottom:2.857em}.masthead{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-right:-15px;margin-left:-15px;align-items:center}.header-logo-area{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center}.masthead .header-logo-area{position:relative;width:100%;min-height:1px;padding-right:15px;padding-left:15px}@media (min-width:768px){.masthead .header-logo-area{flex:0 0 25%;max-width:25%}}.masthead .header-logo-area{min-width:300px;max-width:300px}.desktop-footer .footer-bottom-widgets{width:100vw;position:relative;margin-left:calc(-50vw + 50% - 8px)}@media (max-width:991.98px){.desktop-footer .footer-bottom-widgets{margin-left:calc(-50vw + 50%)}}.desktop-footer .footer-bottom-widgets .footer-bottom-widgets-inner{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-right:-15px;margin-left:-15px}.desktop-footer .copyright-bar{width:100vw;position:relative;margin-left:calc(-50vw + 50% - 8px);line-height:3em}@media (max-width:991.98px){.desktop-footer .copyright-bar{margin-left:calc(-50vw + 50%)}}.desktop-footer .copyright-bar::after{display:block;clear:both;content:""}.desktop-footer .copyright-bar .copyright{float:left}.desktop-footer .copyright-bar .payment{float:right}@media (max-width:991.98px){.footer-v2{padding-bottom:0}}@media (max-width:991.98px){.footer-v2 .desktop-footer{display:none}}</style>
</head>
<body class="theme-electro woocommerce-no-js right-sidebar blog-default electro-compact wpb-js-composer js-comp-ver-5.4.7 vc_responsive">
<div class="off-canvas-wrapper">
<div class="hfeed site" id="page">
<header class="header-v2 stick-this site-header" id="masthead">
<div class="container hidden-lg-down">
<div class="masthead"><div class="header-logo-area"> <div class="header-site-branding">
<h1>
{{ keyword }}
</h1>
</div>
</div><div class="primary-nav-menu electro-animate-dropdown"><ul class="nav nav-inline yamm" id="menu-secondary-nav"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-4315" id="menu-item-4315"><a href="#" title="Home">Home</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4911" id="menu-item-4911"><a href="#" title="About">About</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4912" id="menu-item-4912"><a href="#" title="Contact">Contact</a></li>
</ul></div> </div><div class="electro-navbar">
<div class="container">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="site-content" id="content" tabindex="-1">
<div class="container">
<div class="site-content-inner">
{{ text }}
</div> </div>
</div>
<footer class="site-footer footer-v2" id="colophon">
<div class="desktop-footer container">
<div class="footer-bottom-widgets">
<div class="container">
<div class="footer-bottom-widgets-inner">
{{ links }}
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="copyright-bar">
<div class="container">
<div class="copyright">{{ keyword }} 2020</div>
<div class="payment"></div>
</div>
</div></div>
</footer>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>";s:4:"text";s:8143:"If unresolved, the weaknesses that are causing PIM may continue to escalate until complete transmission path failure occurs. In such a circumstance, the passive intermodulation occurs after the signals have left the transmitter antenna with the resultant intermodulation reflecting back into the receiver. When mechanical components interact, particularly where two distinct metals connect, the result is nonlinear elements. Even nearby metal objects such as guy wires and anchors, roof flashings, and pipes can cause PIM. The biggest such source is jammers installed for the specific purpose of blocking mobile phone transmissions. The interference in wireless communication networks caused by non-linear passive components such as cables, connectors, antennas, bolts, and joints results in intermodulation distortions called passive intermodulation or PIM. In some instances, detection of the PIM source can be achieved by antenna positioning: the PIM level is monitored while the antenna position is changed. For example, in LTE Frequency Band 2, the downlink is specified from 1930 MHz to 1990 MHz, while the uplink ranges from 1850 MHz to 1910 MHz. Passive intermodulation effects occur as the result of a non-linearity being experienced by two or more signals.A whole variety of instances can give rise to a non-linearity that can cause PIM effects. FDR is also far more sensitive than TDR and can locate faults or degradation in system performance with higher precision. The FDR technique uses an RF signal sweep instead of dc pulses as used by TDR. PIM is caused by rust, corrosion, loose connections, dirt, oxidation, and any contamination of these factors. As the level of PIM may be subject to environmental issues such as vibration or wind, the nature and characteristics of the PIM may be dynamic and fluctuating. Although the same PIM measurement techniques can be used as for design PIM, the presence of assembly PIM can be considered as an indication of system degradation both in terms of performance and reliability. In such instances, an algorithm may have knowledge of certain portions of the transmitter path and may work efficiently. This will affect the receiver. We recommend you accept our cookies to ensure you’re receiving the best performance and functionality our site can provide. Intermodulation product -A measurable signal at a specific frequency (or occasionally multiple signals over a specific bandwidth) generated from a combination of radiated signals, which are received at a site and which can cause interference to some desired received or protected frequency. Figure 5 provides an overview of such a configuration. For example, in a two tone test: w1 and w2 are the frequency; 01 and 02 are initial phase; t0 is the initial time. In this instance, the customer is implementing a complex but real configuration; one branch is TDD dual band and the other is FDD single band, employing a duplexer. The intermodulation between the Tx1 and Tx2 signals occurs passively in the path from combiner, in the transmission line to the antenna, and in the antenna itself. Passive intermodulation is nothing new. Algorithmic cancellation depends on knowledge of the primary transmitted signals. Mechanical robustness (flexing due to wind and vibration). Figure 11(a) provides an overview. Line sweeping usually breaks down into two basic tests: return loss and insertion loss. With increasing demand for mobile communications, the need for greater channel capacity and more sensitive receivers have made Passive Intermodulation Distortion (PMD) more of a … Provide us with your email address to get Analog Dialogue delivered directly to your inbox! Connector mating interface (typically Type N or DIN7/DIN16). PIM OVERVIEW: \ Multitone intermodulation distortions (also referred to as Passive InterModulation or PIM) are caused by the nonlinear behavior of devices when two or more signals are present at the input. It is worth mentioning that PIM products do not need to fall directly on the uplink channel to cause problems. PIM can also be caused by objects outside the path, such as light posts, buried conduit, fences or site equipment. Hence the same PIM measurement theory can be used that is specifically looking for the presence of passive intermodulation products. Corroded materials on antennas, waveguides, or even structural elements, can act as one or more diodes. Interference is not only caused internally: external interference also affects cellular networks. The introduction of high-speed data within mobile communications devices has increased the network traffic within a cellular system to the degree that it is greatly affecting network performance. It is caused by rust, corrosion, loose connections, dirt, oxidation, and any contamination of these factors. Corrosion or foreign deposits and their effects can cause this insulation to appear over time. The signals are combined and share a single antenna. A. PIM is the result of two or more wireless signals mixing together to create additional, undesired frequencies that cause interference or degrade transmission of desired signals in wireless networks. PIM occurs in antenna elements, coax connectors, coax cable, and grounds. Such a technique may allow operators to locate sources of PIM and make targeted and efficient repairs. Figure 6 shows a practical analysis for a dual-band system. PIM is interference resulting from the nonlinear mixing of two or more frequencies in a passive circuit. Passive intermodulation distortion can interfere with intended communications signals limiting the capacity and range of a communications system. Download PDF. In instances where space on towers has a premium, various transmitters may share a single antenna, making the existence of unwanted PIM effects very likely. The outputs from two or more high-power (20 W or so) transmitters are enough to create the PIM effects. The problem here is that the 890MHz intermodulation signal is in the middle of the EGSM receiving band (880- 915 MHz), so the intermodulation product will therefore interfere with valid incoming signals that the base station is trying to receive. Steven Chen
A: Passive Intermodulation tends to increase as components age. Coupled with the challenges just mentioned, the adoption of new digital modulation schemes like CDMA/OFDM means that the peak power of the communication system also increases, adding to the severity of the PIM issue. Low quality materials that can be easily exposed to rust ; Contamination of other sites or shavings of metals. Also, duplexers used in FDD systems have a … Many physical mecha-nisms have been suggested as causes of passive intermodulation distortion. PIM testing is designed to identify the existence of the unwanted signals … The Real Cause Of Passive Intermodulation. These devices, which can be readily bought online for less than â¬300, are used by places of worship and cinemas to prevent mobile phones from causing disturbance, and by universities to stop students using mobile phones to find information during examinations. The resultant effect can be similar to that of the design PIM, as discussed earlier. The resulting signal levels are altered and the signal response is no longer linear. products will be found equally spaced above and below the two signals (see figure 2). It is important to note that in these instances, the unwanted spectral emissions or loss of power efficiencies may not be as concerning as the desensitizing effect of PIM on the receiver. In this instance, two separate transmitters share the same antenna. Posted by Unknown at 07:17 Connector Passive Intermodulation. So for instance, if a base station transmits two signals at 925 MHz and 960 MHz (the extremities of the EGSM band), intermodulation products will be found at 890 MHz, 855 MHz and 820 MHz. The reradiated signals are usually very low in amplitude. The vast majority of passive components are normally considered to have a linear electrical response under small excitation values. ";s:7:"keyword";s:33:"causes of passive intermodulation";s:5:"links";s:881:"<a href="http://testapi.diaspora.coding.al/topics/black-and-decker-belt-sander-ds321-manual-efd603">Black And Decker Belt Sander Ds321 Manual</a>,
<a href="http://testapi.diaspora.coding.al/topics/american-woman-movie-patty-hearst-efd603">American Woman Movie Patty Hearst</a>,
<a href="http://testapi.diaspora.coding.al/topics/leto-2018-watch-online-efd603">Leto 2018 Watch Online</a>,
<a href="http://testapi.diaspora.coding.al/topics/dried-cranberry-dessert-recipes-efd603">Dried Cranberry Dessert Recipes</a>,
<a href="http://testapi.diaspora.coding.al/topics/best-coconut-oil-for-skin-efd603">Best Coconut Oil For Skin</a>,
<a href="http://testapi.diaspora.coding.al/topics/how-to-use-ti-nspire-cx-graphing-calculator-efd603">How To Use Ti-nspire Cx Graphing Calculator</a>,
<a href="http://testapi.diaspora.coding.al/topics/gotoh-sd91-05m-mgt-efd603">Gotoh Sd91-05m Mgt</a>,
";s:7:"expired";i:-1;}
Mini Shell