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</html>";s:4:"text";s:31796:"Implement road blocks to inspect cars for illegal primate bushmeat....36 5.5. Comment nous aider. Article Field primatology of today: Current ethical issues. Canberra, Australia: The Winston Churchill Memorial Trust of Australia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 150(1), 99–106. In some instances, providing photographic documentation to local authorities on illegal harvesting of forest resources, hunting, or capturing animals could aid forest protection and prosecution of wrongdoers. Mittermeier, R. A., Wallis, J., Rylands, A. Primate studies have capitalized on camera traps’ ability to monitor fixed locations where a specific behavior or resource use occurs, as well as interactions among and between species, as addressed in more detail next. Camera trap days are the number of 24-h periods that cameras are employed, multiplied by the number of cameras in operation (Blake et al. Methods in Primate Behavior and Conservation Dates: Winter Session: December 28 –January 12, 2019; Summer Session: July 3 – July 18, 2019 Program Fee: $2600 Application deadline: Winter Session: December 1, 2018; Summer Session: June 1, 2019 Course Description This course is designed to provide students with field experience in primate behavior, ecology, and conservation. Butynski, T. M. (2001). Primate Conservation, Inc 1411 Shannock Rd Charlestown, Rhode Island 02813-3726. Primatologists can also contribute data to this project but must adhere to guidelines including the use of a minimum of 60 camera traps per project. (2011) Habituating primates: Processes, techniques, variables and ethics (2nd Edition). 2007), patterns of consumption (Galvis et al. 2013 and Traina 2001 for Lemur catta). The symposium organizers (Marni LaFleur and Chia L. Tan) gathered information on the current state of camera trap applications in primate research and promoted the standardization of qualitative and quantitative methods. ), Orangutans: Geographic variation in behavioral ecology and conservation (pp. primate evolution, behavior, ecology, and biology that can be used to advance primate conservation.2–5 Here, we focus on field research on primates to better understand how the portfolio of published research might bias, inform, and even directly impact primate conservation … (2014). (2010). Status and conservation of the only population of the vulnerable owl-faced monkey Cercopithecus hamlyni in Rwanda. The effects of observer presence on the behavior of Cebus capucinus in Costa Rica. Importance of natural licks for the mammals in Bornean inland tropical rain forests. PubMed (2012). Because geophagy sites are important contributors to a primate’s overall health and they can be monitored with relative ease, these sites should be considered conservation priorities and target areas for gathering camera trap data (Matsubayashi et al. Washington, DC: Island Press. We thank the symposium participants (Advancing Primate Research and Conservation through the Use of Camera Traps) and attendees for their contributions and thought-provoking discussion points. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. (a) A very rare photo of a silky sifaka (Propithecus candidus) on the ground at the Anjanaharibe forest site in the Makira Natural Park, Madagascar. (Photos by Zach J. Article A more robust primate conservation genomics will allow for genetically informed population management. Camera traps are proving to be useful tools for studying a variety of primate species, in diverse and often difficult habitats. Article 6) Establishing conservation-oriented captive breeding programs for endangered species These principles have guided many primate conservationists in the last decades. (Photo by Marni LaFleur.) Human activities could, of course, be the focus of our research, as we may want to document human presence or human impact on nonhuman primate habitats. Primates, 54, 1–6. Field primatologists: Duties, rights, and obligations. The Conservation Evidence project in collaboration with the IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group is planning a study to identify robust and pragmatic methods to prioritize and test important primate conservation actions that currently lack evidence. Camera trap studies such as these are sure to advance research and conservation of primate species. One could imagine providing photos to each person captured by cameras quickly becoming unmanageable. PRIMATE CONSERVATION | We are a group of researchers, students, and alumni interested in primate conservation and that are linked to the MSc in Primate Conservation … 2010) and they are also more effective at detecting smaller, solitary, and nocturnal species than wildlife patrol units (Burton 2012). In Ross C. F. & Kay R. F. Alternatively, in very hot environments the camera can be highly sensitive and triggered more easily by nontarget movements, e.g., wind or moving vegetation (Gregory et al. Ecological Research, 25, 225–231. In T. R. Turner (Ed. Habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, and anthropogenic disturbances that accompany these processes (e.g. 2010). Most cameras employ a passive infrared sensor that activates at some time after it detects a difference in heat motion between the fore- and background temperature. A scenario in which we tried to synthesize profit and conservation targets into a single optimization criterion of land conversion (see Materials and Methods for details) led to an intermediate impact on primates, with trajectories lying in between those depicted by the suitability and the vulnerability scenarios (SI Appendix, Fig. Refining and improving the use of camera trap technology for wildlife management and research in Australia and New Zealand. The author is also focussing on their specific needs in captivity and a dedicated veterinarian approach. We also … Setchell, J. M. (2013). Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, 78666, USA, Department of Soil Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa, Institute for Population Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1220, Vienna, Austria, You can also search for this author in 33–50). (Photo by Marni LaFleur.) Methods in Primate Behavior and Conservation Dates: July 15 – July 29, 2016 Application deadline: June 1, 2016 Program fee: $2300 Location: Osa Conservation, Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica Contac… Source: METHODS IN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR AND CONSERVATION The use of camera-traps in a survey of the buff-headed capuchin monkey, Cebus xanthosternos. These are safe for use in extreme temperatures and are automatically chosen as the main power source for the cameras, although we recommend internal batteries as backup to solar power. (Photos taken at the Tsimanampetsotse National Park, Madagascar by Marni LaFleur.). Journal of Mammalogy, 93(3), 667–676. This feature maximizes the probability of detecting primates while minimizing visible or audible cues that potentially alter behavior. 2014). Conservationists may work with local human populations to establish ways of coexisting peacefully with primates. 2014; Tan et al. Moreover, video camera trapping showed that seasonal fruit abundance may influence interspecific competition between common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes), gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), and forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis) (Head et al. Nighttime color photographs can be critical for conducting a faunal inventory and studies requiring individual recognition, but white flash may frighten target subjects and alter detection probabilities. Bezerra, B. M., Bastos, M., Souto, A., Keasey, M. P., Eason, P., Schiel, N., & Jones, G. (2014). Additional methods of careful and targeted placement are described by Loken et al. Tan, C. L., Yang, Y., & Niu, K. (2013). For primate species with critically low numbers, primate conservation may also involve captive breeding programs. PubMed Biota Neotropica, 11, 237–251. (2011). Gerber, B. D., Karpanty, S. M., & Randrianantenaina, J. Participez activement au projet Parrainez un singe. We particularly encourage further research into the ethical concerns raised by using camera traps in primatological field research. Fedigan, L. M. (2010). The largest globally coordinated camera trap monitoring project, Tropical Ecological Assessment & Monitoring Network (TEAM), also provides opportunities for primate conservation planning through camera trap data (www.teamnetwork.org). Focal animal follows provide a wealth of data and information, as they document all behaviors of interest and primates’ use of various resources (Altmann 1974). Observational study of behavior: Sampling methods. Natural resource, e.g., water, land, plants, management decisions are heavily influenced by the abundance and distribution of rare species (Thompson 2004). We then discuss how camera traps can be used to determine the conservation status of primate species and as a means promoting and protect primates. Zoologica, 27, 861–866. Discovery of Miller’s grizzled langur (Presbytis hosei canicrus) in Wehea forest confirms the continued existence and extends known geographical range of an endangered primate. (Photos taken at Wildcliff Nature Reserve, South Africa by Paula Pebsworth and Tsimamampetsotse National Park, Madagascar by Marni LaFleur.). Many primates have been translocated for welfare purposes: to avoid their certain death or to improve their wellbeing. Sampling rare or elusive species: Concepts, designs, and techniques for estimating population parameters. Intense sunlight can also impact camera performance, as it degrades plastic lenses. Subjects of knowledge and control in field primatology. Predator–primate distribution, activity, and co-occurrence in relation to habitat and human activity across fragmented and contiguous forests in northeastern Madagascar. Survey and census methods: population distribution and density. 2014; Boyer-Ontl and Pruetz 2014; Butynski 2001; Williamson and Feistner 2003, 2011). Ideally, biased camera trap data should be corrected or offset by using an occupancy framework (Gerber et al. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press. (b) Chacma baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) congregate to drink water and eat soil at the Wildcliff Nature Reserve, South Africa. Feeding ecology of hoolock gibbons in Bangladesh. 6). Further, as human activity continues to alter primate habitat and behavior, we suggest camera traps can monitor primate populations that should not be habituated or whose behavior would be greatly altered by human presence. (1974). How much time passes between camera activation and when a photograph is taken is critical to many studies. Article. Animal Conservation, 13, 335–343. Studies focusing on the consumption of masting fruit resources (Miura et al. Finally, we address some of the ethical concerns that may arise when using camera traps in primate research, such as recording illegal activity and (potentially) protecting human anonymity. Decreased sensitivity can result in failure to trigger the camera trap. They were the basis of a planning framework for African primate conservation drafted in 1981 by J. Stephen Gartlan, Thomas Struhsaker, and me (Oates et al. Wolfe, L. (2005). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Instead, a wider variety of programmes are offered, each comprising individual modules that may be of relevance to primatologists. (2013) used camera traps to assess whether canopy connectivity influences terrestrial behavior in orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus morio), a predominately arboreal primate. Correspondence to 1982), which was elaborated in subsequent PSG conservation action … (2012), and Tan et al. Traina, A. Google Scholar. We encourage primate researchers to test and acknowledge these limitations and to use corrective and complementary techniques when they are warranted. Inevitably, whether intentional or not, researchers employing camera traps will capture photographs of humans. Subcommittee on Conservation of Natural Populations (1981) Techniques for the study of primate population ecology. Ahumada, J. American Journal of Primatology, 72, 779–784. Souza-Alves, J. P., & Ferrari, S. F. (2010). Camera traps can also be used to assess other forms of behavioral plasticity. Conservation des singes | Pourquoi et comment préserver les primates? Camera trap studies have shown that activity patterns vary more than traditional views, in such species as ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta: LaFleur et al. Animal Conservation, 7, 251–256. Along these lines, and similar to some of the concerns of sociocultural anthropologists, we also need to consider data storage policies and decide who will have access to these images. The Wildlife Picture Index: monitoring top trophic levels. 2010; Link et al. The sensitivity, or the camera’s ability to detect heat motion, decreases when ambient temperature is low, or when the difference between ambient temperature and the subject’s body temperature is small (i.e., <2.7°C) (Meek 2012). Effects of trapping effort and trap shyness on estimates of tiger abundance from camera trap studies. 2014). Final report. Another part of primate conservation is the protection of individual primate species. 2014), establish habitat requirements (Head et al. (2014). Ethnographers generally provide copies of data to all informants and go to great lengths to protect informant identity (Murchison 2010). International Journal of Primatology, 35. doi:10.1007/s10764-014-9783-3. Camera trapping: A non-invasive approach as an additional tool in the study of mammals in Pasoh Forest Reserve and adjacent fragmented areas in peninsular Malaysia. (b) Senegalese chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes versus) nighttime activity. Animal Conservation, 11, 169–178. Nighttime activity in these primates has been attributed to avoiding extremely high daytime temperatures (Boyer-Ontl and Pruetz 2014) and exploiting ephemeral resources (LaFleur et al. The problems of conservation are discussed by distinguished scientists who are experts in their knowledge of the animals they write about and who have firsthand knowledge of the problems of conserving them. In order to successfully conserve primate species, conservationists need to understand primates and how they Long-tailed macaques and coconuts, Nicobar Islands, India. Sensitivity can be adjusted on most cameras. This forum provided camera trap users and would-be users the opportunity to discuss relevant topics, such as selecting the best hardware and accessories for one’s project needs and budget, overcoming technical and methodological difficulties, and making reliable inferences from camera trap data. Boyer-Ontl, K., & Pruetz, J. Terrestriality in the bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus morio) and implications for their ecology and conservation. Editorial: The top 10 questions in primatology. A novel approach to camera trapping for quantifying frugivory by ruminants. Camera trap data are collected according to strict protocols, and all researchers can access the data via an online database. https://www.neprimateconservancy.org/primate-conservation.html 1). Tobler, M. W., Carrilo-Percastegui, S. E., Pitman, R. L., Mares, R., & Powell, G. (2008). 2014; Tan et al. In addition to flash type, researchers studying nocturnal primates may want to consider whether the camera automatically adjusts flash intensity based on the distance to the primate. Habitat preferences and activity patterns of the larger mammal community in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, Cambodia. For example, camera trap monitoring and surveillance of Peruvian primates showed that trap success and encounter rates dramatically decreased immediately after land clearance and gas pipeline installation; however, animals resumed use of land bridges after construction (Gregory et al. Oryx, 45, 435–438. Primates, 48(4), 316–319. PubMed Google Scholar. Easton, J., Chao, N., Mulindahabi, F., Ntare, N., Rugyerinyange, L., & Ndikubwimana, I. Int J Primatol 35, 825–840 (2014). Translocation has not been used extensively as a conservation tool for nonhuman primates, although it may play a larger role in the future. We thank the editor of International Journal of Primatology, Dr. Joanna Setchell, for help and assistance in the production of this special issue and particularly this editorial. What should we do if local authorities request (or demand) copies of our camera trap images as a condition of our research, or even after the research has taken place? Animals ranging from Galago to the Gorilla have been selected to … Though most primates born in zoos remain in them for the duration of their lives, many other animal species have been successfully raised in captivity and then released into the wild as adults. Camera traps with infrared flash take color daytime and monochromatic nighttime photos, while camera traps with white flash take color photos regardless of light levels. L'étude des Primates actuels promet encore de nombreux étonnements et l'ancienne « voie royale des Prosimiens à l'Homme » paraît aujourd'hui, plus que jamais, buissonnante. The more camera traps used, the more quickly the accumulation curve will level off. 2010; Wegge et al. 2013). 2010), seed dispersal (Miura et al. This book provides a comprehensive and state-of-the-art synthesis of research principles and applied management practices for primate conservation. (2012). Primate Conservation Research Methods (20 credits) You’ll gain a basic understanding of how to conduct a field study of primates in the wild, in captivity or in a museum. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Article Camera traps are proving to be an effective tool in the documentation of primate ecology and spatial distribution patterns. Gregory, T., Carrasco Rueda, F., Deichmann, J., Kolowski, J., Costa Faura, M., Dallmeier, F., & Alonso, A. 2013). Systematic placement involves determining set intervals for cameras. Camera traps are proving to be useful tools for studying a variety of primate species, in diverse and often difficult habitats. Some cameras use a conical detection zone, while others use horizontal bands and vertical axis zones (Rovero et al. 2004), strategically placed camera traps near critical resources, such as natural canopy bridges (Gregory et al. PubMed Central (2014) "Comparing reference-based RNA-Seq mapping methods for non-human primate data" BMC Genomics 15, 570. 2014), gray snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus brelichi: Tan et al. Rovero, F., Zimmermann, F., Berzi, D., & Meek, P. (2013). Email PCI: nrowe@primate.org Kierulff, M. C., Santos, G. R., Canale, G. R., Guidorizzi, C. E., & Cassano, C. R. (2004). (2014) determined in less than a month that Lemur catta frequently engaged in nighttime activity. Geophagy in chacma baboons: Patterns of soil consumption by age class, sex, and reproductive state. A. J., & Bender, R. (2014). A., & Romo, D. (2010). Galvis, N., Link, A., & Di Fiore, A. Aucun contenu de page d'accueil n'a été créé pour l'instant. Article Ethnography essentials: Designing, conducting and presenting your research. Methods to establish canopy bridges to increase natural connectivity in linear infrastructure development. In fact, to our knowledge, ethical concerns of camera trapping have not been addressed in the wildlife literature. In order to protect these animals, conservationists gather data about them and determine ways to protect them and the environments they are found in. Use of mineral licks by white-bellied spider monkeys (Ateles belzebuth) and red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) in eastern Ecuador. Google Scholar. Moisture and extreme temperatures affect image quality and power. Who really ate the fruit? The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 59, 311–318. In very cold temperatures, alkaline batteries quickly discharge, so lithium or nickel metal hydride (NiMH) rechargeable batteries are the best option. We believe ethical considerations will be particularly important in future primate studies, although this topic has not previously been addressed for camera trap use in primatology or any wildlife species. O’Brien, T. G., Baillie, J. E. M., Krueger, L., & Cuke, M. (2010). (2012). Funding was provided by the Austrian Academy of Science (M. LaFleur) and Wilderness Wildlife Trust (P. A. Pebsworth). Comment nous aider. Marni LaFleur. In this case, time needed to carry out a survey is inversely proportional to the number of camera traps used. Conservation programs may also include centers that can treat injured primates as well as breeding programs to help increase the populations of various primate species. 2014; Gerber et al. Yet, in other cases, this information may do little to further our conservation agendas and could act to alienate local people and threaten our future research and conservation prospects. In these instances, camera traps have proved to be an effective tool for surveying primates, without the need to observe the individuals directly or physically trap them (Fig. 2013). Other primate resources, such as foods, can also be monitored using camera traps. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. In some cases, rehabilitation centers for injured or sick primates may also treat primates and then return them to the wild. In addition, covering the camera in a thin transparent polyethylene bag or wrap can act as a barrier to moisture and debris (Numata et al. For example, long-term camera trap projects can reconstruct group composition, including births, disappearances, and interbirth intervals (Galvis et al. However, the distance between cameras may be important, as cameras that are placed nearby one another may not produce photographs that are independent events. International Journal of Primatology, 31, 471–483. 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