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</html>";s:4:"text";s:9087:"This system extends generally eastward from the St. Louis River in Minnesota (which flows into Lake Superior), through the lakes and the St. Lawrence River, and empties into the Atlantic Ocean at the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The Great Lakes were born when glaciers receded from this part of the world at the end of the last ice age. A combination of engineering and politics (Canadian) have resulted in the Rideau exception being included in the Great Lakes basin (the orange striped polygon on the Canadian side of the St. Lawrence River). The Great Lakes are one of the world’s largest surface freshwater ecosystems. The glaciers undoubtedly scoured these valleys, widening and deepening them and radically changing the drainage of the area. Best Great Lakes Bay Resorts on Tripadvisor: Find traveler reviews, candid photos, and prices for resorts in Great Lakes Bay, Michigan, United States. Glacial clays and organic sediments occur in the deep areas. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Studies in the Lake Superior region indicate that a river system and valleys formed by water erosion existed before the Ice Age. Individually, the lakes rank among the 14 largest in the world (see table). The weight of the ice sheet exerted enormous pressures on the Earth’s crust. Pollutants that enter the lakes are retained in the … The Great Lakes basin encompasses large parts of two nations, the United States and Canada. Updates? The Alliance for the Great Lakes is a nonpartisan nonprofit working across the region to protect our most precious resource: the fresh, clean, and natural waters of the Great Lakes. Black Friday Sale! They are one of the great natural features of the continent and of the Earth. These may change slightly as more detailed mapping is completed for these watersheds. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Save 50% off a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The Clean Water Act defines the orange striped polygon on the US side as part of the Great Lakes basin (though hydrologically it drains into the St. Lawrence River). Great Lakes, chain of deep freshwater lakes in east-central North America comprising Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario. Outflows from the Great Lakes are relatively small (less than 1 percent per year) in comparison with the total volume of water. Fort Dearborn - Future Chicago, largest city on the Great Lakes, 3rd largest city in the US, located in reality at the southwest end of Lake Michigan displayed a couple hundred miles north near Green Bay Wisconsin. Drainage through the Ottawa River valley ceased, and outflow from the upper lakes was established by way of the St. Clair and Detroit rivers into Lake Erie. The Great Lakes The Great Lakes—Michigan, Superior, Huron, Erie, and Ontario—form the largest-surface freshwater system in the world, together holding nearly one-fifth of the Earth's surface freshwater. The boundaries on these two maps are defined by 8-digit Hydrologic Unit Codes (HUC8). As the ice sheet retreated, low-lying, glacially depressed areas, such as the region to the east of Georgian Bay, were exposed. The last glaciation in North America is called the Wisconsin Glacial Stage because it left many fresh landforms and sediments in that state. Lake Chicago, in what is now the southern Lake Michigan basin, and Lake Maumee, in present-day western Lake Erie and its adjacent lowlands, originally drained southward into the Mississippi River through the Illinois and Wabash drainages, respectively. The Great Lakes are, from west to east: Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie and Ontario. It is about 350 miles (565 km) long and 160 miles (257 km) at its widest point. The Great Lakes have a total shoreline near 10,000 miles, over 350 species of fish, and provide drinking water for over 40 million people. It is estimated that there are nearly … Omissions? Great Lakes, chain of deep freshwater lakes in east-central North America comprising Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario. It is a source of pride for both countries that there are no fortifications or warships along the boundary. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). At the same time, Lake Duluth, in the western Lake Superior basin, also drained to the Mississippi. The maps also display the counties in the Great Lakes basin. Although Lake Baikal in Russia has a larger volume of water, the combined area of the Great Lakes—some 94,250 square miles (244,106 square kilometres)—represents the largest surface of fresh water in the world, covering an area exceeding that of the United Kingdom. Uplift has continued at a rate of about 1 foot (30 centimetres) every 100 years; this is evidenced by the drowned river mouths of western Lakes Erie and Superior. They are a dominant part of the physical and cultural heritage of North America. Learn more about threats to the Great Lakes and how you can make a difference. For a discussion of the system east of Lake Ontario, see Saint Lawrence River and Seaway. Although the Great Lakes are large, they are sensitive to pollutants. Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? Premium Membership is now 50% off! More than 20% of all the world’s freshwater is in the Great Lakes. After the weight of the ice was removed, the land (i.e., the outlet to the lakes) began to rise, closing off some outlets and allowing the water levels of the lakes to slowly rise. You may be familiar with New York and Nebraska, but are there 11 U.S. states with names that begin with the letter "N?" Shared with Canada and spanning more than 750 miles (1,200 kilometers) from west to east, these vast inland freshwater seas provide water for consumption, transportation, power, recreation and a host of other uses. Adjunct Professor, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.... Marquette Harbor Lighthouse on Lake Superior, Marquette, Michigan. Except for Lake Michigan, the lakes provide a natural border between Canada and the United States, a frontier that was stabilized by a boundary-waters treaty of 1909. About 10,000 years ago, the upper lakes evidently discharged through this area via the Ottawa River valley, and their levels were substantially reduced. Water began filling the glacially scoured basins as soon as the ice receded, some 14,000 years ago. It is generally accepted that Lake Erie reached its present level about 10,000 years ago, Lake Ontario about 7,000 years ago, and Lakes Huron, Michigan, and Superior some 3,000 years ago. Director, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Ann Arbor, Michigan. There are limestone outcrops and large deposits of sand and gravel, usually near shore. Contact Us to ask a question, provide feedback, or report a problem. See if your knowledge of names is nimble—or numb—in this quiz of states and cities. The Great Lakes basin is defined by science, engineering and politics. The ancient rocks of the Canadian Shield cover part of the Superior and Huron basins, while Paleozoic sedimentary rocks make up the remainder of the basins. The largest postglacial lake, Nipissing, occupied the basins of Huron, Michigan, and Superior. Eventually, drainage to the east and into the Atlantic Ocean was established, at one time down the valleys of the Mohawk and Hudson rivers and then along the course of the upper St. Lawrence River. Concern over the fate of the lakes reached a high pitch in the late 20th century, with both the U.S. and the Canadian governments and individuals investigating methods for reversing the consequences of years of misuse of the lakes’ waters. Lake Superior 82,000 sq km, 31,698 sq miles in size, is the largest fresh water lake in the world. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Detail map of northeast portion of the Great Lakes Basin. The lakes have not benefited from this development, however, and have been seriously affected by pollution. They are one of the great natural features of the continent and of the Earth. As the icy bulldozers went northward, they carved out … Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario, form the Great Lakes, straddling the United States and Canada to make up the largest group of freshwater lakes … They played a central role in the European colonization and development of North America and for decades have attracted people and industry; Lakes Erie and Ontario and the southern portion of Lake Michigan are now ringed with large population concentrations. https://www.britannica.com/place/Great-Lakes, National Wildlife Federation - Great Lakes, North America, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Great Lakes, LiveScience - Great Facts About the Five Great Lakes, Great Lakes - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Great Lakes - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). 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