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</body></html>";s:4:"text";s:38295:"In 1553, Chancellor sailed to the White Sea and continued overland to Moscow, where he visited Ivan's court. The massacre of Novgorod consisted of men, women and children that were tied to sleighs and run into the freezing waters of the Volkhov River, which Ivan ordered on the basis of unproved accusations of treason. Ivan established close ties with the Kingdom of England. His image became closely associated with the personality cult of Joseph Stalin. Ivan executed, exiled or forcibly tonsured prominent members of the boyar clans on questionable accusations of conspiracy. He also established distant forts in the newly conquered lands. Ivan’s father, the previous ruler, Vasily III, died suddenly when Ivan was just three years old, making the toddler the nominal ruler of all of Russia. Basil's Cathedral constructed in Moscow to commemorate the seizure of Kazan. The reverses undermined Safa Giray's authority in Kazan. Ivan's realm was being squeezed by two of the time's great powers. Painting by Klavdiy Lebedev, 1898. His Orthodox liturgical hymn, "Stichiron No. Ivan's legacy was manipulated by the Soviet Union as a potential focus for nationalist pride. During the 1571–72 Russo-Crimean War, oprichniki failed to prove themselves worthy against a regular army. How many kids did Ivan the Terrible have? The following year, Devlet launched another raid on Moscow, now with a numerous horde,[50] reinforced by Turkish janissaries equipped with firearms and cannons. [29][30] Ivan agreed to return on condition of being granted absolute power. Only in 1586, two years after the death of Ivan, would the Russians manage to gain a foothold in Siberia by founding the city of Tyumen. That series of treasons made Ivan paranoically suspicious of nobility. The early life of Ivan the terrible. A classic children’s story from one of our best-loved authors, former Children’s Laureate Anne Fine. In the morning, the sovereign made a will - that is, he was preparing for death. Ivan the Terrible was the first and Lenin was the second. He had an unhappy personal life. Ivan's murder of his son brought about the extinction of the Rurik dynasty and the Time of Troubles. [67] Feodor died childless in 1598, which ushered in the Time of Troubles. © copyright 2003-2020 Study.com. The archbishop was also hunted to death. Maria Temryukovna. Cherniavsky, Michael. His body was rather asymmetrical, had a large amount of osteophytes uncharacteristic of his age and contained excessive concentration of mercury. Ivan the Terrible is an imprecise translation from the Russian "Ivan Grozny", which more accurately means "Ivan the Dread" or "Ivan the Awesome". With some 540 Cossacks, he started to penetrate territories that were tributary to Kuchum. Of course, polygamy was also prohibited by the Church, but Ivan planned to "put his wife away". Sciences, Culinary Arts and Personal Ivan the Terrible was a despot, a tyrant. Among those who were executed were the Metropolitan Philip and the prominent warlord Alexander Gorbaty-Shuisky. Subjugating Muslim khanates turned Muscovy into an empire. Zhdanov. There is a legend that he was so impressed with the structure that he had the architect, Postnik Yakovlev, blinded so that he could never design anything as beautiful again. Around 1577, the Stroganovs engaged the Cossack leader Yermak Timofeyevich to protect their lands from attacks of the Siberian Khan Kuchum. Ivan the Terrible was known for roasting his enemies alive in a giant skillet, which he had made specially. In 1570, Ivan ordered the Oprichniki to raid the city. Ivan was a highly polygamous ruler; he got married up to seven occasions. Ivan revised the law code, creating the Sudebnik of 1550, founded a standing army (the streltsy),[24] established the Zemsky Sobor (the first Russian parliament of feudal estates) and the council of the nobles (known as the Chosen Council) and confirmed the position of the Church with the Council of the Hundred Chapters (Stoglavy Synod), which unified the rituals and ecclesiastical regulations of the whole country. Ivan the Terrible by Klavdiy Lebedev, 1916. He had inherited a government in debt, and in an effort to raise more revenue for his expansionist wars, he instituted a series of increasingly-unpopular and burdensome taxes. Children: 3 daughters and 4 sons. Originally it numbered 1000. However, all of the craftsmen were arrested in Lübeck at the request of Poland and Livonia. "Ivan IV's Personal Mythology of Kingship". "[19] That account has been challenged by the historian Edward Keenan, who doubts the authenticity of the source in which the quotations are found.[20]. The oprichnina did not live long after the sack of Novgorod. Perfect for readers aged between 7 and 9 and fans of The Midnight Gang and Pamela Butchart's Wigglesbottom Primary series. [62], Despite the absolute prohibition of the Church for even the fourth marriage, Ivan had seven wives, and even while his seventh wife was alive, he was negotiating to marry Mary Hastings, a distant relative of Queen Elizabeth of England. Early in 1570, Ivan's ambassadors concluded a treaty at Constantinople that restored friendly relations between the Sultan and the Tsar. The prolonged war had nearly destroyed the economy, and the Oprichnina had thoroughly disrupted the government. [28] (See also Serfdom in Russia.). ПСРЛ т. III, СПб, 1841, CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (, Riasanovsky, Nicholas V., and Mark D. Steinberg (2011). Chemical and structural analysis of his remains disproved earlier suggestions that Ivan suffered from syphilis or that he was poisoned by arsenic or strangled. After the death of his first wife, Ivan was presented with … Elena's mother was a Serbian princess and her father's family, the Glinski clan (nobles based in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania), claimed descent both from Orthodox Hungarian nobles and the Mongol ruler Mamai (1335–1380.) A classic children’s book from best-loved Bill's New Frock author, former Children’s Laureate Anne Fine. The last siege of the Tatar capital commenced on 30 August. He may also have been inspired by the model of Archangel Michael with the idea of divine punishment. Ivan’s Children. However, there is a second man in history who earned that nickname, a man equally if not more ‘terrible’ than the first. Ivan the Terrible, more formally known as Ivan IV Vasilyevich, was the first ruler to be crowned as “Tsar of All the Russias.” He kept the title until his death in 1584, and all his successors used the same title after him. Ilya Repin’s famous painting Ivan the Terrible and His Son Ivan depicts the tsar, with an expression of extreme shock on his face, holding his mortally wounded son in his arms. November 16, 1581 Alexandrov, Russia Ivan the Terrible fatally beats his son Ivan Ivanovich Ivan the Terrible had hoped for an heir to be born to his son (also named Ivan) quickly, and when his first daughter-in-law failed to conceive quickly, he had her sent to a convent. Born in 1530, he was the first Tsar of Russia. After several days of heavy fighting, Mikhail Vorotynsky with the main part of the army flanked the Tatars and dealt a sudden blow on 2 August, and Khvorostinin made a sortie from the fortifications. In his first years as leader, Ivan was less terrible and more peaceful and progressive. [4][5][6] Ivan is popularly believed to have killed his eldest son and heir, Ivan Ivanovich, and the latter's unborn son during his outbursts, which left his younger son, the politically ineffectual Feodor Ivanovich, to inherit the throne, a man whose rule directly led to the end of the Rurikid dynasty and to the beginning of the Time of Troubles. Kazan finally fell on 2 October, its fortifications were razed and much of the population massacred. [citation needed] Many modern researchers estimate the number of victims to range from 2,000 to 3,000 since after the famine and epidemics of the 1560s, the population of Novgorod most likely did not exceed 10,000–20,000. In 1571, the 40,000-strong Crimean and Turkish army launched a large-scale raid. In his first years as leader, Ivan was less terrible and more peaceful and progressive. Almost every day, 500 or 600 people were killed or drowned. In addition, it was no longer artificially divided into two parts (the "oprichnina" and "zemsky"), unlike during the 1571 defeat. Ivan the Terrible had eight children and seven wives. "Ivan the Terrible as Renaissance Prince". The most famous "act" of Ivan the Terrible was the oprichnina of 1565-1572, in essence, which was a government chaos. Tragically for those who fell foul of Ivan, his reputation as a sadistic tyrant is substantially deserved, at least during part of his reign. They owed their allegiance and status to Ivan, not heredity or local bonds. The Moscovites eat children alive!". He attempted to reform and modernize Russia. After rejecting peace proposals from his enemies, Ivan had found himself in a difficult position by 1579. Meanwhile, the Union of Lublin had united the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Kingdom of Poland, and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth acquired an energetic leader, Stefan Batory, who was supported by Russia's southern enemy, the Ottoman Empire. In 1566, Ivan extended the oprichnina to eight central districts. [35][36][37] According to the Third Novgorod Chronicle, the massacre lasted for five weeks. In response to a letter of Patriarch Joachim of Alexandria asking him for financial assistance for the Saint Catherine's Monastery, in the Sinai Peninsula, which had suffered by the Turks, Ivan sent in 1558 a delegation to Egypt Eyalet by Archdeacon Gennady, who, however, died in Constantinople before he could reach Egypt. [44] In the 1530s, the Crimean khan formed an offensive alliance with Safa Giray of Kazan, his relative. In 1558, Ivan gave the Stroganov merchant family the patent for colonising "the abundant region along the Kama River", and, in 1574, lands over the Ural Mountains along the rivers Tura and Tobol. Isolde Thyrêt, "The Royal Women of Ivan IV's Family and the Meaning of Forced Tonsure," in Anne Walthall (ed), This page was last edited on 29 November 2020, at 10:21. Ivan … [63] Ivan freely interfered in church affairs by ousting Metropolitan Philip and ordering him to be killed and accusing of treason and deposing the second-oldest hierarch, Novgorod Archbishop Pimen. Ivan IV, or Ivan the Terrible (1530-1584), was one of the most feared rulers in history. According to the Third Novgorod Chronicle, the massacre lasted for five weeks. In 1575, Ivan once again pretended to resign from his title and proclaimed Simeon Bekbulatovich, his statesman of Tatar origin, the new Tsar. Ivan also recruited a personal guard known as the Oprichniki. Any such attempt faces formidable difficulties. [31], That was a separate territory within the borders of Russia, mostly in the territory of the former Novgorod Republic in the north. Ivan never recovered. Key Accomplishments: Ivan IV, aka "Ivan the Terrible," was the first tsar of a united Russia, previously an assortment of duchies. He was the country's first tsar, a title that lent a divine element to his powers. '"[34] That degree of oppression resulted in increasing cases of peasants fleeing, which, in turn, reduced the overall production. [51] On 27 July, the horde broke through the defensive line along the Oka River and moved towards Moscow. Elena's mother was a Serbian princess and her father's family, the Glinski clan (nobles based in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania), claimed descent both from Orthodox Hungarian nobles and the Mongol ruler Mamai (1335–1380. ", Ivan was the first son of Vasili III and his second wife, Elena Glinskaya. Ivan the Terrible, Russian Ivan Grozny, Russian in full Ivan Vasilyevich, also called Ivan IV, (born August 25, 1530, Kolomenskoye, near Moscow [Russia]—died March 18, 1584, Moscow), grand prince of Moscow (1533–84) and the first to be proclaimed tsar of Russia (from 1547). [75] While early Marxist–Leninist historiography "attached greater significance to socio-economic forces than to political history and the role of individuals", Stalin wanted official historians to make Russia's history "comprehensible and accessible" to the populace, with an emphasis on those "great men" such as Ivan, Alexander Nevsky and Peter the Great, who had strengthened and expanded Russia. On 3 December 1564, Ivan departed Moscow for Aleksandrova Sloboda, where he sent two letters in which he announced his abdication because of the alleged embezzlement and treason of the aristocracy and the clergy. Ivan only had a cousin, the young son of prince Andrei, Vladimir, prince Staritsky. All rights reserved. The Khan stopped only 30 km from Moscow and brought down his entire army back on the Russians, who managed to take up defense near the village of Molodi. The English word terrible is usually used to translate the Russian word grozny in Ivan's nickname, but that is a somewhat-archaic translation. The dramatic case of John Demjanjuk, a naturalized citizen who was accused of being a guard at a Nazi death camp, is the subject of a much-talked-about new Netflix docuseries. He demanded to be able to execute and confiscate the estates of traitors without interference from the boyar council or church. In 1547, Hans Schlitte, the agent of Ivan, recruited craftsmen in Germany for work in Russia. He waged wars. [74] After Ivan's death, his empire's nearly-ruined economy contributed to the decline of his own Rurik dynasty, leading to the "Time of Troubles". In Ivan the Terrible Polish king Sigizmund II August, his courtiers and Livonian knights-brothers discussed "superstitions of Moscovites": "Moscow Barbarians should not be allowed into the family of the enlightened peoples of the West. [77] but the Russian Orthodox Church opposed the idea.[78]. By order of the king, people were taken from the land by force, which were then closed to the people and served the needs of the king. The Cossacks were defeated by the local peoples, Ermak died and the survivors immediately left Siberia. Russia remained isolated from sea trade. In 1551, the tsar sent his envoy to the Nogai Horde, and they promised to maintain neutrality during the impending war. [56][57], D. S. Mirsky called Ivan "a pamphleteer of genius". Both translation literally means "Ivan the Thunder Emperor/Tzar. Ivan held exclusive power over the territory. Ivan IV Vasileyevich is widely known as Ivan the Terrible or Ivan the Fearsome. Basil's grave, which was added to St. Demjanjuk lived with his wife and children in relative anonymity until 1986, when he was accused by international authorities of being Nazi war criminal Ivan the Terrible, a gas chamber operator at Treblinka, a concentration camp in German-occupied Poland where nearly a million people are believed to have perished, according to the New York Times. In Alexander Nevsky a collective image of crusaders is presented with their tradition to take children hostage. The same fate befell his second daughter-in-law as well. The Russian troops did not have time to intercept it, but the regiment of Prince Khvorostinin vigorously attacked the Tatars from the rear. Ivan IV (born 1530, ruled 1533-1584) is better known as Ivan the Terrible (his Russian epithet, groznyy , means threatening or dreaded). The defeat angered Ivan. Hunt, Priscilla. Only three of his wives bore him children and most of his children died in infancy. answer! Some agreed voluntarily because they were offered better terms than with Kuchum, but others were forced. Two weeks after his coronation, Ivan married his first wife, Anastasia Romanovna, a member of the Romanov family, who became the first Russian tsaritsa. He was the son of Vasili III of Russia and his wife Elena Glinskaya. Ivan the Terrible was first crowned with the Monomakh's Cap at the Cathedral of Dormition. Kindle Edition £0.00 £ 0. When he turned 16 in 1547, Ivan was handed the reins to the country, given the title of Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia. Conditions under the Oprichnina were worsened by the 1570 epidemic, a plague that killed 10,000 people in Novgorod and 600 to 1,000 daily in Moscow. The price of grain increased ten times. During his reign, he acquired vast amounts of land through ruthless means, creating a centrally controlled government. Only two survived to adulthood: Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich (1554-1581) and Tsar Feodor I (1557-1598). A boyar envoy departed for Aleksandrova Sloboda to beg Ivan to return to the throne. The boyar court was unable to rule in Ivan's absence and feared the wrath of the Muscovite citizens. His mother Elena Glinskaya initially acted as regent, but she died[17][18] in 1538 when Ivan was only eight years old; many believe that she was poisoned. Ivan the Terrible became king in three years. [40], With the use of English merchants, Ivan engaged in a long correspondence with Elizabeth I of England. Key Accomplishments: Ivan IV, aka "Ivan the Terrible," was the first tsar of a united Russia, previously an assortment of duchies. [76] In post-Soviet Russia, a campaign has been run to seek the granting of sainthood to Ivan IV. [7], The marriage of Ivan with Vasilisa Melentyeva was questioned, but researchers have found documents confirming her special relationship with the tsar.[54]. He proclaimed Moscow as the capital of the Holy Russian Empire. When the throne was returned to Ivan in 1576, he returned some of the confiscated land and kept the rest. While Ivan was a child, armies of the Kazan Khanate repeatedly raided northeastern Russia. Ivan the Terrible (1 reviews with an average rating of 5 out of 5) Author: Anne Fine Illustrator: Philippe Dupasquier. Centuries later, another tyrant emerged in Russia. Unresisted, Devlet devastated unprotected towns and villages around Moscow and caused the Fire of Moscow (1571). [41], Ivan corresponded with overseas Orthodox leaders. To buy peace from Devlet Giray, Ivan was forced to relinquish his claims on Astrakhan for the Crimean Khanate, but the proposed transfer was only a diplomatic maneuver and was never actually completed. In 1518 a third wife was found for his son and she became pregnant in a short time. It is an attempt, on the evidence at present available, to understand and explain Ivan the man and the ruler, whose personal reign, lasting from 1547 to 1584, had such a devastating impact on his people and his expanding country. Of the 12,000 nobles, 570 became oprichniki and the rest were expelled.[33]. Several religious books in Russian were printed during the 1550s and 1560s. The last day of Ivan the Terrible is described in the "Notes on Russia" by Jerome Gorsey. When he turned 16 in 1547, Ivan was handed the reins to the country, given the title of Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia. On 16 January 1547, at 16, Ivan was crowned with Monomakh's Cap at the Cathedral of the Dormition. The latter ascended the throne in 1584. Ivan decreed the creation of the oprichnina. Ivan got so mad he whacked him over the head with a 30-pound iron bar and that was the end of him! "To work successfully, the book required a delicate balancing-act and Anne Fine, a consummate high-wire performer, doesn't put a foot wrong." The fall of Kazan was only the beginning of a series of so-called "Cheremis wars". [49] (See also Slavery in the Ottoman Empire.) Customer Review. In the 1980s, John Demjanjuk was a retired auto worker living a quiet life with his family in a Cleveland suburb. In 1581, Ivan beat his pregnant daughter-in-law, Yelena Sheremeteva, for wearing immodest clothing, which may have caused a miscarriage. However, Yadegar failed to gather the full sum of tribute that he proposed to the tsar and so Ivan did nothing to save his inefficient vassal. Ivan IV Vasilyevich, also known as “Ivan the Terrible” or “Ivan the Fearsome,” was the first “tsar” of Russia. The Boyar Council ruled the zemshchina ('land'), the second division of the state. Ivan the Terrible was one of the most deranged rulers the world has ever seen—yet few people know this mad tyrant's dark history. 00. [55], According to Ivan Katyryov-Rostovsky, the son-in-law of Michael I of Russia, Ivan had an unpleasant face with a long and crooked nose. Ivan's rule was characterized by wars, famine, droughts, and intrigue at the court. On 16 June 1552, Ivan led a strong Russian army towards Kazan. His Family Always Disputed That He Was Ivan the Terrible Getty John Demjanjuk leaves the court after his verdict on May 12, 2011 in Munich. In 1572, Ivan abolished the Oprichnina and disbanded his oprichniki. Many of his children he lost as infants, and one of them was even killed by his own hand — an episode depicted in a famous painting by Ilya Repin: Ivan the Terrible and His Son Ivan. Ivan’s daughter-in-law miscarried; the tsar had destroyed both his child and grandchild. Only problem is, Ivan … Ivan was the first son of Vasili III and his second wife, Elena Glinskaya. He was described as intelligent and devout but also prone to paranoia, rages, and episodic outbreaks of mental instability that increased with age. In campaigns in 1554 and 1556, Russian troops conquered the Astrakhan Khanate at the mouths of the Volga River, and the new Astrakhan fortress was built in 1558 by Ivan Vyrodkov to replace the old Tatar capital. Visit Insider's homepage for more stories. According to the English envoy Giles Fletcher, the Elder, Simeon acted under Ivan's instructions to confiscate all of the lands that belonged to monasteries, and Ivan pretended to disagree with the decision. The Tatars were completely defeated and fled. He attempted to reform and modernize Russia. Painting by Vyacheslav Schwarz (1861). )[13][14][15][16] When Ivan was three years old, his father died from an abscess and inflammation on his leg that developed into blood poisoning. Publisher: Egmont. Elizabeth agreed if he provided for himself during his stay. He became the leader of Russia when he was 3 and was crowned the "Tsar of all Russians" in 1547 with a sable-trimmed Byzantine-style crown. In 1551, the wooden fort of Sviyazhsk was transported down the Volga from Uglich all the way to Kazan. They attributed the high mercury content in his body to his use of ointments to heal his joints. Peter the Great built on those connections in his bid to make Russia a major European power. The Soviets collected the testimonies of 37 former Treblinka guards who said the real name of Ivan the Terrible was Ivan Marchenko, who they identified in photos that bore little resemblance to Demjanjuk, The New York Times reported at the time. Ivan IV Vasilyevich (25 August 1530 – 28 March 1584), more often known in English as Ivan the Terrible, was the first Tsar (Emperor) of Russia, and before that was the Grand Prince of Moscow.He was called Ivan the Terrible because in those days the word terrible meant "formidable" or "fearsome", not "really bad". FaminesThe Russian Empire was never noted for its efficiency, and its rulers often struggled to … He was tall and athletically built, with broad shoulders and a narrow waist. From then on, the embassy was headed by Smolensk merchant Vasily Poznyakov, whose delegation visited Alexandria, Cairo and Sinai; brought the patriarch a fur coat and an icon sent by Ivan and left an interesting account of his two-and-a-half years of travels. Ivan opened up the White Sea and the port of Arkhangelsk to the company and granted it privilege of trading throughout his reign without paying the standard customs fees. Many monks were tortured to death during the Massacre of Novgorod. "Russia at the Time of Ivan IV, 1533–1598" in, Shrynnikov, Ruslan G. (1975) "Conclusion", p. 199 in, Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible, Crimean-Nogai raids into East Slavic lands, Ivan the Terrible and his son Ivan on Friday, 16 November 1581, Category:Cultural depictions of Ivan the Terrible, Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian, "The madness of 3 Russian tsars, and the truth behind it", Explanatory Dictionary of the Live Great Russian language, "Books Abroad: An International Literary Quarterly", "The Kurbskii-Groznyi Apocrypha — Edward L. Keenan | Harvard University Press", Постник Барма – строитель собора Василия Блаженного в Москве и Казанского кремля, "Russians in London: Government in exile", ХОЖДЕНИЕ НА ВОСТОК ГОСТЯ ВАСИЛИЯ ПОЗНЯКОВА С ТОВАРИЩИ, "Slave Trade in the Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of Christian, Muslim and Jewish Sources", "Отечественные историки о государе Иване IV Грозном", "Иван IV Грозный / Родион Константинович Щедрин – Стихиры (Первый отечественный компакт-диск)", "Russians Laud Ivan the Not So Formidable; Loose Coalition Presses Orthodox Church to Canonize the Notorious Czar", "Russia's first monument to Ivan the Terrible inaugurated", "Russia just gave Ivan the Terrible his first statue ever", "Russia falls back in love with Ivan the Terrible", Drama, Tsar, Ivan the Terrible: Absolute Power, Ivan the Terrible with videos, images and translations from the Russian Archives and State Museums, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivan_the_Terrible&oldid=991302195, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Articles with Russian-language sources (ru), CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Russian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014, Articles to be expanded from January 2012, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Tsarevna Anna Ivanovna (10 August 1548 – 20 July 1550), Tsarevna Maria Ivanovna (17 March 1551 – young), Tsarevna Eudoxia Ivanovna (26 February 1556 – June 1558), Tsarevich Vasili Ivanovich (21 March 1563 – 3 May 1563), The image of Ivan is played out in numerous operas (, Ivan the Terrible is a major character in the, Ivan appears as a major character in the novel, A monstrous Rider version of Ivan the Terrible was depicted as a major character in the mobile game. At Ivan's death, the empire encompassed the Caspian to the southwest and Western Siberia to the east. The displaced refugees fleeing the war compounded the effects of the simultaneous drought, and the exacerbated war engendered epidemics causing much loss of life. and weighed 85–90 kg (187–198 lb.). Narrated by: Glen McCready. After he had consolidated his power, Ivan got rid of the advisers from the "Chosen Council" and triggered the Livonian War, which ravaged Russia and resulted in the loss of Livonia and Ingria but allowed him to establish greater autocratic control over Russia's nobility, which he violently purged by the Oprichnina. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. [68] Ivan's creation of the Oprichnina, answerable only to him, afforded him personal protection but also curtailed the traditional powers and rights of the boyars. Ivan's reign was characterised by Russia's transformation from a medieval state to an empire under the tsar but at an immense cost to its people and its broader, long-term economy. Researchers concluded that Ivan was athletically built in his youth but, in his last years, had developed various bone diseases and could barely move. ; Brandenberger, David. During his reign on the Russian throne he conquered many lands such as Khanate of Kazan, Khanate of Astrakhan and Khanate of Sibir. Recent archival discoveries of 16th-century copies of the letters strengthen the argument for their authenticity. The present book is not about Russia in the age of Ivan the Terrible. [59][60], Ivan was a devoted[38] follower of Christian Orthodoxy but in his own specific manner. 18 March] 1584. [70] Ivan bypassed the Mestnichestvo system and offered positions of power to his supporters among the minor gentry. A conquest of the population massacred and fragments of his father died from abscess. 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