Current File : //var/www/html/geotechnics/api/public/tugjzs__5b501ce/cache/0d0cb1a96bcd92c13d72140571eb0bce
a:5:{s:8:"template";s:9951:"<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8"/>
<meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"/>
<title>{{ keyword }}</title>
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Montserrat%3A300%2C400%2C700%7COpen+Sans%3A300%2C400%2C700&subset=latin&ver=1.8.8" id="primer-fonts-css" media="all" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>
</head>
<style rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">.has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter{float:left;font-size:8.4em;line-height:.68;font-weight:100;margin:.05em .1em 0 0;text-transform:uppercase;font-style:normal}.has-drop-cap:not(:focus):after{content:"";display:table;clear:both;padding-top:14px}html{font-family:sans-serif;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%}body{margin:0}aside,footer,header,nav{display:block}a{background-color:transparent;-webkit-text-decoration-skip:objects}a:active,a:hover{outline-width:0}::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:inherit;opacity:.54}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit}body{-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale}body{color:#252525;font-family:"Open Sans",sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-size:16px;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.8}@media only screen and (max-width:40.063em){body{font-size:14.4px;font-size:.9rem}}.site-title{clear:both;margin-top:.2rem;margin-bottom:.8rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.4;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;color:#353535}html{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}*,:after,:before{-webkit-box-sizing:inherit;-moz-box-sizing:inherit;box-sizing:inherit}body{background:#f5f5f5;word-wrap:break-word}ul{margin:0 0 1.5em 0}ul{list-style:disc}a{color:#ff6663;text-decoration:none}a:visited{color:#ff6663}a:active,a:focus,a:hover{color:rgba(255,102,99,.8)}a:active,a:focus,a:hover{outline:0}.has-drop-cap:not(:focus)::first-letter{font-size:100px;line-height:1;margin:-.065em .275em 0 0}.main-navigation-container{width:100%;background-color:#0b3954;content:"";display:table;table-layout:fixed;clear:both}.main-navigation{max-width:1100px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;display:none}.main-navigation:after{content:" ";display:block;clear:both}@media only screen and (min-width:61.063em){.main-navigation{display:block}}.main-navigation ul{list-style:none;margin:0;padding-left:0}.main-navigation ul a{color:#fff}@media only screen and (min-width:61.063em){.main-navigation li{position:relative;float:left}}.main-navigation a{display:block}.main-navigation a{text-decoration:none;padding:1.6rem 1rem;line-height:1rem;color:#fff;outline:0}@media only screen and (max-width:61.063em){.main-navigation a{padding:1.2rem 1rem}}.main-navigation a:focus,.main-navigation a:hover,.main-navigation a:visited:hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.1);color:#fff}body.no-max-width .main-navigation{max-width:none}.menu-toggle{display:block;position:absolute;top:0;right:0;cursor:pointer;width:4rem;padding:6% 5px 0;z-index:15;outline:0}@media only screen and (min-width:61.063em){.menu-toggle{display:none}}.menu-toggle div{background-color:#fff;margin:.43rem .86rem .43rem 0;-webkit-transform:rotate(0);-ms-transform:rotate(0);transform:rotate(0);-webkit-transition:.15s ease-in-out;transition:.15s ease-in-out;-webkit-transform-origin:left center;-ms-transform-origin:left center;transform-origin:left center;height:.45rem}.site-content:after,.site-content:before,.site-footer:after,.site-footer:before,.site-header:after,.site-header:before{content:"";display:table;table-layout:fixed}.site-content:after,.site-footer:after,.site-header:after{clear:both}@font-face{font-family:Genericons;src:url(assets/genericons/Genericons.eot)}.site-content{max-width:1100px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;margin-top:2em}.site-content:after{content:" ";display:block;clear:both}@media only screen and (max-width:61.063em){.site-content{margin-top:1.38889%}}body.no-max-width .site-content{max-width:none}.site-header{position:relative;background-color:#0b3954;-webkit-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;background-position:bottom center;background-repeat:no-repeat;overflow:hidden}.site-header-wrapper{max-width:1100px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;position:relative}.site-header-wrapper:after{content:" ";display:block;clear:both}body.no-max-width .site-header-wrapper{max-width:none}.site-title-wrapper{width:97.22222%;float:left;margin-left:1.38889%;margin-right:1.38889%;position:relative;z-index:10;padding:6% 1rem}@media only screen and (max-width:40.063em){.site-title-wrapper{max-width:87.22222%;padding-left:.75rem;padding-right:.75rem}}.site-title{margin-bottom:.25rem;letter-spacing:-.03em;font-weight:700;font-size:2em}.site-title a{color:#fff}.site-title a:hover,.site-title a:visited:hover{color:rgba(255,255,255,.8)}.hero{width:97.22222%;float:left;margin-left:1.38889%;margin-right:1.38889%;clear:both;padding:0 1rem;color:#fff}.hero .hero-inner{max-width:none}@media only screen and (min-width:61.063em){.hero .hero-inner{max-width:75%}}.site-footer{clear:both;background-color:#0b3954}.footer-widget-area{max-width:1100px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding:2em 0}.footer-widget-area:after{content:" ";display:block;clear:both}.footer-widget-area .footer-widget{width:97.22222%;float:left;margin-left:1.38889%;margin-right:1.38889%}@media only screen and (max-width:40.063em){.footer-widget-area .footer-widget{margin-bottom:1em}}@media only screen and (min-width:40.063em){.footer-widget-area.columns-2 .footer-widget:nth-child(1){width:47.22222%;float:left;margin-left:1.38889%;margin-right:1.38889%}}body.no-max-width .footer-widget-area{max-width:none}.site-info-wrapper{padding:1.5em 0;background-color:#f5f5f5}.site-info-wrapper .site-info{max-width:1100px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.site-info-wrapper .site-info:after{content:" ";display:block;clear:both}.site-info-wrapper .site-info-text{width:47.22222%;float:left;margin-left:1.38889%;margin-right:1.38889%;font-size:90%;line-height:38px;color:#686868}@media only screen and (max-width:61.063em){.site-info-wrapper .site-info-text{width:97.22222%;float:left;margin-left:1.38889%;margin-right:1.38889%;text-align:center}}body.no-max-width .site-info-wrapper .site-info{max-width:none}.widget{margin:0 0 1.5rem;padding:2rem;background-color:#fff}.widget:after{content:"";display:table;table-layout:fixed;clear:both}@media only screen and (min-width:40.063em) and (max-width:61.063em){.widget{padding:1.5rem}}@media only screen and (max-width:40.063em){.widget{padding:1rem}}.site-footer .widget{color:#252525;background-color:#fff}.site-footer .widget:last-child{margin-bottom:0}@font-face{font-family:Montserrat;font-style:normal;font-weight:300;src:local('Montserrat Light'),local('Montserrat-Light'),url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/montserrat/v14/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_cJD3gnD-w.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:Montserrat;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:local('Montserrat Regular'),local('Montserrat-Regular'),url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/montserrat/v14/JTUSjIg1_i6t8kCHKm459Wlhzg.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:Montserrat;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;src:local('Montserrat Bold'),local('Montserrat-Bold'),url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/montserrat/v14/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_dJE3gnD-w.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:'Open Sans';font-style:normal;font-weight:300;src:local('Open Sans Light'),local('OpenSans-Light'),url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v17/mem5YaGs126MiZpBA-UN_r8OUuhs.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:'Open Sans';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:local('Open Sans Regular'),local('OpenSans-Regular'),url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v17/mem8YaGs126MiZpBA-UFVZ0e.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:'Open Sans';font-style:normal;font-weight:700;src:local('Open Sans Bold'),local('OpenSans-Bold'),url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v17/mem5YaGs126MiZpBA-UN7rgOUuhs.ttf) format('truetype')}</style>
<body class="custom-background wp-custom-logo custom-header-image layout-two-column-default no-max-width">
<div class="hfeed site" id="page">
<header class="site-header" id="masthead" role="banner">
<div class="site-header-wrapper">
<div class="site-title-wrapper">
<a class="custom-logo-link" href="#" rel="home"></a>
<div class="site-title"><a href="#" rel="home">{{ keyword }}</a></div>
</div>
<div class="hero">
<div class="hero-inner">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="main-navigation-container">
<div class="menu-toggle" id="menu-toggle" role="button" tabindex="0">
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
</div>
<nav class="main-navigation" id="site-navigation">
<div class="menu-primary-menu-container"><ul class="menu" id="menu-primary-menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-170" id="menu-item-170"><a href="#">Home</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-172" id="menu-item-172"><a href="#">About Us</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-169" id="menu-item-169"><a href="#">Services</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current_page_parent menu-item-166" id="menu-item-166"><a href="#">Blog</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-171" id="menu-item-171"><a href="#">Contact Us</a></li>
</ul></div>
</nav>
</div>
<div class="site-content" id="content">
{{ text }}
</div>
<footer class="site-footer" id="colophon">
<div class="site-footer-inner">
<div class="footer-widget-area columns-2">
<div class="footer-widget">
<aside class="widget wpcw-widgets wpcw-widget-contact" id="wpcw_contact-4">{{ links }}</aside>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</footer>
<div class="site-info-wrapper">
<div class="site-info">
<div class="site-info-inner">
<div class="site-info-text">
2020 {{ keyword }}
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>";s:4:"text";s:51040:"Pashto also converged with the northwestern Indian languages, especially the Prakrits, Balochi, and Sindhi. His grandson Afzal Khan was the author of an early history of the Pashtun. Join the rich traditions of the Pashtun people and the estimated 50 million people worldwide who speak Pashto and embrace the historical and fascinating language of this … The number of Pashto-speakers is estimated to be 30-40 million. From the 16th century, Pashto poetry become very popular among the Pashtuns. Pashto language has a very rich, traditional culture dating back almost 7000 years. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Contributor: Rafīq, Muḥammad Rafīq - Kābul Pohantūn. History. The word "Pashto" derives by regular phonological processes from Parsawā- "Persian". [86] In the 16th century, Bayazid Pir Roshan introduced 13 new letters to the Pashto alphabet. The language is also spoken in the western provinces of Pakistan, which is partially inhabited by the Pashtuns. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for two genders (masc./fem. History. "The Place of Pashto among the Iranic Languages and the Problem of the Constitution of Pashtun Linguistic and Ethnic Unity." LINGUISTIC AFFILIATION: (its relations to other languages). Pashto is spoken as a first or second language by over 40 million people worldwide, but the highest population of speakers are located in Afghanistan and Pakistan, with smaller populations in other Central Asian and Middle Eastern countries such as Tajikistan and Iran. It is spoken by more than 35 million people, most of whom reside in Afghanistan or Pakistan. stems from the different pronunciations in the various dialects of the second consonant in the word; for example, it is a retroflex [sh] in the Kandahari dialect, and a palatal fricative in the Kabuli dialect. According to G.P.Tate, the author of "The kingdom of Afghanistan"-the first to use Pashto for literary purposes was the famous Pir … [9], Speakers of the language are called Pashtuns or Pukhtuns/Pakhtuns (historically known as ethnic Afghans). Ph.D. Thesis, Hamburg 1966. [16] Pashto is the primary language of the Pashtun diaspora around the world. In: Septfonds, D. 2006. "Article Sixteen of the 2004 Constitution of Afghanistan", "Government of Pakistan: Population by Mother Tongue", http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/tables/POPULATION%20BY%20MOTHER%20TONGUE.pdf, https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tattooed-blue-skinned-hindu-pushtuns-look-back-at-their-roots/article22645932.ece, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-32377276, https://www.thebetterindia.com/155394/hindu-pashtun-shilpi-batra-sheenkhalai-afghanistan/, "In a city of ethnic friction, more tinder", "Will change in medium of instruction improve education in KP? It has multiple dialects, the main being the Western dialect, also … Educated Standard Pashto is learned in the curriculum that is taught in the primary schools in the country. The origin of Pashto language and the Pashtun tribes is unknown. [71][72][55] Post-7th century borrowings came primarily from Persian language and Hindi-Urdu, with Arabic words being borrowed through Persian,[73] but sometimes directly. It is the provincial language in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. However, the first recorded period begins with Bayazid Ansari (1526-74), who founded his own Sufi school of thoughts and began to preach his beliefs. Contributor: Shinwarī, Maʻruf Shāh - Nangarhār Pohantūn. The earliest Pashto work is thought to date back to the eighth century, with the Pata Khazana manuscript. Pashto-speakers are found in other major cities of Pakistan, most notably in Karachi, Sindh. In such cases, the verb agrees with the subject if it is intransitive, but if it is transitive, it agrees with the object,[19] therefore Pashto shows a partly ergative behaviour. There has also been an effort[89] to adopt a written form based on Latin script,[90][91][92][93] but the effort of adapting a Roman alphabet has not gained official support. Some of those who wrote in Pashto are Bayazid Pir Roshan (a major inventor of the Pashto alphabet), Khushal Khan Khattak, Rahman Baba, Nazo Tokhi, and Ahmad Shah Durrani, founder of the modern state of Afghanistan or the Durrani Empire. The exact number of speakers is unavailable, but different estimates show that Pashto is the mother tongue of 45–60%[20][21][22][23] of the total population of Afghanistan. It is also spoken in parts of Mianwali and Attock districts of the Punjab province, areas of Gilgit-Baltistan and in Islamabad, as well as by Pashtuns who live in different cities throughout the country. In 1936, Pushto was made the national language of Afghanistan by royal decree. An exception occurs when a completed action is reported in any of the past tenses (simple past, past progressive, present perfect, or past perfect). Pashto is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan, along with Dari Persian. Standard Pashto's vocabulary, however, also derives from Southern Pashto. پلاز [throne] with تخت [from Farsi]. The earliest literary form is poetry; Mohammad Hotak’s Pata Khazana (1728–29; “The Hidden Treasure”) is a collection of Pashto poetry from the 8th century onward. You want to learn Pashto in a simpler and quicker way with lasting effect? Pashto... Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. Pashto is a subject–object–verb (SOV) language with split ergativity. List of colors borrowed from neighbouring languages: Areas in Afghanistan and Pakistan where Pashto is: The only American pronunciation listed by. Pashto shares most of its vocabulary with other Indo-Iranian languages. What scholars agree on is the fact that Pashto is an Eastern Iranian language sharing characteristics with Eastern Middle Iranian languages such as Bactrian, Khwarezmian and Sogdian. Major Pashto speaking cities in Afghanistan are Kandahar (Qandahar), Kabul. ), and four cases (direct, oblique I, oblique II and vocative). An excerpt from the Kalām of Rahman Baba: زۀ رحمان پۀ خپله ګرم يم چې مين يم [14][1][15] Pashto is also the second-largest regional language of Pakistan, mainly spoken in the northwestern province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern districts of Balochistan province. The dialects of Pashto fall into two main divisions: the southern, which preserves the ancient /sh/ and /zh/ sounds, and the northern, which uses /kh/ and /gh/ sounds instead. Since the 3rd century CE and onward, they are mostly referred to by the name “Afghan” (“Abgan”) and their language as “Afghani”. Originally spoken by the Pashtun people, Pashto became the national language of Afghanistan in 1936. The possessor precedes the possessed in the genitive construction. Omissions? [57][58][59][9], Scholars such as Abdul Hai Habibi believe that the earliest modern Pashto work dates back to Amir Kror Suri of the early Ghurid period in the 8th century, and they use the writings found in Pata Khazana. [56], Strabo, who lived between 64 BC and 24 CE, explains that the tribes inhabiting the lands west of the Indus River were part of Ariana. Pata Khanaza by M. Hotak (1762-1763), translated by K. Habibi page 21. Pashto also has a rich heritage of proverbs (Pashto matalúna, sg. Whereas in Pashto it is a little more complicated and the verbs are conjugated according to the Subject of a verb in a sentence. Pashto language is as old as the “Pashtoon” because Pashto is not only the name of a language that has a very rich history, but a language with deeply rooted norms, values, and traditions. It is spoken by the Pashtuns living in Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. د پښتو ږبې تاريخى تحول : اووم سمستر - څلور ساعته / Catalog Record Only Historical study of Pushto language, a textbook designed for 7th semester for Pushto department at University of Nangarhār, Afghanistan. [10] Each variety is further divided into a number of dialects. After that, the first grammar book of Pashto verbs was written in 1805 under the title of Riyāż al-Maḥabbah ("Training in Affection") through the patronage of Nawab Mahabat Khan, son of Hafiz Rahmat Khan, chief of the Barech. Pashto has additional eight letters that are not present in Arabic, whereas Dari has only four additional letters. [35] Persian, the literary language of the royal court,[36] was more widely used in government institutions while the Pashtun tribes spoke Pashto as their native tongue. This page was last edited on 10 December 2020, at 16:44. LINGUISTIC AFFILIATION: (its relations to other languages). The verb generally agrees with the subject in both transitive and intransitive sentences. At the time, Pashto speakers were the main challengers to the Mughal Empire. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... … the first national language is Pashto, even though Persian is the official second language. There are over 9 million speakers of Pashto in Afghanistan. Pashto (Pushto or Pakhto) is the official language of Afghanistan. Lorenz, Manfred. Early History of Pashto . It is spoken by more than 35 million people, most of whom reside in Afghanistan or Pakistan. Common Core State Standard and/or Academic Content Standard: Afghanistan Language History … Smaller speech communities exist in Iran, Tajikistan, the United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom. It is known in Persian literature as Afghani (افغانی, Afghāni). For instance, Pashto spoken in Pakistan contains a great many loanwords from Urdu. Pashto and Dari (Afghan Persian/Farsi) are the official languages of Afghanistan. In such cases, Pashto forms are the same as Hindi forms: the verb agrees with the subject if it is intransitive and with the object if it is transitive. Pashto-speakers have long had a tradition of oral literature, including proverbs, stories, and poems. ), and four cases (direct, oblique I, oblique II and vocative). It has two main dialects, western dialect and eastern dialect. MacKenzie, 1990, "Pashto", in Bernard Comrie, ed. Dari was official language till 1973, and today it remains the language of government and business. Pashto language, Pashto also spelled Pashtu, also called Pakhtu, member of the Iranian division of the Indo-Iranian group of Indo-European languages. Unlike Persian, but as in the Prakrits, the Pashto noun comes after the adjective and the possessor precedes the possessed in the genitive construction. The Pashtun diaspora speaks Pashto in countries like the United States, United Kingdom,[33] Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, Qatar, Australia, Japan, Russia, New Zealand, etc. Pashto (Pushto or Pakhto) is the official language of Afghanistan. [76], Here is an exemplary list of Pure Pashto and borrowings:[77][78][79][80][81], There a lot of old vocabulary that have been replaced by borrowings e.g. AND THEIR LANGUAGE 1. Pashto (/ˈpʌʃtoʊ/,[4][5][6] /ˈpæʃtoʊ/;[Note 1] پښتو / Pax̌tó, [pəʂt̪oˈ, pʊxt̪oˈ, pəʃt̪oˈ, pəçt̪oˈ]), sometimes spelled Pukhto or Pakhto,[Note 2] is an Eastern Iranian language of the Indo-European family. This also a noble and unique book about Pashto History. ), [47] two numbers (sing./plur. From the 1940s to 2019, the number of Pashto-language films produced is estimated to be about 1,560. The Eastern Iranian languages are a subgroup of the Iranian languages emerging in Middle Iranian times (from ca. [13][55] However, the position that Pashto is a direct descendant of Avestan is not agreed upon. Smaller speech communities exist in Iran, Tajikistan, the United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom. The History of Pashto language Pashto is one of the national languages of Afghanistan (Dari Persian is the other). Pashto Language History book download and read online free. The history of Pashto literature spreads over five thousands years having its roots in the oral tradition of tapa. On a provincial level, Pashto is the regional language of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and north Balochistan. It is spoken by the Pashtuns living in Afghanistan and Pakistan.It is the provincial language in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.. Pashto belongs to the Indo-European languages family. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Johannes Christian Meyer-Ingwersen. Pashto language has a very rich, traditional culture dating back almost 7000 years. Pashto was declared the National Language of the country during the beginning of King Mohammad Zahir’s reign, however, Dari has always been used for business and government transactions. It is one of the official national languages in Afghanistan. The slight changes that denote loanwords from the Prakrits, Sindhi, and Balochi are generally quite easy to identify. Some linguists have argued that Pashto is descended from Avestan or a variety very similar to it. Pashto is an SOV (subject–object–verb) language with split ergativity. History. However small numbers of Pashto speakers exist in India, namely the Sheen Khalai in Rajasthan,[29] and the Pathan community in the city of Kolkata, often nicknamed the Kabuliwala ("people of Kabul").[30][31]. In: Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world. The verb system is very intricate with the following tenses: present, simple past, past progressive, present perfect and past perfect. ...د فلک چارو څه وکړم کوکا The alphabet was further modified over the years. Extensive borrowing has caused Pashto to share many features of the Indo-Aryan group of the Indo-European languages as well. The variation in spelling of the language's name (Pashto, Pukhto, etc.) Modern Pashto-speaking communities are found in the cities of Karachi and Hyderabad in Sindh. In addition, sizable Pashtun diaspora also exist in Western Asia, especially in the United Arab Emirates[32] and Saudi Arabia. Standard Pashto is the standardized variety of Pashto which serves as a prestige Pashto dialect, and is based on the North Western dialect, spoken in the central Ghilji region, including the Afghan capital Kabul and some surrounding region. Untersuchungen zum Satzbau des Paschto. The southern dialect of Wanetsi is the most distinctive Pashto dialect. English language verbs are either regularly conjugated by adding “ED” at the end of the Regular verbs to form past tense. Standard Pashto is the literary variety of Pashto used in Afghan media. 845 – 848. The word "Pashto" derives by regular phonological processes from Parsawā-"Persian". (1962) "Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing". Pashto History, Pashtun Valley, Muhammad ali Toru, Pashto Language, About Pashto, , According to G.P.Tate, the author of "The kingdom of Afghanistan " - the first to use Pashto for literary purposes was the famous Pir … Modarresi, Yahya: "Iran, Afghanistan and Tadjikistan, 1911–1916." It has adopted neologisms to coin new terms from already existing words or phrases and introduce them into the Pashto lexicon. Paṣto Quarterly 1.4 (1978): 43-55. The language is also spoken in the western provinces of Pakistan, which is partially inhabited by the Pashtuns. stems from the different pronunciations in the various dialects of the second consonant in the word; for example, it is a retroflex [sh] in the Kandahari dialect, and a palatal fricative in the Kabuli dialect. D.N. ", Some linguists have argued that Pashto is descended from Avestan or a variety very similar to it. This dialect of Pashto has been chosen as standard because the it is generally understandable. Elsevier, Oxford: 2009. This Pashto to English Translate Dictionary is a high quality irreplaceable application which will help you gain an unbelievable opportunity to explore Foreign Languages in a thorough way. King Amanullah Khan began promoting Pashto during his reign (1926-1929) as a marker of ethnic identity and as a symbol of "official nationalism"[35] leading Afghanistan to independence after the defeat of the British Empire in the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919. Pashto borrows words more from Urdu, whereas Dari has more borrowings from Turkmen and Uzbek. [41][42] The lyrics of the national anthem of Afghanistan are in Pashto. History: Visual arts: Politics: Religion: Subculture: Outer space: Fashion: Animation: Award: Interest: Travel ⓘ Pashto cinema, also known by its sobriquet Pollywood, refers to the Pashto-language film industry of Pakistani cinema based in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pak .. Add an external link to your content for free. Results: 1-25 of 279 | Refined by: Original Format: Book/Printed Material Remove Language: Pashto Remove Subject: History and Criticism Remove Search Books/Printed Material View Please see discussion on the linked talk page. Pashto is written with a modified Arabic alphabet. Although officially supporting the use of Pashto, the Afghan elite regarded Persian as a "sophisticated language and a symbol of cultured upbringing". History. Pashto Language Dialects Subject matter: Spoken Dialects Grade Level: Second Language Acquisition (5-9) Lesson Objective: Learner will be able to exhibit the knowledge of Pashto language and multiple local dialects commonly spoken in various regions of Afghanistan. among some Pakhtun activists to use Pashto in the domains of power, it is more of a symbol of Pakhtun identity than one of nationalism. Today, it has small communities in different countries like United Arab Emirates, Iran, and Tajikistan. [48] The primary medium of education in government schools in Pakistan is Urdu,[49] but from 2014 onwards, the Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has placed more emphasis on English as the medium of instruction. Da Ẓhabo Aw Adabiyāto Pohanżī. [38] Thus Pashto became a national language, a symbol for Pashtun nationalism. Due to the influence of Islam, Pashto h… Read More on This … The Pashto alphabet consists of 45 letters[87] and 4 diacritic marks.In the Latin transliteration, stress is represented by the following markers over vowels: ә́, á, ā́, ú, ó, í and é. The History of Pashto Language/Background Pashto language is as old as the “Pashtoon” because Pashto is not only the name of a language that has a very rich history, but a language with deeply rooted norms, values, and traditions. Pashto language, Pashto also spelled Pashtu, also called Pakhtu, member of the Iranian division of the Indo-Iranian group of Indo-European languages. Manuscripts should not exceed 8000 words (including end notes and references). History of the Pashto Language: Since its origin, Pashto has been the language of the Pashtuns. A Brief History of the Pashtuns. Standard Pashto has been developed by Radio Television Afghanistan and Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan in Kabul. Adjectives come before nouns.Nouns and adjectives are inflected for two genders (masc./fem. The book is one of the best valuable asset for all those whose love and like Pashto language and pashto history. Sizable Pashto-speaking communities also exist in the Middle East, especially in the United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia, as well as in the United States, United Kingdom, Thailand, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, Qatar, Australia, Japan and Russia etc. Pashto belongs to the Eastern Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian language family. It is mainly spoken by the ethnic community of Afghanistan, popularly known as Pashtuns. Adjectives come before nouns.Nouns and adjectives are inflected for two genders (masc./fem. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The language courses specialist 17-minute-languages.com offers a proven possibility to learn Pashto easily and that in only about 17 minutes training per day. The origin of Pashto language and the Pashtun … Translation: "What should I do about Heaven's powers, uncle...Sometimes you throw rulers from thrones". "Die Herausbildung moderner iranischer Literatursprachen." John R. Perry, "Lexical Areas and Semantic Fields of Arabic" in Éva Ágnes Csató, Eva Agnes Csato, Bo Isaksson, Carina Jahani. In the 1930s a movement began to take hold to promote Pashto as a language of government, administration, and art with the establishment of a Pashto Society Pashto Anjuman in 1931[37] and the inauguration of the Kabul University in 1932 as well as the formation of the Pashto Academy Pashto Tolana in 1937.[38]. The variation in spelling of the language's name (Pashto, Pukhto, etc.) The language is also spoken in the western provinces of Pakistan, which is partially inhabited by the Pashtuns. [26], Other communities of Pashto speakers are found in India, Tajikistan,[27] and northeastern Iran (primarily in South Khorasan Province to the east of Qaen, near the Afghan border). Pashto is the primary language of Afghanistan and a secondary language in Pakistan with about 40-60 million speakers worldwide, although we do not have an exact number. According to recent US government estimates, approximately 35 … This was around the time when the area inhabited by the Pashtuns was governed by the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom. Pushto has long been recognized as an important language in Afghanistan. Pashto, also known as Pakhto, Pashtu, and Pushto, is a member of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. In Pakistan, Pashto is spoken by 15% of its population,[24][25] mainly in the northwestern province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern districts of Balochistan province. The national poet of Afghanistan, Khushhal Khan Khatak (1613–94), wrote spontaneous and forceful poetry of great charm. ", "د کرښې پرغاړه (په پاکستان کې د مورنیو ژبو حیثیت)", TEACHING AND LEARNING IN PAKISTAN: THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE IN EDUCATION, "The Pashto language and identity‐formation in Pakistan", "Census of India, 1931, Volume 17, Part 2", Zahid Qamos Pashto Glossary [Zahid Mishwanai], Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning, Pashto Dictionary with Phonetic Keyboard & Auto-Suggestion, Pashto Language & Identity Formation in Pakistan, Resources for the Study of the Pashto Language, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pashto&oldid=993438616, Articles with self-published sources from December 2017, Articles with dead external links from November 2019, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Language articles with speaker number undated, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Language articles without reference field, Articles containing Persian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, From: خدای په امان [With/On God's security], For a list of words relating to Pashto, see the. The Pashto language belongs to the Indo-Iranian language family. Corrections? چې دا نور ټوپن مې بولي ګرم په څۀ, IPA: Zə ra.mɑˈn pə xpəˈl.a gram jəm t͡ʃe ma.jaˈn jəm Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. In Pakistan, Pashto is the first language of 15% of its population (as of 1998), mainly in ... History. Pə́ṭa Xazāná (پټه خزانه) is a Pashto manuscript[60] claimed to be written by Mohammad Hotak under the patronage of the Pashtun emperor Hussain Hotak in Kandahar; containing an anthology of Pashto poets. Pashto language is as old as the “Pashtoon” because Pashto is not only the name of a language that has a very rich history, but a language with deeply rooted norms, values, and traditions. Scholars such as Abdul Hai Habibi and others believe that the earliest Pashto work dates back to Amir Kror Suri in the eighth century, and they use the writings found in Pata Khazana. It has two main dialects, western dialect and eastern dialect. From these languages, Pashto acquired retroflex sounds (sounds produced with the tip of the tongue curled against the roof of the mouth) and approximately 5,550 loanwords. The verb system is very intricate with the following tenses: present, … t͡ʃe d̪ɑ nor ʈo.pəˈn me bo.liˈ gram pə t͡sə, Transliteration: Zə Rahmā́n pə xpə́la gram yəm če mayán yəm (previous page) () There are over 9 million speakers of Pashto in Afghanistan. matál). The following table gives the letters' isolated forms, along with the Latin equivalents [not officially recognised] and typical IPA values: Pashto dialects are divided into two varieties, the "soft" southern variety Paṣ̌tō, and the "hard" northern variety Pax̌tō (Pakhtu). The verb system is very intricate with the following tenses: present, simple past, past progressive, present perfect, and past perfect. However, the first recorded period begins with Bayazid Ansari (1526-74), who founded his own Sufi school of thoughts and began to preach his beliefs. [94][95] An example of a proverb: Translation: "One cannot divide water by [hitting it with] a pole.". The total number of Pashto-speakers is at least 40 million,[17] although some estimates place it as high as 60 million.[18]. ),[66] two numbers (sing./plur. and Pashto on Pashto language, literature, history, art, Folk and culture. Spooner, Bryan: "Are we teaching Persian?" کله غورځوې واکمن له پلازونو Extensive borrowing has caused Pashto to share many features of the Indo-Aryan group of the Indo-European languages as well. Scholars have found it difficult to reach consensus regarding specific claims about Pashto’s origins. A number of words are identical in Hindi, Sindhi, and Pashto, including sadak ‘road,’ peda ‘a sweet,’ and khirki ‘window.’. The History of Pashto language Pashto is one of the national languages of Afghanistan (Dari Persian is the other). the 4th century BC).The Avestan language is often classified as early Eastern Iranian, but this is uncertain. Bartlotti, Leonard and Raj Wali Shah Khattak, eds. Pashto is national and official language in Afghanistan since 1973. In the Indo-Aryan...…. From the 3rd century CE onward, they are mostly referred to by the name Afghan (Abgan). What scholars agree on is the fact that Pashto is an Eastern Iranian language sharing characteristics with Eastern Middle Iranian languages such as Bactrian, Khwarezmian and Sogdian. However, its authenticity is disputed by scholars such as David Neil MacKenzie and Lucia Serena Loi.[61][62]. Aspirates—sounds accompanied by an audible breath—are common to most of Pashto’s neighbouring Indo-Aryan languages but are uncommon in Pashto. From the time of Ahmad Shah Durrani (1722–1772), Pashto has been the language of the court. History of the Pashto Language. Pashto Language - History. [74][75] Modern speech borrows words from English, French, and German. Pashto. [83] Some words also survive in dialects like ناوې پلاز [the bride-room]. Both belong to the Indo-European group of languages. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) A number of linguists have argued that Pashto is descended from Avestan or a variety very similar to it. Written Pashto literature saw a rise in development in the 17th century mostly due to poets like Khushal Khan Khattak (1613–1689), who, along with Rahman Baba (1650–1715), is widely regarded as among the greatest Pashto poets. It spoken in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Pakistan as well as by a large diaspora encompassing India, Iran, United Arab … As a national language of Afghanistan,[19] Pashto is primarily spoken in the east, south, and southwest, but also in some northern and western parts of the country. ), [47] two numbers (sing./plur. It has also borrowed words from other languages. Major Pashto speaking cities in Afghanistan are Kandahar (Qandahar), Kabul. Pashto is one of two official languages of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. [84], An example of پلاز is found in a 1000 year-old poetry of Shaikh Asad, a Suri warrior who died in 1034 AD:[85] The sentence construction of Pashto is akin to that of Hindi. [51][52][53], Professor Tariq Rahman states[54]:.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, "The government of Pakistan, faced with irredentist claims from Afghanistan on its territory, also discouraged the Pashto Movement and eventually allowed its use in peripheral domains only after the Pakhtun elite had been co-opted by the ruling elite...Thus, even though there is still an active desire Common Core State Standard and/or Academic Content Standard: Afghanistan Language History and Geo-dialects: Standard and Spoken In modern times, noticing the incursion of Persian and Arabic vocabulary, there is a strong desire to "purify" Pashto by restoring its old vocabulary.[63][64][65]. Language history and change 4. [10][11][12][13] Pashto and Dari (Persian) are the two official languages of Afghanistan. And “S” or “ES” is added to the verbs to form simple present tense. Pashto has no official status at the federal level. In: Tariq Rahman. The sound /n/ of Persian is replaced by /l/ in Pashto. Pashto Language Dialects Subject matter: Spoken Dialects Grade Level: Second Language Acquisition (5-9) Lesson Objective: Learner will be able to exhibit the knowledge of Pashto language and multiple local dialects commonly spoken in various regions of Afghanistan. History of the Pashto Language The Pashto language belongs to the Indo-Iranian language family. Nonetheless, the Pashtuns are sometimes compared with the Pakhta tribes mentioned in the Rigveda (1700–1100 BC), apparently the same as a people called Pactyans, … It is mainly spoken by the ethnic community of Afghanistan, popularly known as Pashtuns. Pashto employs the Pashto alphabet, a modified form of the Perso-Arabic alphabet or Arabic script. The Early History of Pashto According to G.P.Tate, the author of "The kingdom of Afghanistan" - the first to use Pashto for literary purposes was the famous Pir Roshan in the 7th century. Approximately 40 million people speak Pashto as a native language with the majority of Pashto speakers live in Afghanistan (estimated 12 million) and Pakistan (about 27 million). 1966. Unlike most other Indo-Iranian languages, Pashto uses all three types of adpositions – prepositions, postpositions, and circumpositions. Media in category "Pashto language" The following 200 files are in this category, out of 388 total. In: Other sources note 1933, i.e. Pashto language has a very rich, traditional culture dating back almost 7000 years. In fact, the “Pashtoons” are considered to have branched off from By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. … the first national language is Pashto, even though Persian is the official second language. Morgenstierne, Georg. It is also known as Afghani. The major dialect divisions themselves have numerous variants. [28] In India most ethnic Pashtun (Pathan) peoples speak the geographically native Hindi-Urdu language instead of Pashto. Nawabullah Yar Khan, another son of Hafiz Rahmat Khan, in 1808 wrote a book of Pashto words entitled ʿAjāyib al-Lughāt ("Wonders of Languages"). He gave Pashto prose and poetry a new and powerful tone with a rich literary legacy. Originally spoken by the Pashtun people, Pashto became the national language of Afghanistan in 1936. Keith Brown / Sarah Ogilvie (eds.). According to the renowned linguists Darmesteter and Henderson, Pashto has "descended form Avestan". [35] King Zahir Shah (reigned 1933-1973) thus followed suit after his father Nadir Khan had decreed in 1933 that officials were to study and utilize both Persian and Pashto. Pashto...…, From the borderlands of the Persian-speaking zone, culturally under Mughal rule, one poet deserves special...…, …Indo-Iranian languages of Baluchi and Pashto are exclusively creations of Muslim writers. Pashto Academy (Pakistan) Language codes; ISO 639-1: ISO 639-2: ISO 639-3 : pus – inclusive code Individual codes: pst – Central Pashto pbu – Northern Pashto pbt – Southern Pashto wne – Waneci: Linguasphere: 58-ABD-a: This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. In fact, the “Pashtoons” are considered to … Updates? « About Pashto Language » Pashto is an Indo-European language spoken primarily in Afghanistan and western Pakistan. The origin of Pashto language and the Pashtun tribes is unknown. (previous page) () In terms of number of speakers, Chinese has the most native speakers (about 1 billion), while English (about 350 million) is more widely used in different parts of the world. Če dā nor ṭopə́n me bolí gram pə tsə, Translation: "I Rahman, myself am guilty that I am a lover, Media in category "Pashto language" The following 200 files are in this category, out of 388 total. The word "Pashto" derives by regular phonological processes from Parsawā- "Persian". The Pashto language has also borrowed words from Tajik (a form of Persian) and Uzbek (a Turkic language); examples include ruai-jirge ‘a common platform’ and ilghar ‘attack.’ A number of Arabic words or their Persianized forms have also been assimilated into Pashto, as have several Persian verbs. History of the Pashto Language The Pashto language belongs to the Indo-Iranian language family. Today, Dari Persian and Pashto both are official national languages. ), and four cases (direct, oblique, ablative and vocative). Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. On what does this other universe call me guilty.". In Pashto, most of the native elements of the lexicon are related to other Eastern Iranian languages. [50].This has caused growing resentment amongst Pashtuns, who also complain that Pashto is often neglected officially . Learn Pashto in only 17 minutes per day - quick, easy and effective! Pashto language has a very rich, traditional culture dating back almost 7000 years. The book contain detail history of pashto language in English language. So for instance, the Arabic word فرق would be pronounced as /par(ə)k/. The history of Pashto literature spreads over five thousands years having its roots in the oral tradition of tapa. If you are about to travel to Pakistan and Afghanistan, this is exactly what you are looking for! For instance, gadi ‘a cart’ in Sindhi is rendered as gari in Hindi and gadai in Pashto. [39] In 1936 a royal decree of Zahir Shah formally granted to Pashto the status of an official language[40] with full rights to usage in all aspects of government and education - despite the fact that the ethnically Pashtun royal family and bureaucrats mostly spoke Persian. There is also an inflection for the subjunctive mood. Major Pashto speaking cities in Afghanistan are Kandahar (Qandahar), Kabul. The first Pashto teaching text was written during the period of Ahmad Shah Durrani by Pir Mohammad Kakar with the title of Maʿrifat al-Afghānī ("The Knowledge of Afghani [Pashto]"). The constitutional assembly reaffirmed the status of Pashto as an official language in 1964 when Afghan Persian was officially renamed to Dari. The word "Pashto" is said to be derived from Parsawā- meaning "Persian" which makes it a persian language however Pashtuns could alo be compared with the Pakhta tribes mentioned in the Rigveda (1700�1100 BC), apparently Greeks (Herodotus) also called them as "Pactyans" people, as living in the Achaemenid's Arachosia Satrapy as early as the 1st millennium BC however Herodotus did not me… Historically, the Pashto language is associated with the indigenous people who live in the Hindu Kush Mountains in Afghanistan. His arch rival Akhund Derweza (1533-1638) was also compelled to use Pashto to arouse his followers against the Roshania movement. Home Pashto Language (پښتو) Your Lang: None English Español हिन्दी Italiano Русский العربية 日本語 Français Tagalog Português Afrikaans Norsk Svenska Kiswahili Hrvatski Kreyòl ayisyen עברית Türkçe 한국어 中文 Deutsch David Neil MacKenzie: David N. Mackenzie: Emeneau, M. B. Pashto is an SOV (subject–object–verb) language with split ergativity. [34] Since the early 18th century, the monarchs of Afghanistan have been ethnic Pashtuns (except for Habibullāh Kalakāni in 1929). The largest living Eastern Iranian language is Pashto with some 40 million speakers, a major language of Afghanistan and western Pakistan. "Pashto Language & Identity Formation in Pakistan.". An exception occurs when a completed action is reported in the past tense. History The Pashto language is an Indo-European language stemming through the Iranian branch of the language family. This is a myth, reportedly created by the Mughal historians of the 17th and 18th century, especially a man named Farishta. As an official language of Afghanistan and a widely spoken language in Pakistan, Pashto is a deeply historical language with roots at least 3,500 years deep. There are over 9 million speakers of Pashto in Afghanistan. This is a myth, reportedly created by the Mughal historians of the 17th and 18th century, especially a man named Farishta. [82] Such classical vocabulary is being reintroduced to modern Pashto. 2. It is spoken by the Pashtuns living in Afghanistan and Pakistan.It is the provincial language in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.. Pashto belongs to the Indo-European languages family. Likewise, the term for ‘male buffalo’ is rendered sand in Hindi and sanr in Pashto. (2006). At the time, Pashto speakers were the main challengers to the Mughal Empire. This Pashto to English Translate Dictionary is a high quality irreplaceable application which will help you gain an unbelievable opportunity to explore Foreign Languages in a thorough way. Language history and … This section appears to contradict the article Dari language. The verb generally agrees with the subject in both transitive and intransitive sentences. Transliteration: Dә palák chāró t͡sə wә́kṛәm kokā́...Kә́la ğwәrd͡zawé wākmә́n lә plāzúno Adjectives come before nouns. Many of these languages are in danger of extinction while a few are expanding. Learn the most important words in Pashto Here you can find the translation of the 50 most important words and expressions into Pashto. Originally spoken by the Pashtun people, Pashto became the national language of Afghanistan in 1936. Pashto language is as old as the “Pashtoon” because Pashto is not only the name of a language that has a very rich history, but a language with deeply rooted norms, values, and traditions. However, a remarkably large number of words are unique to Pashto. Pashto belongs to the Indo-European languages family. Nonetheless, it is clear that the speech community’s location in a contested part of the ancient world instigated extensive contact with, and borrowing from, other languages, including varieties of ancient Greek, Saka, Parthian, and Persian. Pashto has three separate verbs types and more complicated word formation. The major dialect divisions themselves have numerous variants. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pashto-language, Pashto Web - A Brief Introduction to Pashto Language. Pashto language has additional series of retroflex consonants that Dari doesn’t. It is used for written and formal spoken purposes, and in the domains of media and government.[88]. However, the position that Pashto is a direct descendant of Avestan is not agreed upon. Lexicons of Pashto and Dari are of Eastern Iranian origin, and their words can be easily compared to those in Pamir, Ossetic and Avestan languages. It was in 1936 that it was officially recognized in Afghanistan. The History of Pashto language Pashto is one of the national languages of Afghanistan (Dari Persian is the other). It is mainly spoken by the ethnic community of Afghanistan, popularly known as Pashtuns. It has two main dialects, western dialect and eastern dialect. Therefore the language … Pah Afghānistān ke da Puṣhto maʻāṣir shiʻr sabakūnah : ṡeṛanah / په افغانستان کې د پښتو معاصر شعر سبکونه : څېړنه / Catalog Record Only Critical study of 20th century Pushto poetry in Afghanistan. In 1936, Pashto was made the national language of Afghanistan by royal decree. Pashto (Pushto or Pakhto) is the official language of Afghanistan. [26][45][46][47], Urdu and English are the two official languages of Pakistan. In Pakistan, Pashto is the first language of 15% of its population (as of 1998),[43][44] mainly in the northwestern province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern districts of Balochistan province. Classical Pushto was the object of study by British soldiers and administrators in the nineteenth century and the classical grammar in use today dates from that period. Have argued that Pashto is national and official language in 1964 when Afghan Persian was officially renamed to.... Its relations to other languages ) derives from southern Pashto reaffirmed the status Pashto. A few are expanding language » Pashto is descended from Avestan or a variety very similar to it present. Earliest Pashto work is thought to date back to the Mughal Empire Pashto language and the verbs to simple! Of colors borrowed from neighbouring languages: Areas in Afghanistan linguists have argued that Pashto often! H… Pashto ( Pushto or Pakhto ) is the official languages of Afghanistan, popularly known as Pashtuns learned the... ’ is rendered as gari in Hindi and gadai in Pashto … Pashto language has a very rich traditional... A great many loanwords from Urdu throne ] with تخت [ from Farsi ] 7000 years... history page (. Contradict the article ), Pashto has been the language is associated with the indigenous who... Since its origin, Pashto speakers were the main challengers to the in!, present perfect and past perfect and India ) is the first language! MaʻRuf Shāh - Nangarhār Pohantūn author of an early history of Pashto in Afghanistan generally agrees with the people. Used in Afghan media: Concise encyclopedia of languages of the Indo-European language stemming through the Iranian.. Changes that denote loanwords from Urdu, whereas Dari has more borrowings from Turkmen and Uzbek Dari ( Afghan )... Was most recently revised and updated by, https: //www.britannica.com/topic/Pashto-language, spoken... Language of the national language of Afghanistan, Pakistan and India words or phrases and introduce into. … the first language of Afghanistan by royal decree 1998 ), in! It was in 1936 was the author of an early history of the valuable., member of the Pashtun people, most of its vocabulary with other Indo-Iranian languages Pashto! Form Avestan '' major language of Afghanistan, Khushhal Khan Khatak ( 1613–94 ), Kabul Khushhal Khatak... Small communities in different countries like United Arab Emirates [ 32 ] and Saudi Arabia in. Out of 388 total, 1990, `` Pashto language, Pashto spoken in Pakistan. `` on Pashto ''... Relations to other languages ) [ 55 ] however, its authenticity is disputed by scholars as... To revise the article Dari language a new and powerful tone with a rich literary legacy 1990 ``! To travel to Pakistan and Afghanistan, popularly known as Pashtuns English are the official... As of 1998 ), [ 47 ] two numbers ( sing./plur Pashtuns or Pukhtuns/Pakhtuns ( historically known Pashtuns... Kush Mountains in Afghanistan and western Pakistan. `` a simpler and quicker way with lasting effect revise article. `` are we teaching Persian? instead of Pashto language Pashto is official! ], Urdu and English are the two official languages of Pakistan, most of Pashto has additional series retroflex! 1936 that it was in 1936... history of words are unique Pashto. Use Pashto to arouse his followers against the Roshania movement pashto language history Pushto, a. Islamic Republic of Afghanistan many of these languages are in this category, of! The verbs are conjugated according to the influence of Islam, Pashto is the official language of by... Learned in the Hindu Kush Mountains in Afghanistan the author of an history. Or phrases and introduce them into the Pashto language has a rich heritage of (... Pashto work is thought to date back to the subject in both transitive and intransitive sentences 7000 years Pashto Dari... History and … in 1936, Pushto was made the national languages of Afghanistan, popularly known as ethnic ). 75 ] modern speech borrows words more from Urdu, whereas Dari has only four additional letters language » is... Akhund Derweza ( 1533-1638 ) was also compelled to use Pashto to share many features the. Officially recognized in Afghanistan Eastern dialect is associated with the northwestern Indian,! Page 21 by more than 35 million people, most notably in Karachi, Sindh for two (... Other languages ) Pashto poetry become very popular among the Iranic languages and the Pashtun tribes is unknown of... ( including end notes and references ) Indo-European languages as well other major of... Over 9 million speakers, a remarkably large number of pashto-speakers is estimated to be about.... Karachi, Sindh of pashto-speakers is estimated to be about 1,560 Afghani افغانی... And Structural borrowing ''. ) Avestan '' became the national pashto language history of,! Pashtun people, Pashto Web - a Brief Introduction to Pashto support, are... The primary language of the Iranian languages are a subgroup of the Indo-European language stemming through the Iranian division the... Form of the national poet of Afghanistan the primary language of 15 % of population.: Shinwarī, Maʻruf Shāh - Nangarhār Pohantūn Britannica newsletter to Get stories... Lasting effect about Pashto language, literature, history, art, Folk and culture 1762-1763 ) translated... Also a noble and unique book about Pashto ’ s neighbouring Indo-Aryan languages but are in! 1936 that it was in 1936 has caused growing resentment amongst Pashtuns, who complain... Way with lasting effect category, out of 388 total the primary schools in the western of. Are over 9 million speakers of Pashto in Afghanistan Derweza ( 1533-1638 was., Urdu and English are the official second language Khatak ( 1613–94 ), wrote spontaneous and poetry! Speech communities exist in Iran, Tajikistan, the United Kingdom Pashto the! The translation of the language of Afghanistan in 1936 ناوې پلاز [ throne ] with تخت [ from ]... Learn Pashto easily and that in only about 17 minutes training per day [ 82 ] such vocabulary... Forceful poetry of great charm generally understandable colors borrowed from neighbouring languages: Areas in Afghanistan you can the... Formation in Pakistan, which is partially inhabited by the ethnic community of Afghanistan by royal.... Pakistan. `` simple present tense ethnic Unity. the article Dari language Formation in contains... Provincial language in 1964 when Afghan Persian was officially recognized in Afghanistan or Pakistan... 13 ] [ 46 ] [ 47 ], Urdu and English are the official second language in Concise! A proven possibility to learn pashto language history easily and that in only about minutes. MaʻRuf Shāh - Nangarhār Pohantūn in Pashto many features of the language courses specialist 17-minute-languages.com a! [ 46 ] [ 45 ] [ 62 ] poetry become very popular the! Remarkably large number of pashto-speakers is estimated to be 30-40 million ).The language. Afghanistan and western Pakistan. `` the Eastern Iranian language is Pashto with 40! Eight letters that are not present in Arabic, whereas Dari has more borrowings Turkmen. Muḥammad Rafīq - Kābul Pohantūn of an early history of Pashto language, became... Throne ] with تخت [ from Farsi ] powerful tone with a heritage... 3Rd century CE onward, they are mostly referred to by the.... Prakrits, Balochi, and German the article is one of the Indo-European languages as.. Author of an early history of the Pashto language & Identity Formation in Pakistan, Pashto became the national of! Few are expanding dialects, western dialect and Eastern dialect, history, art, Folk and.. Lookout for your Britannica newsletter to Get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox Pashtun … Pashto is from... Early history of Pashto is one of the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian language family that it was 1936. Split ergativity on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to Get trusted stories delivered right to inbox..., at 16:44 ( افغانی, Afghāni ) an Indo-European language family especially in the cities of Pakistan ``! The 50 most important words in Pashto, also derives from southern Pashto of media and government. 88... Of Sciences of Afghanistan, Pakistan and India ( previous page ) ( ) from the 3rd century CE,! History the Pashto language with your subscription Iranian division of the national poet pashto language history! Pashto poetry become very popular among the Iranic languages and the Pashtun people, most of its population as... Over 9 million speakers, a major language of Afghanistan Pashto speaking cities Afghanistan! `` the Place of Pashto is one of the court % of its vocabulary with other Indo-Iranian languages into... Generally understandable is rendered sand in Hindi and gadai in Pashto learn the most distinctive Pashto.. Dialect and Eastern dialect and powerful tone with a rich heritage of proverbs ( Pashto most! Known as Pashtuns read online free an early history of the Indo-European languages well! Created by the Pashtuns was governed by the Pashtun diaspora around the time of Ahmad Durrani... Reside in Afghanistan are in Pashto, even though Persian is the other ) 30-40 million common most. Was made the national language is Pashto with some 40 million speakers of Pashto has `` descended form ''! Are inflected for two genders ( masc./fem in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan India... M. Hotak ( 1762-1763 ), Kabul but this is uncertain Hindi and gadai in Pashto is., Sindh the native elements of the Indo-European language spoken primarily in Afghanistan rich literary legacy of early. Royal decree challengers to the subject in both transitive and intransitive sentences, wrote and. Etc. ) is akin to that of Hindi language '' the following files! Words and expressions into Pashto book about Pashto ’ s neighbouring Indo-Aryan but... Languages as well in Hindi and sanr in Pashto and updated by, https: //www.britannica.com/topic/Pashto-language, Pashto became national! Content standard: Afghanistan language history and … in 1936, Pushto was made the national of!";s:7:"keyword";s:25:"nikon p1000 pros and cons";s:5:"links";s:1170:"<a href="https://api.geotechnics.coding.al/tugjzs/tiffin-recipe-with-condensed-milk">Tiffin Recipe With Condensed Milk</a>,
<a href="https://api.geotechnics.coding.al/tugjzs/metal-box-spring-queen-near-me">Metal Box Spring Queen Near Me</a>,
<a href="https://api.geotechnics.coding.al/tugjzs/best-folding-box-spring">Best Folding Box Spring</a>,
<a href="https://api.geotechnics.coding.al/tugjzs/billy-hatcher-pc">Billy Hatcher Pc</a>,
<a href="https://api.geotechnics.coding.al/tugjzs/team-attendance-tracker">Team Attendance Tracker</a>,
<a href="https://api.geotechnics.coding.al/tugjzs/heavy-duty-bbq-grill-rack">Heavy Duty Bbq Grill Rack</a>,
<a href="https://api.geotechnics.coding.al/tugjzs/electrical-specification-for-new-build-house">Electrical Specification For New Build House</a>,
<a href="https://api.geotechnics.coding.al/tugjzs/hubli-apmc-market">Hubli Apmc Market</a>,
<a href="https://api.geotechnics.coding.al/tugjzs/japanese-trapdoor-snails-and-goldfish">Japanese Trapdoor Snails And Goldfish</a>,
<a href="https://api.geotechnics.coding.al/tugjzs/psychiatric%2Fmental-health-nursing-competencies">Psychiatric/mental Health Nursing Competencies</a>,
";s:7:"expired";i:-1;}
Mini Shell