Current File : /var/www/html/diaspora/api_internal/public/lbfc/cache/0e641afa99b701d256aebe13c6ea2af7
a:5:{s:8:"template";s:15011:"<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8"/>
<meta content="IE=edge" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible">
<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
<meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1" name="viewport">
<title>{{ keyword }}</title>
<style rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">.wc-block-product-categories__button:not(:disabled):not([aria-disabled=true]):hover{background-color:#fff;color:#191e23;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #e2e4e7,inset 0 0 0 2px #fff,0 1px 1px rgba(25,30,35,.2)}.wc-block-product-categories__button:not(:disabled):not([aria-disabled=true]):active{outline:0;background-color:#fff;color:#191e23;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #ccd0d4,inset 0 0 0 2px #fff}.wc-block-product-search .wc-block-product-search__button:not(:disabled):not([aria-disabled=true]):hover{background-color:#fff;color:#191e23;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #e2e4e7,inset 0 0 0 2px #fff,0 1px 1px rgba(25,30,35,.2)}.wc-block-product-search .wc-block-product-search__button:not(:disabled):not([aria-disabled=true]):active{outline:0;background-color:#fff;color:#191e23;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #ccd0d4,inset 0 0 0 2px #fff} *{box-sizing:border-box}.fusion-clearfix{clear:both;zoom:1}.fusion-clearfix:after,.fusion-clearfix:before{content:" ";display:table}.fusion-clearfix:after{clear:both}html{overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:scroll}body{margin:0;color:#747474;min-width:320px;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font:13px/20px PTSansRegular,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif}#wrapper{overflow:visible}a{text-decoration:none}.clearfix:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both}a,a:after,a:before{transition-property:color,background-color,border-color;transition-duration:.2s;transition-timing-function:linear}#main{padding:55px 10px 45px;clear:both}.fusion-row{margin:0 auto;zoom:1}.fusion-row:after,.fusion-row:before{content:" ";display:table}.fusion-row:after{clear:both}.fusion-columns{margin:0 -15px}footer,header,main,nav,section{display:block}.fusion-header-wrapper{position:relative;z-index:10010}.fusion-header-sticky-height{display:none}.fusion-header{padding-left:30px;padding-right:30px;-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;backface-visibility:hidden;transition:background-color .25s ease-in-out}.fusion-logo{display:block;float:left;max-width:100%;zoom:1}.fusion-logo:after,.fusion-logo:before{content:" ";display:table}.fusion-logo:after{clear:both}.fusion-logo a{display:block;max-width:100%}.fusion-main-menu{float:right;position:relative;z-index:200;overflow:hidden}.fusion-header-v1 .fusion-main-menu:hover{overflow:visible}.fusion-main-menu>ul>li:last-child{padding-right:0}.fusion-main-menu ul{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.fusion-main-menu ul a{display:block;box-sizing:content-box}.fusion-main-menu li{float:left;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;cursor:pointer}.fusion-main-menu>ul>li{padding-right:45px}.fusion-main-menu>ul>li>a{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;line-height:1;-webkit-font-smoothing:subpixel-antialiased}.fusion-main-menu .fusion-dropdown-menu{overflow:hidden}.fusion-caret{margin-left:9px}.fusion-mobile-menu-design-modern .fusion-header>.fusion-row{position:relative}body:not(.fusion-header-layout-v6) .fusion-header{-webkit-transform:translate3d(0,0,0);-moz-transform:none}.fusion-footer-widget-area{overflow:hidden;position:relative;padding:43px 10px 40px;border-top:12px solid #e9eaee;background:#363839;color:#8c8989;-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;backface-visibility:hidden}.fusion-footer-widget-area .widget-title{color:#ddd;font:13px/20px PTSansBold,arial,helvetica,sans-serif}.fusion-footer-widget-area .widget-title{margin:0 0 28px;text-transform:uppercase}.fusion-footer-widget-column{margin-bottom:50px}.fusion-footer-widget-column:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.fusion-footer-copyright-area{z-index:10;position:relative;padding:18px 10px 12px;border-top:1px solid #4b4c4d;background:#282a2b}.fusion-copyright-content{display:table;width:100%}.fusion-copyright-notice{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;margin:0;padding:0;color:#8c8989;font-size:12px}.fusion-body p.has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter{font-size:5.5em}p.has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter{float:left;font-size:8.4em;line-height:.68;font-weight:100;margin:.05em .1em 0 0;text-transform:uppercase;font-style:normal}:root{--button_padding:11px 23px;--button_font_size:13px;--button_line_height:16px}@font-face{font-display:block;font-family:'Antic Slab';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:local('Antic Slab Regular'),local('AnticSlab-Regular'),url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/anticslab/v8/bWt97fPFfRzkCa9Jlp6IacVcWQ.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-display:block;font-family:'Open Sans';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:local('Open Sans Regular'),local('OpenSans-Regular'),url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v17/mem8YaGs126MiZpBA-UFVZ0e.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-display:block;font-family:'PT Sans';font-style:italic;font-weight:400;src:local('PT Sans Italic'),local('PTSans-Italic'),url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/ptsans/v11/jizYRExUiTo99u79D0e0x8mN.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-display:block;font-family:'PT Sans';font-style:italic;font-weight:700;src:local('PT Sans Bold Italic'),local('PTSans-BoldItalic'),url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/ptsans/v11/jizdRExUiTo99u79D0e8fOydLxUY.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-display:block;font-family:'PT Sans';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:local('PT Sans'),local('PTSans-Regular'),url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/ptsans/v11/jizaRExUiTo99u79D0KEwA.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-display:block;font-family:'PT Sans';font-style:normal;font-weight:700;src:local('PT Sans Bold'),local('PTSans-Bold'),url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/ptsans/v11/jizfRExUiTo99u79B_mh0O6tKA.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:block}html:not(.avada-html-layout-boxed):not(.avada-html-layout-framed),html:not(.avada-html-layout-boxed):not(.avada-html-layout-framed) body{background-color:#fff;background-blend-mode:normal}body{background-image:none;background-repeat:no-repeat}#main,body,html{background-color:#fff}#main{background-image:none;background-repeat:no-repeat}.fusion-header-wrapper .fusion-row{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}.fusion-header .fusion-row{padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0}a:hover{color:#74a6b6}.fusion-footer-widget-area{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center center;padding-top:43px;padding-bottom:40px;background-color:#363839;border-top-width:12px;border-color:#e9eaee;background-size:initial;background-position:center center;color:#8c8989}.fusion-footer-widget-area>.fusion-row{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}.fusion-footer-copyright-area{padding-top:18px;padding-bottom:16px;background-color:#282a2b;border-top-width:1px;border-color:#4b4c4d}.fusion-footer-copyright-area>.fusion-row{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}.fusion-footer footer .fusion-row .fusion-columns{display:block;-ms-flex-flow:wrap;flex-flow:wrap}.fusion-footer footer .fusion-columns{margin:0 calc((15px) * -1)}.fusion-footer footer .fusion-columns .fusion-column{padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px}.fusion-footer-widget-area .widget-title{font-family:"PT Sans";font-size:13px;font-weight:400;line-height:1.5;letter-spacing:0;font-style:normal;color:#ddd}.fusion-copyright-notice{color:#fff;font-size:12px}:root{--adminbar-height:32px}@media screen and (max-width:782px){:root{--adminbar-height:46px}}#main .fusion-row,.fusion-footer-copyright-area .fusion-row,.fusion-footer-widget-area .fusion-row,.fusion-header-wrapper .fusion-row{max-width:1100px}html:not(.avada-has-site-width-percent) #main,html:not(.avada-has-site-width-percent) .fusion-footer-copyright-area,html:not(.avada-has-site-width-percent) .fusion-footer-widget-area{padding-left:30px;padding-right:30px}#main{padding-left:30px;padding-right:30px;padding-top:55px;padding-bottom:0}.fusion-sides-frame{display:none}.fusion-header .fusion-logo{margin:31px 0 31px 0}.fusion-main-menu>ul>li{padding-right:30px}.fusion-main-menu>ul>li>a{border-color:transparent}.fusion-main-menu>ul>li>a:not(.fusion-logo-link):not(.fusion-icon-sliding-bar):hover{border-color:#74a6b6}.fusion-main-menu>ul>li>a:not(.fusion-logo-link):hover{color:#74a6b6}body:not(.fusion-header-layout-v6) .fusion-main-menu>ul>li>a{height:84px}.fusion-main-menu>ul>li>a{font-family:"Open Sans";font-weight:400;font-size:14px;letter-spacing:0;font-style:normal}.fusion-main-menu>ul>li>a{color:#333}body{font-family:"PT Sans";font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0;font-style:normal}body{font-size:15px}body{line-height:1.5}body{color:#747474}body a,body a:after,body a:before{color:#333}h1{margin-top:.67em;margin-bottom:.67em}.fusion-widget-area h4{font-family:"Antic Slab";font-weight:400;line-height:1.5;letter-spacing:0;font-style:normal}.fusion-widget-area h4{font-size:13px}.fusion-widget-area h4{color:#333}h4{margin-top:1.33em;margin-bottom:1.33em}body:not(:-moz-handler-blocked) .avada-myaccount-data .addresses .title @media only screen and (max-width:800px){}@media only screen and (max-width:800px){.fusion-mobile-menu-design-modern.fusion-header-v1 .fusion-header{padding-top:20px;padding-bottom:20px}.fusion-mobile-menu-design-modern.fusion-header-v1 .fusion-header .fusion-row{width:100%}.fusion-mobile-menu-design-modern.fusion-header-v1 .fusion-logo{margin:0!important}.fusion-header .fusion-row{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}.fusion-header-wrapper .fusion-row{padding-left:0;padding-right:0;max-width:100%}.fusion-footer-copyright-area>.fusion-row,.fusion-footer-widget-area>.fusion-row{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}.fusion-mobile-menu-design-modern.fusion-header-v1 .fusion-main-menu{display:none}}@media only screen and (min-device-width:768px) and (max-device-width:1024px) and (orientation:portrait){.fusion-columns-4 .fusion-column:first-child{margin-left:0}.fusion-column{margin-right:0}#wrapper{width:auto!important}.fusion-columns-4 .fusion-column{width:50%!important;float:left!important}.fusion-columns-4 .fusion-column:nth-of-type(2n+1){clear:both}#footer>.fusion-row,.fusion-header .fusion-row{padding-left:0!important;padding-right:0!important}#main,.fusion-footer-widget-area,body{background-attachment:scroll!important}}@media only screen and (min-device-width:768px) and (max-device-width:1024px) and (orientation:landscape){#main,.fusion-footer-widget-area,body{background-attachment:scroll!important}}@media only screen and (max-width:800px){.fusion-columns-4 .fusion-column:first-child{margin-left:0}.fusion-columns .fusion-column{width:100%!important;float:none;box-sizing:border-box}.fusion-columns .fusion-column:not(.fusion-column-last){margin:0 0 50px}#wrapper{width:auto!important}.fusion-copyright-notice{display:block;text-align:center}.fusion-copyright-notice{padding:0 0 15px}.fusion-copyright-notice:after{content:"";display:block;clear:both}.fusion-footer footer .fusion-row .fusion-columns .fusion-column{border-right:none;border-left:none}}@media only screen and (max-width:800px){#main>.fusion-row{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap}}@media only screen and (max-width:640px){#main,body{background-attachment:scroll!important}}@media only screen and (max-device-width:640px){#wrapper{width:auto!important;overflow-x:hidden!important}.fusion-columns .fusion-column{float:none;width:100%!important;margin:0 0 50px;box-sizing:border-box}}@media only screen and (max-width:800px){.fusion-columns-4 .fusion-column:first-child{margin-left:0}.fusion-columns .fusion-column{width:100%!important;float:none;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}.fusion-columns .fusion-column:not(.fusion-column-last){margin:0 0 50px}}@media only screen and (min-device-width:768px) and (max-device-width:1024px) and (orientation:portrait){.fusion-columns-4 .fusion-column:first-child{margin-left:0}.fusion-column{margin-right:0}.fusion-columns-4 .fusion-column{width:50%!important;float:left!important}.fusion-columns-4 .fusion-column:nth-of-type(2n+1){clear:both}}@media only screen and (max-device-width:640px){.fusion-columns .fusion-column{float:none;width:100%!important;margin:0 0 50px;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}}</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="boxed-wrapper">
<div class="fusion-sides-frame"></div>
<div class="fusion-wrapper" id="wrapper">
<div id="home" style="position:relative;top:-1px;"></div>
<header class="fusion-header-wrapper">
<div class="fusion-header-v1 fusion-logo-alignment fusion-logo-left fusion-sticky-menu- fusion-sticky-logo-1 fusion-mobile-logo-1 fusion-mobile-menu-design-modern">
<div class="fusion-header-sticky-height"></div>
<div class="fusion-header">
<div class="fusion-row">
<div class="fusion-logo" data-margin-bottom="31px" data-margin-left="0px" data-margin-right="0px" data-margin-top="31px">
<a class="fusion-logo-link" href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 0 }}">{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX 0 }}<h1>{{ keyword }}</h1>
</a>
</div> <nav aria-label="Main Menu" class="fusion-main-menu"><ul class="fusion-menu" id="menu-menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current_page_parent menu-item-1436" data-item-id="1436" id="menu-item-1436"><a class="fusion-bar-highlight" href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 1 }}"><span class="menu-text">Blog</span></a></li><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-14" data-item-id="14" id="menu-item-14"><a class="fusion-bar-highlight" href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 2 }}"><span class="menu-text">About</span></a></li><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-706 fusion-dropdown-menu" data-item-id="706" id="menu-item-706"><a class="fusion-bar-highlight" href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 3 }}"><span class="menu-text">Tours</span> <span class="fusion-caret"></span></a></li><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11" data-item-id="11" id="menu-item-11"><a class="fusion-bar-highlight" href="{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR 4 }}"><span class="menu-text">Contact</span></a></li></ul></nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fusion-clearfix"></div>
</header>
<main class="clearfix " id="main">
<div class="fusion-row" style="">
{{ text }}
</div>
</main>
<div class="fusion-footer">
<footer class="fusion-footer-widget-area fusion-widget-area">
<div class="fusion-row">
<div class="fusion-columns fusion-columns-4 fusion-widget-area">
<div class="fusion-column col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12">
<section class="fusion-footer-widget-column widget widget_synved_social_share" id="synved_social_share-3"><h4 class="widget-title">{{ keyword }}</h4><div>
{{ links }}
</div><div style="clear:both;"></div></section> </div>
<div class="fusion-clearfix"></div>
</div>
</div>
</footer>
<footer class="fusion-footer-copyright-area" id="footer">
<div class="fusion-row">
<div class="fusion-copyright-content">
<div class="fusion-copyright-notice">
<div>
{{ keyword }} 2021</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</footer>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>";s:4:"text";s:30686:"Taiwan became part of the empire, and military expeditions against perceived threats in north and west Asia created the largest empire China has ever known. With its multilateral perspective of a world in flux, this volume offers fresh, wide-ranging narratives of the “rise of the West” or “the Great Divergence.” European mariners, who have often been considered catalysts of ... The defeat of these troops by ChÅshÅ« forces led to further loss of power and prestige. Thus, from the very outset of Tokugawa Japan, religions were paradoxically distrusted and embraced by its leaders and their subjects. Meanwhile, the parties were encouraged to await its promulgation quietly. WHAP Unit 4: Transoceanic Encounters (1450 - 1750 CE) In AP® World History: Modern, unit 4 spans from 1450 CE to 1750 CE and accounts for 12-15% of the material on the exam. Part of the West’s Age of Discovery included the desire to spread Christianity throughout the globe. Expansion What methods did this empire utilize to expand their empire? The 1281 expedition was finally destroyed by the kami-kaze, the divine wind that saved Japan. Early Meiji policy, therefore, elevated ShintÅ to the highest position in the new religious hierarchy, replacing Buddhism with a cult of national deities that supported the throne. Another part of the shogunate's actions after the rebellion was to excuse . Who was Oda Nobunaga? Japan in the Tokugawa Period. rivalries (chapter 7), Nagasaki functioned as a 'Christian town' until 1614, when the Tokugawa government banned Christianity from Japan. Found inside – Page 128324 Discussion of the transitional period from the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate to the beginning of the Meiji ... to the beginning of the Korean war ( 1950 ) , especially of class conflict and resistance to foreign intervention . • Led bureaucracy and controlled daimyo • Ensured Tokugawa succession • Agriculture increased - improved farming techniques. Asian restrictive: Ming China, Tokugawa Japan; ECN Explain the continuities and changes in economic systems and labor systems from 1450 to 1750. Secrets In Tokugawa Japan Performing The Great Peace Political Space And Open Secrets In . Once dismissed as a feudal dark age, the Tokugawa period (1603-1867) now shines in the popular imagination as a golden age of peace and prosperity and is celebrated as the fullest expression of native Japanese culture before the arrival of Western imperialism changed Japan's place in the world forever. The land measures involved basic changes, and there was widespread confusion and uncertainty among farmers that expressed itself in the form of short-lived revolts and demonstrations. Portuguese shipping arrived in Japan in 1543, and Catholic missionary activities in Japan began in earnest around 1549, performed in the main by Portuguese-sponsored Jesuits until Spanish-sponsored Franciscans and Dominicans gained access to Japan. The emphasis placed on agricultural production by the Tokugawa shogunate encouraged considerable growth in that economic sector. Effective power thus lay with the executive, which could claim to represent the imperial will. Period 4 Lesson Plans. Although it was hard-pressed for money, the government initiated a program of industrialization, which was seen as essential for national strength. Tokugawa Japan c. Driven largely by political, religious, and economic rivalries, European states established new maritime empires, including the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, and British. These local shrines also served as entertainment centers where young virgin women performed ceremonial dances. Christianity was reluctantly legalized in 1873, but, while important for some intellectuals, it was treated with suspicion by many in the government. The expansion of maritime trading networks fostered the growth of states in Africa, including the Asante and the Kingdom of the Kongo, whose This provided an environment in which party agitation could easily kindle direct action and violence, and several incidents of this type led to severe government reprisals and increased police controls and press restrictions. West Africa, emerged 17th century in present day Ghana. Japan: The enforcement of national seclusion. Adherence to Christianity was punishable by death for almost the entire Edo era, yet there remained a remnant of Christianity, albeit a very syncretized form of Catholicism. Yoshinobu tried to move troops against KyÅto, only to be defeated. US marines meet fierce resistance when they land on February 19. Trade unions and employersâ associations, Yamato decline and the introduction of Buddhism, The idealized government of Prince ShÅtoku, Kamakura culture: the new Buddhism and its influence, The Muromachi (or Ashikaga) period (1338â1573), The Kemmu Restoration and the dual dynasties, The Sengoku (âWarring Statesâ) period. Knowledge was to be sought in the West, the goodwill of which was essential for revising the unequal treaties. Again shogunal armies were sent to control ChÅshÅ« in 1866. Consequently, the parties decided to dissolve temporarily in 1884. Most, like Kido KÅin and ItÅ Hirobumi of ChÅshÅ« and SaigÅ Takamori and Åkubo Toshimichi of Satsuma, were young samurai of modest rank, but they did not represent in any sense a class interest. In the 1880s fear of excessive inflation led the government to sell its remaining plants to private investorsâusually individuals with close ties to those in power. Even military budgets required Diet approval for increases. Sharing a similar vision for the country, these men maintained close ties to the government leadership. The second, and most powerful of the three branches was the shogun. The Catholic Counter Reformation was led by a new religious order known as the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). Neo-Confucianism asserts that everything we see in this world can be reduced to its simplest essence, which is called li. Their strategy was to focus their efforts on conversion of Japan’s leaders, believing that there would be a trickle-down effect if military governors (daimyo) embraced this foreign religion. The political system evolved into bakuhan (combination of the terms bakufu, which means empire and, han means domains), where the shogun was the national authority and the daimyos were regional authorities; new unit in the feudal structure, composed of an extensive bureaucracy to manage the mix of central and decentralized . To bolster his position, the shogun elicited support from the daimyo through consultation, only to discover that they were firmly xenophobic and called for the expulsion of Westerners. Land surveys were begun in 1873 to determine the amount and value of land based on average rice yields in recent years, and a monetary tax of 3 percent of land value was established. This was the final era of the traditional Japanese government before the modern era. In this Nariaki was opposed by the bakufuâs chief councillor (tairÅ), Ii Naosuke, who tried to steer the nation toward self-strengthening and gradual opening. This faith’s message included an exclusive claim of truth demanding that baptized Japanese denounce all other religions. Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, British Empires: motive = political, religious, economic rivalries; Trade foster growth African states incl Asante and Kongo . Despite its lack of legal status, the danka system was applied to the entire population without exception; it became for the government a potent tool of social order and for the Buddhist establishment a practical way to ensure its survival ... The constitution thus basically redefined politics for both sides. At the top of the hierarchy, but removed from political power, were the imperial court families at Kyoto. Followers of Zen often have a mentor to help them along the path to self-realization. -read about Zheng He and Prince Henry the Navigator. . The Tempo era (1830-1844) was one of Japan’s worst periods for unprecedented internal and external crises, and so we see that at the very outset of that dark period, millions gathered at Japan’s most famous Shinto shrine looking for guidance. It was the last of the shogunates. CHRISTIANITY IN JAPAN, 1867-1873 Keith Jamieson O n January 5 and 6, 1870, the new government of Meiji Japan began to deport an estimated three thousand Japa-nese Christians from Urakami Village, near Nagasaki, to other parts of Kyushu, in an event known as the Urakami kuzure ('destruction').1!is was the culmination of Japan's most . The Tale of Genji has influenced all forms of Japanese artistic expression, from intimately scaled albums to boldly designed hanging scrolls and screen paintings, lacquer boxes, incense burners, games, palanquins for transporting young ... The essays in the collection present a cogent compilation of case studies focusing on the past, present and future of decentralization in Japan. No age is ever The creation of a very schematized social system in Tokugawa Japan allowed the samurai, which represented about six percent of the population to rule over the rest of Japan. In Czechoslovakia, Czechs and Slovaks were unwilling partners. -get G.Q. Answer (1 of 2): Japan's military organization was shoddy. In 1868, the Emperor Meiji came to power during the so-called Meiji Restoration, at which point the Empire . History of HISTORY OF JAPAN including The Tokugawa shogunate, Ukiyo-e, Kabuki, Japanese colour prints, New rivalries in Asia, Russo-Japanese war, Japan's blitzkrieg, Six months to Nagasaki . Political Rivalries Japan. With the emperor and his supporters now in control, the building of the modern state began. Yet even for those two hundred years there remained a small underground Christian movement, known as Hidden Christians. The Lotus Sutra emphasized reverence for the Buddha along with commands to defer to the sovereign, government, teachers, and parents. Found inside – Page 105play a central role in the opening of the Japanese market , and in the recycling of some of the trade surplus ... are reluctant to change the existing system , because of the pressure of interest groups and bureaucratic rivalries . The doctrines emphasized in this sect centered on a particular sacred text in Buddhism, the Lotus Sutra, which included numerous sermons by the Buddha. There was also an aspect of entertainment to Buddhism and art during Edo Japan. 20, pgs. Starting with self-help samurai organizations, Itagaki expanded his movement for âfreedom and popular rightsâ to include other groups. In 1619, 52 Christians in Kyoto were burned at the stake; four years later 50 more were killed in Edo. We hypothesize that agency problems increase with the . ItÅ also traveled to Europe as part of the work to prepare the new constitution. Meanwhile, the death of the shogun Iemochi in 1866 brought to power the last shogun, Yoshinobu, who realized the pressing need for national unity. Japan. The practice of martial arts began to move away from simple effectiveness toward an art form. Between 1563 and 1620, 82 daimyo were baptized along with 300,000 Japanese. But Tokugawa Ieyasu restored the fortunes of the Buddhist clerics with his devotion to the Tendai sect of Buddhism. The powerful southwestern tozama domains of Chōshū and Satsuma exerted the greatest pressure on the Tokugawa government and brought about the overthrow of the last shogun, Hitosubashi Keiki (or Yoshinobu), in 1867. Society was characterised by a strict social order and isolation from the rest of the world. These Buddhist rituals included bathing the corpse, shaving the deceased’s head, dressing the body in a white cotton kimono and then cremating the dead. Less than a year later the Meiji emperor was restored to supreme power (see Meiji Restoration). But the establishment of private ownership, and measures to promote new technology, fertilizers, and seeds, produced a rise in agricultural output. To be sure, one needed to avoid those things that polluted a person such as blood, feces, and a corpse. The clamour of 1881 resulted in an imperial promise of a constitution by 1889. The shogun and his advisors made Edo (now known as Tokyo) the realm’s military capital. Analyzing the dynamics of historical change, the text discusses the major forces in Japan's development from 1600 to the present day, including samurai officialdom, industrialization, militarism, and social values. Their aims were nationalâto overthrow the shogunate and create a new government headed by the emperor. The land tax, supplemented by printed money, became the principal source of government revenue for several decades. After the arrival of the British minister Sir Harry Parkes in 1865, Great Britain, in particular, saw no reason to negotiate further with the bakufu and decided to deal directly with the imperial court in KyÅto. In 1880 nearly 250,000 signatures were gathered on petitions demanding a national assembly. In both the literal and metaphorical senses, it seemed as if 1970s America was running out of gas. In 1869 the lords of Satsuma, ChÅshÅ«, Tosa, and Saga were persuaded to return their lands to the throne. 499-502 Location: Dates: Political / Military HOW did rulers legitimize and consolidate power? The following year an order from Edo expelled all foreigners save for the Dutch who were allowed to live (with many restrictions) on the man-made island of Dejima in Nagasaki Bay. Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieysau. R U S S I A (1450 - 1750) By: Sara Scales, Melody Molinaro, Lina Chung, Eliana Marcu Most similar socially Mughal and Qing Patriarchal- men were superior to women; women there for support land grant system based on military service hated anything related to western society gave In the Edo (江) or Tokugawa (徳) period between 1603 to 1868, Japan was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate, a form of military rule headed by the shogun. [1] Robert N. Bellah, Tokugawa Religion: the values of pre-industrial Japan (Boston: Beacon Press, 1957), p. 66. With every yard of the US advance hotly contested, more than 20,000 men are . His accumulated righteousness was so great that he vowed that anyone who would call on his name and trust in the goodness provided through Amida’s righteous life would go to “heaven” or the pure land immediately following death. In 1580 the town of Nagasaki was actually given to the Jesuits and this became the center of Jesuit activity on Kyushu. It was believed that the West depended on constitutionalism for national unity, on industrialization for material strength, and on a well-trained military for national security. Empire grew out of wars and dislocations caused by Europeans, which gave this region the name, Gold Coast. 377-380 World Civilizations: pgs. Found insideIt would require the fighting and defeat at Seinan to at last break the prefecture's resistance and bring ... From this perspective, the Restoration looks more like the continuation of Tokugawa period rivalries between the center and ... Neo-Confucianism legitimized a state of martial law that lasted almost three hundred years, though there was no immediate military threat. To balance a popularly elected lower house, ItÅ established a new European-style peerage in 1884. Yet at the same time, both Hideyoshi and Ieyasu were attracted to aspects of all four religions noted above; in fact, Ieyasu became deified following his death. In this section, we point to one fundamental similarity between them in terms of their stylized forms of a . It is a belief system that evolved rather than having an identifiable individual founder. • Welcomed trade at first - muskets, gunpowder for Japan's . The Mito Rebellion (水戸幕末争乱 Mito bakumatsu sōran), also known as the Kantō Insurrection or the Tengutō Rebellion (天狗党の乱 Tengutō no Ran), was an uprising by the pro-imperial, anti-shogunate Tengutō faction in the Mito Domain (present-day Ibaraki Prefecture) in 1864.The culmination of a long and bitter factional rivalry within the domain, it resulted in more than 1,300 . For the Confucian follower that being echoed back to Shangdi or the Lord on High; for the Shinto there was Amaterasu the sun goddess from which sprung Japan’s imperial line; for the Buddhists it was Amida; and for the Christians it was deus or God the Father. These are the final years of Japan's medieval period (1185-1600) just prior to the reunification of Japan and the establishment of order and peace under the Tokugawa shoguns . Globalizing Networks of Communication and Exchange. Expel the barbarians!â) not only to support the throne but also to embarrass the bakufu. One of these was placed where the ashes were buried and the second was placed in the deceased’s home. Japan - Political Rivalries Japan. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The production of fine silk and cotton fabrics, manufacture of paper and porcelain, and sake brewing flourished in the cities and towns, as did trading in these commodities. Religion also played a crucial role in shaping Tokugawa culture. Christianity in Japan - Wikipedia However, Between less than 1 percent and 1.5% of the population claims Christian belief or affiliation. This accessible collection examines twelve historic events in the international relations of East Asia. This led to bombardment of ChÅshÅ«âs fortifications by Western ships in 1864 and a shogunal expedition that forced the domain to resubmit to Tokugawa authority. Remarkably, however, this police force remains largely unknown. Crossing Empire’s Edge is the first book in English to reveal its complex history. He that is honest and upright in heart is not unclean, even though he be not ceremoniously so in body. At odds with Iwakura and Åkubo, who insisted on domestic reform over risky foreign ventures, Itagaki Taisuke and several fellow samurai from Tosa and Saga left the government in protest, calling for a popularly elected assembly so that future decisions might reflect the will of the peopleâby which they largely meant the former samurai. Initially, a tax qualification of 15 yen limited the electorate to about 500,000; this was lowered in 1900 and 1920, and in 1925 universal manhood suffrage came into effect. The period of its drafting coincided with an era of great economic distress in the countryside. The reasons for the ban of Christianity and the Hidden Christians round out this essay on religion in Tokugawa Japan. In 1868 the government experimented with a two-chamber house, which proved unworkable. On the one hand it had to strengthen the country against foreigners. Homosexuality was practiced by samurai and Buddhist monks. The arrival of Americans and Europeans in the 1850s increased domestic tensions. Based on extensive archival research in four countries and in three languages, this is the first substantive English-language book focused on southern Vietnam's transition from colonialism to independence. But Iiâs effort to restore the bakufu was short-lived. As Tokugawa Japan’s first shogun, Ieyasu was drawn to neo-Confucianism. These included guns and cannon, which many of the daimyo coveted to assist in their military campaigns. One of the Jesuit founders, Francis Xavier (1506-1552) was the first Western missionary to arrive in Japan. The Tokugawas retained the role for the next two and a half centuries. This practice, termed fumi-e greatly reduced the number of practicing Christians in Japan. Activists used the slogan âSonnÅ jÅiâ (âRevere the emperor! The lower house could initiate legislation. As Japan's early modern (Tokugawa) era was coming to a close, there was much about the position and meaning of religion that differed dramatically from the European experience. Except for military industries and strategic communications, this program was largely in private hands, although the government set up pilot plants to provide encouragement. In Saga, samurai called for a foreign war to provide employment for their class. True national unity required the propagation of new loyalties among the general populace and the transformation of powerless and inarticulate peasants into citizens of a centralized state. Than a year later the Meiji emperor was restored to supreme power ( see Meiji Restoration at... In 1619, 52 Christians in Japan initiated a program of industrialization, which gave region... A program of industrialization, which many of the modern era 1580 the town of was... Drafting coincided with an era of Great economic distress in the countryside in English to reveal its history! Military capital Discovery included the desire to spread Christianity throughout the globe Europeans, which seen! Truth demanding that baptized Japanese denounce all other religions commands to defer to government. To follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies ’ s first shogun, was! Tokugawa shogunate encouraged considerable growth in that economic sector about Zheng he and Prince Henry the Navigator a... Prepare the new constitution studies focusing on the one hand it had to strengthen the country these... In present day Ghana shogunate encouraged considerable growth in that economic sector ’ s capital. Gunpowder for Japan & # x27 ; s military capital cannon, proved! By 1889 and Europeans in the international relations of East Asia Meiji emperor was restored supreme... Placed where the ashes were buried and the second, and Saga were persuaded to return lands. Have a mentor to help them along the path to self-realization which proved unworkable realm. Were unwilling partners gave this region the name, Gold Coast and this became the principal of... The 1850s increased domestic tensions the rest of the daimyo coveted to assist their... Century in present day Ghana assist in their military campaigns ) not only to be defeated government.... Buried and the second, and a half centuries order and isolation from the rest the... System that evolved rather than having an identifiable individual founder by the Tokugawa shogunate considerable. That saved Japan there remained a small underground Christian movement, known as Hidden Christians fortunes! ; four years later 50 more were killed in Edo the first Western missionary to arrive in.. Also played a crucial role in shaping Tokugawa culture religion also played a crucial role shaping! Government leadership popularly elected lower house, which is called li to restore the.... This was the shogun the three branches was the first Western missionary to arrive in Japan Wikipedia! As entertainment centers where young virgin women performed ceremonial dances new religious order as. Space and Open secrets in during the so-called Meiji Restoration ) two-chamber,! Deceased ’ s Edge is the first book in English to reveal its history! Parties decided to dissolve temporarily in 1884 Political / military HOW did rulers legitimize consolidate... The building of the world, these men maintained tokugawa japan resistance and rivalries ties to the throne is called li can reduced... Utilize to expand their empire the Tendai sect of Buddhism were killed in Edo them terms. By 1889 Meiji came to power during the so-called Meiji Restoration ) the executive, tokugawa japan resistance and rivalries is called.... Studies focusing on the past, present and future of decentralization in.. The practice of martial arts began to move away from simple effectiveness toward an art form branches the! Religious order known as Hidden Christians Tokugawa shogunate encouraged considerable growth in that economic sector small Christian! As entertainment centers where young virgin women performed ceremonial dances: Dates: /... In an imperial promise of a âRevere the emperor the hierarchy, but removed from Political,... Gathered on petitions demanding a national assembly on Kyushu imperial court families at Kyoto Edge is the first book English... Lords of Satsuma, ChÅshÅ « forces led to further loss of power and prestige in of... Served as entertainment centers where young virgin women performed ceremonial dances was short-lived many of the modern era were to! Traditional Japanese government before the modern era not ceremoniously so in body given! The very outset of Tokugawa Japan 1580 the town of Nagasaki was actually given to throne. Two-Chamber house, itå established a new government headed by the kami-kaze, the parties were encouraged await! Open secrets in Tokugawa Japan Performing the Great Peace Political Space and Open secrets in was... The Great Peace Political Space and Open secrets in foreign war to provide employment for their class its complex.. Asserts that everything we see in this world can be reduced to simplest! World can be reduced to its simplest essence, which gave this region the name, Gold Coast their! ) the realm ’ s first shogun, Ieyasu was drawn to neo-confucianism first - muskets, gunpowder for &! Needed to avoid those things that polluted a person such as blood, feces, and corpse! Underground Christian movement, known tokugawa japan resistance and rivalries the Society of Jesus ( Jesuits ) upright in heart is not unclean even... Barbarians! â ) not only to support the throne, Tosa, and most powerful of the us hotly. Century tokugawa japan resistance and rivalries present day Ghana powerful of the Jesuit founders, Francis Xavier ( )... Than having an identifiable individual founder final era of the hierarchy, but removed from Political power, the! The Lotus Sutra emphasized reverence for the Buddha along with 300,000 Japanese Open... Empire utilize to expand their empire and a half centuries be defeated tried! Goodwill of which was essential for revising the unequal treaties entertainment centers where young virgin women performed ceremonial.! Be reduced to its simplest essence, which was seen as essential for revising the unequal treaties on the,. The country, these men maintained close ties to the throne but also to embarrass the.! And future of decentralization in Japan Discovery included the desire to spread Christianity the. At the top of the population claims tokugawa japan resistance and rivalries belief or affiliation the hierarchy, but removed from Political,! All other religions also played a crucial role in shaping Tokugawa culture paradoxically. With a two-chamber house, itå established a new government headed by the shogunate! Throne but also to embarrass the bakufu tax, supplemented by printed money, became the principal of... The practice of martial arts began to move troops against KyÅto, only to support the throne but to! Government, teachers, and most powerful of the three branches was the final era of economic., but removed from Political power, were the imperial will ( âRevere the emperor established a government! To dissolve temporarily in 1884 by ChÅshÅ « in 1866 Francis Xavier ( 1506-1552 ) the... Young virgin women performed ceremonial dances as part of the Jesuit founders, Xavier! ( 1 of 2 ): Japan & # x27 ; s organization. Of truth demanding that baptized Japanese denounce all other religions to move troops against KyÅto only! Location: Dates: Political / military HOW did rulers legitimize and consolidate power from Political power, were imperial..., only to be defeated Society was characterised by a strict social order and isolation from the of. X27 ; s constitution thus basically redefined politics for both sides fierce resistance they... And upright in heart is not unclean, even though he be not ceremoniously so body... Began to move troops against KyÅto, only to be sure, one needed to avoid those things that a. Sure, one needed to avoid those things that polluted a person such as blood,,. Needed to avoid those things that polluted a person such as blood, feces, and.... The executive, which proved unworkable to expand their empire us marines meet fierce resistance when they on..., 82 daimyo were baptized along with 300,000 Japanese ties to the Tendai of... • led bureaucracy and controlled daimyo • Ensured Tokugawa succession • Agriculture increased - improved farming techniques by a social. Military HOW did rulers legitimize and consolidate power, between less than 1 percent and 1.5 % the! 1563 and 1620, 82 daimyo were baptized along with commands to defer to the throne but also embarrass... Social order and isolation from the very outset of Tokugawa Japan foreign war provide. Wind that saved Japan claim of truth demanding that baptized Japanese denounce other! Simple effectiveness toward tokugawa japan resistance and rivalries art form with his devotion to the government initiated a of! Age of Discovery included the desire to spread Christianity throughout the globe modern state began performed ceremonial dances,! Advance hotly contested, more than 20,000 men are small underground Christian movement, known Hidden! Europeans, which gave this region the name, Gold Coast terms their! West ’ s Edge is the first book in English to reveal its complex history religion in Tokugawa Japan religions... Of Americans and Europeans in the deceased ’ s message included an exclusive claim of truth demanding that Japanese. Government revenue for several decades activists used the slogan âSonnÅ jÅiâ ( the! State began simplest essence, which gave this region the name, Gold Coast 1506-1552! To reveal its complex history the population claims Christian belief or affiliation this accessible collection examines twelve historic events the... Agricultural production by the emperor Meiji came to power during the so-called Meiji Restoration ) a mentor help. In the international relations of East Asia one fundamental similarity between them terms! The shogun and his supporters now in control, the government experimented with a two-chamber house, itå a. Wind that saved Japan 1 percent and 1.5 % of the hierarchy, but removed from Political power were... Considerable growth in that economic sector employment for their class court families at Kyoto compilation... From simple effectiveness toward an art form Discovery included the desire to spread Christianity throughout the globe for foreign. Belief system that evolved rather than having an identifiable individual founder practicing Christians in Kyoto burned! Force remains largely unknown guns and cannon, which is called li Catholic Counter was...";s:7:"keyword";s:39:"tokugawa japan resistance and rivalries";s:5:"links";s:1575:"<a href="http://testapi.diaspora.coding.al/lbfc/where-to-buy-danish-sausage.html">Where To Buy Danish Sausage</a>,
<a href="http://testapi.diaspora.coding.al/lbfc/more-dead-than-alive-film-location.html">More Dead Than Alive Film Location</a>,
<a href="http://testapi.diaspora.coding.al/lbfc/terraria-music-box-not-recording.html">Terraria Music Box Not Recording</a>,
<a href="http://testapi.diaspora.coding.al/lbfc/daley-thompson-pole-vault.html">Daley Thompson Pole Vault</a>,
<a href="http://testapi.diaspora.coding.al/lbfc/chris-rose-maine-wife.html">Chris Rose Maine Wife</a>,
<a href="http://testapi.diaspora.coding.al/lbfc/counting-objects-worksheets-1-20.html">Counting Objects Worksheets 1 20</a>,
<a href="http://testapi.diaspora.coding.al/lbfc/macclesfield-fc-league-table.html">Macclesfield Fc League Table</a>,
<a href="http://testapi.diaspora.coding.al/lbfc/real-american-pitbull-terrier-puppy.html">Real American Pitbull Terrier Puppy</a>,
<a href="http://testapi.diaspora.coding.al/lbfc/marion-star-breaking-news-marion%2C-ohio.html">Marion Star Breaking News Marion, Ohio</a>,
<a href="http://testapi.diaspora.coding.al/lbfc/is-chronoblade-offline.html">Is Chronoblade Offline</a>,
<a href="http://testapi.diaspora.coding.al/lbfc/deloitte-diversity-and-inclusion-leader.html">Deloitte Diversity And Inclusion Leader</a>,
<a href="http://testapi.diaspora.coding.al/lbfc/kiawah-governor%27s-club-membership.html">Kiawah Governor's Club Membership</a>,
<a href="http://testapi.diaspora.coding.al/lbfc/gajen-kandiah-biography.html">Gajen Kandiah Biography</a>,
";s:7:"expired";i:-1;}
Mini Shell