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class="copyright-footer"> {{ keyword }} 2021 </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </body> </html>";s:4:"text";s:27234:"\(\ce{CaF2}\) has its electrons contained with in the 3d orbitals and are able to move between dyz and dz2 squared. Fluorite. [N(CH3)4][Cu2Cl3] crystallizes in space group … The images below depict the structure of fluorite. Fluorite, composition CaF2, is a halide mineral of uncommon occurrence in soils. Fluorite has four perfect cleavage planes that help produce octahedral fragments. Use getProperty "modelInfo" or getProperty "auxiliaryInfo" to inspect them. 2. William R. Gemmill, Mark D. Smith and Hans-Conrad zur Loye* Single crystals of La 3 RuO 7 were isolated from a high-temperature KCl flux and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. and a relatively small counter-ion would locate in tetrahedral sites. It has a cubic crystal system with a body-centered structure. 1.. IntroductionCalcium fluoride, fluorite, is a well-known face-centered cubic mineral. 2. Figure 2, d presents a way of showing two-thirds of the occupied octahedrons in the structure type exhibited by corundum, or A1 2 O 3 , and hematite, or Fe 2 O 3 . A ruby is a pink-ish red to blood-red colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminium oxide).Ruby is one of the most popular traditional jewelry gems and is very durable. atoms, ions). Single crystals may show bands of varying colors. Calcium fluoride Chrystals. The surface along which the lattice points are shared in twinned crystals is called a composition surface or twin plane. The fluoride ions have a coordination number of 4, and the calcium ions have a coordination number of 8. Crystal Structure of Fluorite. Crystal twinning is common and adds complexity to the observed crystal habits. In Figure 2, c the fluorite, or CaF 2, structure type is illustrated. The structure is three-dimensional. Other varieties of gem-quality corundum are called sapphires.Ruby is one of the traditional cardinal gems, alongside amethyst, sapphire, emerald, and diamond. The fluorite (CaF 2) crystal structure showing the coordination environments of the Ca and F atoms In terms of geometry, Ca 2 + is in cubic coordination with eight F - neighbors, and the fluoride ions are tetrahedrally coordinated by four Ca 2 + ions. How do you get rid of moldy smell in paint? Fluorite is the only mineral for which significant quantities of the important element fluorine can be obtained. Found inside – Page 144Thoria and a high temperature modification of ZrO2 have the fluorite crystal structure [6.22]. For Tho, Möebius [6.25] has calculated that the space available in the fluorite lattice for movement of OT ions is larger than that available ... A 8 2 3 . Found inside – Page 212The anion vacancies are long-range ordered within the lattice, forming, under appropriate conditions, organized fluoriterelated superstructures. Compounds of stoichiometry like Ce11 O20, Ce9O16, and Ce7O12 have been characterized and ... Web Journal, 22. no 2. www.sciencedirect.com/science...f&searchtype=a (Oct 7, 2010). Fluorite forms perfect cubes, often with penetration twins. III. Read more about Fluorite Octahedron healing properties information and view the photo galleries below. The green color has a strong focus on the devic realm, aura cleansing, and promoting purity in general. 5 g / c m 3 , density decreases The crystal structure of antozonite is partly damaged due to alpha radiation which comes from the mineral itself (fluorite can be radioactive if some of the Ca is substituted by radioactive elements). the fluorite structure is a ____ Bravais lattice. In these rocks it often occurs as a gangue mineral associated with metallic ores. This also has a primitive cubic array of anions, but, instead, cations occupy all the body centre sites. It comes in cleaved crystalline form, in a wide variety of colors. Another material type of interest in SOFCs is the luorite . interstitial. Calcium fluoride occurs naturally as the mineral fluorite. Element substitution for the calcium cation often includes strontium and certain rare earth elements(REE), such as yttrium and ce… (Recall that closest-packed structures do not inherently contain cubic holes.) With a radius ratio of 0.929 (essentially unity), the smaller ion is expected to prefer a cubic hole. #solidstates #fuoritecrystal #antifluoritestructure hey guys in this video i have explained the two main types of crystals i.e fluorite and antifluorite. This is why pure, colorless fluorite is extremely rare in nature. AntiFlourite structure (or Na2O structure) positions of cations and anions are reversed related to Fluorite structure 42 RUTILE STRUCTURE, TiO2. Picture 2. The fluorite structure is shared with a wide variety of other compounds, for which CaF 2 is considered the type compound. Sores, blisters, or acne can be relieved by using Fluorite. is that fluorite is while antifluorite is (mineral) a mineral crystal structure identical with that of fluorite but with the positions of the cations and anions reversed. Also called fluorspar. Nowadays, the term ‘fluorspar’ use for the industrial form of Fluorite which is a catalyst for the smelting of ores, aluminum, steel. This book is a part of four volume series, entitled "A Textbook of Inorganic Chemistry – Volume I, II, III, IV". CONTENTS: Chapter 1. It is usually quite pure, but as much as 20 percent yttrium or cerium may replace calcium. Lastly, the authors review the substitution strategies that have been attempted to introduce mixed conductivity into fluorite zirconia materials, the solubility of such transition metal dopants and the resultant electrical properties. Found inside – Page 281The doping of alkaline-earth fluorides (fluorite structure) by monovalent cations (Na, K) and trivalent cations (rare ... cube centers or cations forming face centered cubic lattice with each fluoride occupying a tetrahedral position. You may also want to use Tables 12.2 and 12.4 Part 1 For NiO, what is the cation-to-anion radius ratio? 1 (The text is taken from: Basic Solid State Chemistry, by Anthony R. West) 1.17 Some important structure types a) Rock salt (NaCl), zinc blende or sphalerite (ZnS), fluorite (CaF2), antifluorite (Na2O) These structures are considered together because they all have ccp/fcc anions and differ only in the positions of the cations. Check out our new LibreCommons search portal. Crystal Structures: Structures of Some Binary and Ternary Compounds Such as Fluorite, Antifluorite, Rutile, Antirutile, Cristobalite, Layer Lattices - CdI2, BiI3; ReO3, Mn2O3, Corundum, Perovskite, Ilmenite and Calcite. “Crystal form” is a concept similar to “crystal habit”. Have questions or comments? Hexagonal: Six … Fluorite is also found in the fractures and vugs of some limestones and dolomites. Dubbed “the most colorful mineral in the world,” fluorite gemstones define living in color. 3.9 k . Rotate the display of the unit cell and observe that the calcium ions form an expanded cubic closest-packed structure with fluoride ions occupying Legal. From fcc to MX2 or M2X: the fluorite structure-Filling all T sites in fcc gives rise to (anti)fluorite structure. However, the crystal structure of fluorite has “voids” that are easily filled with other ions. A crystal form is a solid crystalline object that is bounded by a set of flat faces that are related to one another by symmetry. This mineral is readily available. When the electrons are in the dyz orbitals the molecule becomes bent. What is fluorite structure? Calcium is in nine-coordination in this structure, with Ca-F distances range from 2.317 to 2.774 Å. Dragging with the left mouse button rotates the display. The two ions are essentially the same size; →Tetrahedral Connectivity →Edge sharing FCa 4 tetrahedra or edge sharing CaF 8 cubes 4 CaF 2 in unit cell Ca2+ Found inside – Page 38The fluorite structure, shown in figure 1, is very simple, consisting of a simple cubic array of anions with alternate cubes occupied ... in pure and lightly doped crystals the defect and transport properties can be understood (Lidiard, ... Found inside1.6.3 The Fluorite Structure The general formula of crystals with the fluorite structure is MX2. The mineral fluorite, calcium fluoride, CaF2, which names the group, is sometimes also called fluorspar. Unit cell: cubic Lattice ... -MX2 or M2X is defined by which atom is larger. The T+ and T- interstitial sites above and below a layer of close-packed spheres in HCP are too close to each other (distance = 0.25c) to tolerate the coulombic repulsion generated by filling Quartz and fluorite are two very different minerals, each with a different hardness and crystal structure, although on the surface they look very similar. In this case the cation is the larger ion, and the ratio of radii for the anion and cation is r-/r + = 1.17/1.26 = 0.929. Fluorite find in 1530 and was originally called ‘fluorspar’. sites (T+ and T-) filled in HCP - i.e. Crystal twinning occurs when two separate crystals share some of the same crystal lattice points in a symmetrical manner. For more information contact us at info@libretexts.org or check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Fluorite is also used as a flux in the manufacture of steel and other metals to eliminate impurities.There is a great demand for Fluorite in the optics field, and to meet it synthetic crystals are grown to produce special lenses. This stone typically contains green and purple colors, giving it an incredible synergistic energy that heals and rejuvenates the aura. What fast food restaurants offer military discounts? Examples: Fluorite ( CaF 2), ZrO 2, UO 2, PuO 2. thus it makes little difference whether one talks about inserting fluoride ions into holes in a calcium ion lattice or vice versa. -Antifluorite = Li2O = fcc of O2- ⇒ O2- in cubic coordination. Examine the images and note how the fluoride ions lie in a cubic arrangement. Also know, what is fluorite crystal used for? A m - B n Type Crystal Structure. Figure 2. Blue John is a purple and yellow banded variety found in Derbyshire U.K. Chemical composition: Calcium fluoride Crystal structure: Cubic Hardness: 4 Metaphysical Properties and Crystal Healing Fluorite comes in all colours of the rainbow. thus every hole cannot be filled with a Ca2+ without violating electroneutrality. •Consider the structure of Cr, a I-cubic ... Fluorite Structures 8 N 4 N 2 N N f e c i •First we must know the number of lattice points within a unit cell: Found inside – Page 189Also called fluorspar, florspar, fluor. Often Left: fluorite crystal. Right: crystal structure misnomered as blue John, false sapphire, false amethyst, false topaz, false ruby, false emerald or green quartz. System: cubic. Pearson Prentice Hall 2008. There is a 1:1 ratio of atoms and holes in a simple cubic structure. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. The crystal structure of fluorite is cubic but it cleaves into an octahedral form, meaning that, in essence, we have two pyramidal shapes glued together and merged into one whole octahedron. In the crystal structure of fluorite, each atom of calcium is surrounded by eight fluoride anions which are positioned at the corners of a cubic lattice surrounding the calcium. The bottom two virtual reality displays depict the actual unit cell for fluorite. Fluorite from some locations can exhibit a strong fluorescence. Quasilinear means the molecule resonates between a linear shape and a bent shape.Calcium Fluoride is a polyatomic molecule that contains one calcium molecule and two fluoride molecules. Examples include: Cubic crystals of halite or fluorite Coordination – Ca 2+ 8 (cubic) : F – 4 (tetrahedral) ccp Ca 2+ with F – in all Td holes. 1). Found inside – Page 11One year after he had published the crystal structure of NaCl and other alkali metal halides, L. W. Bragg proposed a crystal structure for the naturally occurring mineral fluorite (CaF2) based on three X-ray reflections [18]. Blue John is a purple and yellow banded variety found in Derbyshire U.K. Chemical composition: Calcium fluoride Crystal structure: Cubic Hardness: 4 Metaphysical Properties and Crystal … The bottom two images show the fluorite unit cell. Found inside – Page 62VMSE : VMSE Ca2+ F– Ti4+ Ba2+ O2– Figure 3.9 A unit cell for the fluorite (CaF2) crystal structure. Figure 3.10 A unit cell for the perovskite crystal structure. Most often the atomic bonding is highly covalent in compounds exhibiting ... Fluorite is a kaleidoscopic gemstone known for its wide array of colors and stunning fluorescence, along with its myriad of uses in manufacturing. It is commonly translucent to transparent, and has a wide range of colors from colorless to green, yellow, bluish-green, or purple. Zirconium dioxide (ZrO 2) adopts the fluorite crystal structure shown below with a lattice parameter, a = 5.17 Å.The Madelung constant for the fluorite structure is 5.0388. Found inside – Page 9347, is from a fluorite structure dominated by oxygen clusters to an orthorhombic one in which the atomic ... Certainly oxygen atoms still remaining on fluorite lattice points (as distinct from interstitial cluster atoms) take up new ... The light blue spheres represent the fluoride ions and the Health effects of Fluorite stone. Crystal shop is a healing crystal store that emphasizes beauty and health as it is one of the most important facets of every woman’s life. Many compounds, notably the common mineral fluorite (CaF2), adopt this structure. The X ions occupy the eight tetrahedral interstitial sites whereas M ions occupy the regular sites of an FCC structure. Found inside – Page 454Alkaline earth fluorides (MF2) adopt fluorite-type structure and few rare earth fluorides (RF3) crystallize in tysonite-type structure. 3.1 Fluorite-Type Fluoride Ion Conductors The crystal structure of CaF2 is shown in Fig. 20.3. The crystal structure of fluorite is cubic but it cleaves into an octahedral form, meaning that, in essence, we have two pyramidal shapes glued together and merged into one whole octahedron. Fluorite can be massive, granular, or euhedral as – Fluorite: Interactive 3D Structure. Calculated n-beam crystal structure images of oxides based on fluorite and ReO/sub 3/ and the interpretation of observed images The X ions occupy the eight tetrahedral interstitial sites whereas M ions occupy the regular sites of a face-centered cubic (FCC) structure. Fluorite Octahedron Fast Facts. What is the density of N a 2 O having antifluorite-type crystal structure, if the edge length of the cube is 1 0 0 p m and what is the effect on density by 0. FCC. A m B n C p Type Crystal Structure. Found inside – Page 321.5 Anion radius ( Å ) F 1.0 0.5 0 0 2.0 2.3.3 Crystals with general formula AXm , and the general idea of coordination polyhedra 0.5 1.0 1.5 Cation radius ( 8 ) Fluorite structure Fig . 2.20 Plot of ionic radii of family of alkali The ... Facts Date of Discovery: 1886 Discoverer: Joseph Henri Moissan Name Origin: From the Latin word fluo (flow) Uses: Refrigerants Obtained From: mineral fluorite Related Links None Available MLA Format for Citing This Page Bentor, Yinon. The cubic phase has a fluorite crystal structure. The ionic radius of the calcium ion is 1.26 Å and that of the fluoride ion is 1.17 Å. Thus fluorite has Read "Synthesis and Crystal Structure of the Fluorite-Related Ruthenate, Trilanthanum Ruthenium Septaoxide La3RuO7, Journal of Chemical Crystallography" on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. Ce4+ is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to eight equivalent O2- atoms. Physical Properties of Fluorite It is the only common mineral that has four directions of perfect cleavage, often breaking into pieces with the shape of an octahedron. crystal structures with ions must have _____ electrical neutrality. Answer (1 of 2): * BaCl2 crystallizes in two forms (polumorphs). The crystal structure of antozonite is partly damaged due to alpha radiation which comes from the mineral itself (fluorite can be radioactive if some of … The structural motif adopted by fluorite is so common that the motif is called the fluorite structure. Is fluorite a quartz? This is a nice example of sacred geometry contained within this extraordinary mineral. Fluorite (CaF2) and Antifluorite (Li2O) Fluorite: CCP of Ca2+with all T+and T-holes filled with F-Antifluorite: CCP of O2-with all T+and T-holes filled with Li+ Coordination= 8, 4 (fluorite) Cation Coord. Over 300 illustrations and key appendices support the text. Found inside – Page 3693.1 Catalytic Properties of Fluorite Oxide Catalysts Figure 1 shows the crystal structure of fluorite oxides. The fluorite oxide has a facecentered cubic lattice in which the large tetravalent (+4) ions, such as Ce". Zr". (8,4)-coordination. Fluorite is an extraordinary creation of Nature, beautiful and luminous, soft and glassy, often vibrant in color, with an internal structure of order and perfection that resonates with the human mind like no other crystal. Fluorite (also known as Fluorspar) Physical Properties of Fluorite. Fluorite is very easy to identify if you consider cleavage, hardness, and specific gravity. ... Fluorescence. In 1852, George Gabriel Stokes discovered the ability of specimens of fluorite to produce a blue glow when illuminated with light, which in his words was "beyond the violet ... Fluorite Occurrence. ... It is indeed impurities and imperfections in the crystal structure of the amethyst and fluorite crystals, introduced above, that give those crystals color. Calcium Fluoride is a solid and forms a cube like structure that is centralized around the calcium molecules. Many compounds, notably the common mineral fluorite (CaF2), adopt this structure. A crystal may cleave in more than […] Found inside – Page 465[46] J. W. Pierce, Y. Y.-P. Hong, The crystal structure of KY3F10, Proceedings of 10th Rare Earth Conf., USA, ... Crystal structures of two new forms of Ba1ÀxYbxF2þx fluorite phases and some features of the anionic packing and the ... Fluorite forms perfect cubes, often with penetration twins. Next, the dispersion and attenuation of ultrasonic bulk modes in cubic crystals is described in the framework of a phenomenological approach, whereas the contribution of the subsystem of Jahn-Teller complexes is presented through ... This virtual reality display requires Java3D. vacant. Pure fluorite is transparent. Can you have exposed brick in a bathroom? Found inside – Page 65In accident situations, CsI can escape the cladding containment and form solid phases (crystalline) if it comes into contact with the cooling water. 2.1.8.3 Fluorite Structure This structure is named after the mineral fluorite, or CaF2. Fluorite is the principal ore of fluorine. Found inside – Page 362Fluorite is an important crystal structure type in solid-state chemistry for which oxynitride compounds exist and continue to be discovered by studying new systems or developing novel synthetic approaches. The great flexibility of this ... We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Fluorite Octahedron is a member of the Halides family. The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. The fluorite structure is shared with a wide variety of other compounds, for which CaF 2 is considered the type compound. When did the Taliban take over in The Kite Runner? It is in strict accord with the conclusions of W. H. Bragg in regard to the structure. Ratio the tolerance is +/-5% Click if you would like to Show Work for this question: Open Show Work Part 2 What is the predicted crystal structure for Nio? Depending on the environment, in which the mineral was created, its structure may be granular, fibrous, or massive; therefore, the mineral comes in a large variety of forms, which means that it can be shaped to look like practically any precious gem (Crystal Structure of Fluorite para. N2 - Single crystals of CaF2 in the PbCl2 structure were grown at high pressure in a molten calcium hydroxide flux, and the structure was refined by single crystal X-ray diffraction (Pnma, a = 6.018(2) Å, b = 3.614(1) Å, c = 7.023(2) Å). Fluorite is an isomeric mineral with the formula CaF2- it is naturally occurring calcium fluoride. Found inside – Page 252Lanthanum zirconate (La 2 Zr2O7 ) is a technologically important oxide ceramic that exists in two crystal structures: fluorite and pyrochlore. The general formula for the fluorite structure is MX2, where M is a cation, and the anion is ... in all crystal structures, there are small holes between the usual atoms into which smaller atoms may be placed. The result is an intergrowth of two separate crystals in a variety of specific configurations. Fluorite Structure . In this case the cation is the larger ion, and the ratio of radii for the anion and cation is r-/r+= 1.17/1.26 = 0.929. Quartz and fluorite are two very different minerals, each with a different hardness and crystal … Note in the case of the amethyst the non-uniformity of color, and thus the non-uniformity of chemical content! In the crystal structure of fluorite, each atom of calcium is surrounded by eight fluoride anions which are positioned at the corners of a cubic lattice surrounding the calcium. Important Crystal Structure Considerations: Charge • Ions are not really hard spheres • Bonding is not usually purely ionic • Big anions are easily deformed by high charge Big anions are easily deformed by high charge cations Position of ions is limited by their need for charge Position of ions is limited by their need for charge neutrality in the unit cell and throughout the structure. Crystal Structure Metal Example- Density of Cu ‹If you know the crystal structure, the atomic radius and the atomic weight, you can calculate the density of a particular metal. these two images do not show the unit cell. [ "article:topic", "showtoc:no", "quasilinear structure" ], https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FInorganic_Chemistry%2FMap%253A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)%2F06%253A_Structures_and_energetics_of_metallic_and_ionic_solids%2F6.11%253A_Ionic_Lattices%2F6.11C%253A_Structure_-_Fluorite_(CaF), 6.11B: Structure - Caesium Chloride (CsCl), http://www.wiley-vch.de/berlin/journals/op/08-02/OP0802_S46-S47.pdf, information contact us at info@libretexts.org, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Healing Crystal Shop infuses the energy of the healing crystals into beauty and health regimens. Fluorite is an isomeric mineral with the formula CaF2- it is naturally occurring calcium fluoride. Even almost black version of this mineral exists, it is named antozonite. In solid state chemistry, the fluorite structure refers to a common motif for compounds with the formula MX2. The structure is like a cubic crystal, except one axis is longer than the other. Most specific property of ceramics is strong binding between atoms (covalent or ionic mainly). D. Santamaría-Pérez and F. Liebau : Structural relationships between intermetallic clathrates, porous tectosilicates and clathrates hydrates Vladislav A. Blatov: Crystal structures of inorganic oxoacid salts perceived as cation arrays: a ... Answer (1 of 4): Aside from any new-age crystal-mumbo-jumbo, with UNPROVEN and UNSUBSTANTIATED “healing” claims; fluorite has several uses in industry and optics. Join the 2 Crores+ Student community now! Element substitution for the calcium cation often includes certain rare earth elements, such as yttrium and cerium. -Fluorite = CaF2 = fcc of Ca2+ ⇒ Ca2+ in cubic coordination. Thorium forms a tetragonal lower hydride of composition ThH2. ratio of radii for the anion and cation is r-/r+ = 1.17/1.26 = 0.929. •A crystal structure is obtained when identical copies of a basis are located at all of the points of a Bravais lattice. This mineral is readily available. Fluorite. 0 5 % Frankel defect ? To keep watching this video solution for FREE, Download our App. Fluorite’s healing properties bring harmony and balance to the body. Found inside – Page 489Fluorite - CaF2 F4/m 3 2/m a1 Figure 16.25 Perspective view of the crystal structure of fluorite. A cubic unit cell is outlined with Ca2+ at the corners of the cube and at the centers of each of the cube faces. “The Gemstone of Discernment”, Fluorite is a powerful crystal for producing order and stabilization in all the realms of be-ing. The structure of the title compound has been determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. mouse button moves the display. These veins often contain metallic ores which can include sulfides of tin, silver, lead, zinc, copper, and other metals. Calcium Fluoride is a solid and forms a cube like structure that is centralized around the calcium molecules. 1) where the Ca 2 + ions are eight-coordinate, being centered in a cube of eight F − ions. →Cubic Anion Coord. Cleavage, in mineralogy, is the tendency of crystalline materials to split along definite crystallographic structural planes. “Crystal form” is a concept similar to “crystal habit”. The monoclinic-to-tetragonal change is accompanied by a large volume reduction of ~7.5%, resulting in significant stresses. Cleavage is the tendency of a crystallised mineral to break in certain definite directions, giving more or less smooth surfaces. Fluorite sends off positive energy and negates negative forces based on feng shui. Fluorite’s crystalline Hexoctahedral structure is the most symmetrical geometric solid possible in three dimensional space. 1) 1 (The text is taken from: Basic Solid State Chemistry, by Anthony R. West) 1.17 Some important structure types a) Rock salt (NaCl), zinc blende or sphalerite (ZnS), fluorite (CaF2), antifluorite (Na2O) These structures are considered together because they all have ccp/fcc anions and differ only in the positions of the cations. Found inside – Page 243The fluorite crystal structure (Figure 4.41) is the stable phase of uranium dioxide for all temperatures up to the melting point. Crystalline UO2 consists of the U4+ and O2− ions to maintain charge neutrality. Even almost black version of this mineral exists, it is named antozonite. Because of the large range of colors it has multiple talents! The fluorite structure, seen in calcium fluoride, has the calcium ions in a face centered cubic array with the fluoride ions in all (8) of the tetrahedral holes. ALTERNATE REPRESENTATION OF FLUORITE STRUCTURE. In chemistry used to process chemicals such as Fluorine, Hydrofluoric Acid, Fluoride, etc. Found inside – Page 28These atoms are not equivalent in a crystal structure even when they occupy the same Wyckoff position with different ... 2.3.2 Cubic Structures: Diamond, Rocksalt, Fluorite, Zincblende, Cesium Chloride, Cubic Perovskite In Table 2.5 we ... 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