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</body></html>";s:4:"text";s:30520:"... or freshwater. Kelp can be planted on a broad variety of blocks. or freshwater, the potential for large-scale seaweed farming to supplement our future food supplies while easing the burden we now impose on the land seems clear. out of the ocean waters (thereby allowing the oceans to absorb more CO₂ from the atmosphere) they help fight climate change. Seaweed is highly efficient at absorbing the greenhouse gas carbon … Plunge the kelp into the water and blanch for 20 seconds. In fact, it is being driven, from a commercial perspective, by sustainable production of high-quality protein. Fish are not the focus of his new enterprise, but rather kelp and high-value shellfish. ... a type of seaweed called sugar kelp. Alternatively, the seaweed As far as the world’s deadliest creatures go, large predators like sharks and lions tend to get all the credit. It’s possible that the only processing required would be the cutting of the kelp from the buoyancy devices and the disposal of the fronds overboard to sink. Seaweed farming and its surprising benefits. Many types of seaweeds, including kelp… The Kelp Farming Manual is an introduction to the processes, equipment and techniques for growing kelp from spores to harvest. Most freshwater/land-based, marine finfish and shellfish aquaculture licences are issued for multiple years: 1. up to 9 years for freshwater/land-based 2. up to 6 years for marine finfish 3. up to 9 years for shellfish The Department has the authority to issue licences for a shorter period. What Do You Add to Prevent Soil from Drying Out Too Quickly? Credit: Alan R. Walker/CC BY-SA 3.0. The federal government seems to think the idea of kelp farming is phenomenal, too. Provided that the decomposing material did not float, this would not matter, because once sunk below about one kilometre from the surface, the carbon in these materials would effectively be removed from the atmosphere for at least 1,000 years. Seaweed farming or kelp farming is the practice of cultivating and harvesting seaweed.In its simplest form, it consists of the management of naturally found batches. In fact, it is being driven, from a commercial perspective, by sustainable production of high-quality protein. Once in the ocean depths, the carbon the kelp contains is essentially out of circulation and cannot return to the atmosphere. The addition of a floating platform supporting solar panels, facilities such as accommodation (if the farms are not fully automated), refrigeration and processing equipment tethered to the floating framework would enhance the efficiency and viability of the permaculture arrays, as well as a dock for ships “GreenWave shows us new ways to grow food and make a living that can both heal the planet and make life more satisfying. Kelp farming in China, they produce over 90 percent of the world's Kelp. kelp farming has the potential to substantially lower atmospheric CO₂, and this realisation has had an energising impact on the research and commercial There is a growing interest of the cultivation of macro algae. Kelp feeds by absorbing nitrogen, phosphorus and CO2 from the water, making it good for the environment. Despite the huge expansion in aquaculture, and the experiences gained in the United States and China of integrating kelp into sustainable marine farms, this farming methodology is still at an early stage of development. Given its phenomenal growth rate, the kelp could be cut on a 90-day rotation basis. Meet the ocean farmers who grow delicious food, help clean the ocean and pull carbon from the air. Neither players nor dispenserscan remove the w… Robotic removal of encrusting organisms would probably also be part of the facility. While seaweed fertilizer is often used in the garden, marine kelp (Phylum phaeophyta) is only one form of seaweed, or algae, used as fertilizer. Mr Dobbins stated that as Maine's bays have too much of these, kelp farming is also a good way to manage the state's coasts. Making Kelp Farming a Movement. Many local governments have ordinances that govern how to collect freshwater seaweed -- usually that you can you pick up what has washed ashore. A friend who explores mid-ocean ridges in a submersible once told me about filleting a fish for dinner, then discovering the filleted remains the next morning, four kilometres down and directly below his ship. ” — Yvon Chouinard “ Truly inspiring: A revolutionary new … And by drawing CO₂ now runs a profitable business. But because CO₂ has an acidifying effect on seawater, as the kelp absorb the CO₂ the water becomes less acid. The kelp draw in so much carbon dioxide that they help de-acidify the water, providing an ideal environment for shell growth. Planted with kelp, the frame would be interspersed with containers for shellfish and other kinds of fish as well. Yet it seems inevitable that a new generation of ocean farming will build on the experiences gained in these enterprises to develop a method of aquaculture with the potential not only to feed humanity, but to play a large role in solving one of our most dire issues – climate change. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Handbook of Utilization of Aquatic Plants -- Fertilizer, Compost, Mulching and Weed Control, Aquatic Plant Management Society, Inc.: Production and Utilization of Aquatic Plant Compost, New York Sea Grant: Compost Invasive Plants into Fertilizer, University of Illinois Extension: Freshwater Seaweed. After starting his farm in 2011, Smith lost 90% of his crop twice – when the region was hit by hurricanes Irene and Sandy – but he persisted, and © Copyright 2020 Hearst Communications, Inc. The vast majority is grown in Asia, which accounts for 17.1 million metric tons or 98.8 percent of total production, with China the largest producer. Because freshwater has little to no salt content, the seaweed that grows there doesn't add salt to your garden. Seaweed could hold the key to cutting methane emissions from cow burps. Nine per cent of the world’s oceans is not a small area. This is an edited extract from Sunlight and Seaweed: An Argument for How to Feed, Power and Clean Up the World by Tim Flannery, published by Text Publishing. carrying produce to market. These aquatic plants can transfer some of these nutrients to your garden, helping your plants grow and produce an abundance of fruit or flowers. Bladder kelp can be even larger, with strands reaching 50 meters (165 ft) in length and weighing hundreds of pounds. His team at 3D Ocean Farming believe so strongly in the environmental and economic benefits of their model that, in order to help others establish similar operations, they have established a not-for-profit called Green Wave. Turn seaweed into the rest of the compost pile and use it in your garden along with your normal composting process. Drain and rinse in the cold water until the kelp is cool. Too much salt can change the salinity of your soil and keep your plants from prospering. To compost the seaweed, drain it well or lay it over raised pallets to dry before adding it to your compost pile. And the kelp itself has some value as a feedstock in agriculture and various industrial purposes. If a global carbon price is ever introduced, the exercise of disposing of the carbon captured by the kelp would transform that part of the business from a small cost to a profit generator. The regenerative ocean farming model can be adapted for use in other regions with native seaweed and shellfish species. “Given the transformative effect that marine permaculture can have on the ocean, there is much reason for hope that permaculture arrays can play a major part in globally balancing carbon,” he says. Seaweed farming requires no freshwater, arable land, fertilisers, or pesticides. But kelp farming is not solely about reducing CO₂. It is the best bio-concentrator of iodine from seawater in the biological kingdom. Others have teams who collect the invasive weeds and supply them to gardeners for a small fee, while some let you cut your own from where it grows in the water. Take the proper steps to collect, prepare and use the seaweed. The CO₂ is taken out of the water in much the same way that a land plant takes CO₂ out of the air. Many garden supply stores offer fertilizers that contain seaweed, including foliar sprays and granular fertilizer mixes. One obstacle potential entrepreneurs need not fear, however, is bureaucratic red tape, for much of the mid-oceans remain a global commons. A further 34 gigatonnes per year of CO₂ could be taken from the atmosphere if the methane is burned to generate electricity and the CO₂ generated captured and stored. But even at smaller scales, Storms in the North Atlantic may deliver enormous volumes of kelp – by some estimates as much as 7 gigatonnes at a time – to the 1.8km-deep ocean floor off the Bahamian Shelf. Other types of kelp tend to be much smaller—common kelp and Asian kelp average between 1–2 meters (roughly 3–6 ft). All of those farmers in that video are a part of, or got their start at GreenWave—an organization started by Bren that describes itself as an “ocean farmer and fisherman-run organization dedicated to building a new blue-green economy that creates jobs, mitigates climate change and grows healthy food for local communities.” 3 It is equivalent to about four and a half times the area of Australia. Kelp Farming in New England Supporting New England Kelp Farming to Expand New Locally-Produced Food Sources Kelp has been eaten and used medicinally for hundreds of years in various forms, but it remains a relatively unknown and underutilized resource in recipes and on menus. Kelp is a healthy and nutritious sea vegetable that is high in fiber, vitamins, and minerals, including vitamin C, vitamin K, iron, calcium, iodine, and magnesium. The Carmel Canyon, off California, for example, exports large volumes of giant kelp to the ocean depths, and 660 major submarine canyons have been documented worldwide, suggesting that canyons play a significant role in marine carbon transport. Frugal Gardening Tips to Improve Garden Soil. Likewise, shells and any encrusting organisms could be sunk as a carbon store. Freshwater Seaweed for Gardens. The deep waters of the central Pacific are exceptionally still. A freshwater snail. Publications. With a global production of 17.3 million metric tons, seaweed aquaculture is second only in volume to the farming of freshwater fish. There are numerous commercially important clam species within the United States, though the one most recognized and utilized in shellfish aquaculture operations on the East coast is the quahog or hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria). But always place seaweed compost in areas that don't run off into nearby freshwater bodies -- it can still contain viable seeds that could spread the invasive species into new lakes and ponds. Small-scale cultivation uses kelp as a replacement for kale. There would be no netting, but a kind of free-range aquaculture based on providing habitat to keep fish on location. Clams, as a general term, can be used to describe any bivalve mollusk species which buries itself in the sediment. Green Wave’s vision is to create clusters of kelp-and-shellfish farms utilising the entire water column, which are strategically located near seafood transporting or consumption hubs. The seaweed and mussels grow on floating ropes, from which hang baskets filled with scallops and oysters. His vision also entails providing habitat for fish, generating food, feedstocks for animals, fertiliser and biofuels. Large volumes of kelp already reach the ocean floor. But in the United States there is a renaissance of Kelp farming starting in the state of Maine and going down the Northeastern Coast all the way into Long Island Sound and even off the Coast of the Bronx, New York. Write an article and join a growing community of more than 117,500 academics and researchers from 3,793 institutions. They should prepare us well in anticipating any negative or indeed positive impacts on the ocean deep of offshore kelp farming. The current market value of the global crop is between US$5 billion and US$5.6 billion, of which US$5 billion comes from sale for human consumption. These natural instances of large-scale sequestration of kelp in the deep ocean offer splendid opportunities to investigate the fate of kelp, and the carbon it contains, in the ocean. Globally, around 12 million tonnes of seaweed is grown and harvested annually, about three-quarters of which comes from China. The marine permaculture would be designed to clip the bottom of the waves during heavy seas. Professorial fellow, Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute, University of Melbourne. Mead also hopes to maximise the benefits of seaweed by farming it on an existing mussel farm. As the farms operate, they perform positive ecological services within the farm waters and the surrounding water column. If flowing water is above it, the kelp plant transforms the flowing water into a water source block when the plant grows into it. But kelp farming is not solely about reducing CO₂. A haven for fish. Freshwater and saltwater seaweed often offer many nutrients to your soil such as nitrogen, but freshwater seaweed has an advantage over its ocean counterpart: it doesn't contain salt. Bren Smith, an ex-industrial trawler man, operates a farm in Long Island Sound, near New Haven, Connecticut. Dr Brian von Hertzen of the Climate Foundation has outlined one vision: a frame structure, most likely composed of a carbon polymer, up to a square kilometre in extent and sunk far enough below the surface (about 25 metres) to avoid being a shipping hazard. Additional benefits are reduction in ocean acidification and increased ocean primary productivity and biodiversity. could be converted to biochar to produce energy and the char pelletised and discarded overboard. Sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) is a prolific and versatile cold-water seagreen (or rather, brown macroalgae) that grows in northern waters across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Kelp farming is a difficult profession to master, but here on Rathlin Island, we’re leading the way.” We use a 100% natural process to preserve the kelp. Copyright © 2010–2020, The Conversation US, Inc. Sunlight and Seaweed: An Argument for How to Feed, Power and Clean Up the World, 40 tonnes of kelp and a million bivalves per hectare per year, Seaweed could hold the key to cutting methane emissions from cow burps, play a significant role in marine carbon transport. The kelp is renowned for its growth rates, with documented growth of up to 2-3 feet per day and mature lengths that can exceed 150ft. This, they say: …could produce sufficient biomethane to replace all of today’s needs in fossil-fuel energy, while removing 53 billion tonnes of CO₂ per year from Aquaculture of giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, is the cultivation of kelp for uses such as food, ... As of 2017, the Wrigley Institute of Environmental Studies was testing farming of kelp near Catalina Island for conversion to a biofuel by thermochemical liquefaction. Production, however, is expanding very rapidly. University of Melbourne provides funding as a founding partner of The Conversation AU. The stupendous potential of seaweed farming as a tool to combat climate change was outlined in 2012 by the University of the South Pacific’s Dr Antoine De Ramon N’Yeurt and his team. There is a growing interest of the cultivation of macro algae. Then we chop it and deep freeze it. Hence, kelp is considered one of the best renewable sources and kelp farming in these countries has been considered an indispensable part of th… In garden beds that aren't near water, spread the compost 4 to 6 inches deep around your plants to use as a mulch or turn it into the top few inches of soil as an amendment. This is a process that includes applications, […] Seaweeds can grow very fast – at rates more than 30 times those of land-based plants. Read more: The seaweed farms buffer the ocean’s growing acidity and provide ideal conditions for the cultivation of a variety of shellfish. During an eight months life span, Japanese kelp can concentrate iodine high as 100 000 times the level in seawater. Even without a carbon price, the opportunity to supply huge volumes of high-quality seafood at the same time as making a substantial impact on the climate crisis are considerable incentives for investment in seaweed farming. According to research from SINTEF, the nitrogen emissions from salmon farming can be reused by kelp and help the kelp plant grow to a significantly larger size. Their analysis reveals that if 9% of the ocean were to be covered in seaweed farms, the farmed seaweed could produce 12 gigatonnes per year of biodigested methane which could be burned as a substitute for natural gas. Tim Flannery does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment. Seawater farming addresses the severe lack of freshwater and undesirable soil conditions for agricultural activities in coastal regions. Check with local authorities to ensure you're following the proper procedure. Only entrepreneurs with vision and deep pockets could make such mid-ocean kelp farming a reality. Bren Smith: So now we're just gonna unravel it. He also hopes to help exploited fish populations rebound and to create jobs. A new dissertation studies the best conditions for sustainable cultivation of the brown algae sugar kelp. A new dissertation studies the best conditions for sustainable cultivation of the brown algae sugar kelp. Safe and sustainable, seaweed aquaculture might be the much-needed solution to the question of responsibly feeding the world’s growing population. The technology allows for the production of about 40 tonnes of kelp and a million bivalves per hectare per year. The term seaweed typically is reserved for aquatic plants that grow quickly or invasively. However, taking advantage of fresh seaweed means taking a quick trip to your local lake or pond. The general concepts embodied by 3D Ocean Farming have long been practised in China, where over 500 square kilometres of seaweed farms exist in the Yellow Sea. The kelp provides shelter for the shellfish, which … So it’s likely that the seaweed fronds would sink, at least initially, though gases from decomposition may later cause some to rise if they are not consumed quickly. Seaweed offers the benefit of not containing weed seeds that can germinate on land, so it's a helpful amendment to your garden. Because they de-acidify seawater, making it easier for anything with a shell to grow, they are also the key to shellfish production. It grows underwater if it has either a source block of water or flowing water above it. Share. If present in large volumes, however, decomposing matter may reduce oxygen levels in the surrounding seawater. What might a kelp farming facility of the future look like? Below it, a pipe reaching down to 200–500 metres would bring cool, nutrient-rich water to the frame, where it would be reticulated over the growing kelp. It's what's called a zero-input crop. Bring a medium pot of water to a boil. Once at the bottom of the sea three or more kilometres below, it’s likely that raw kelp, and possibly even to some extent biochar, would be utilised as a food source by bottom-dwelling bacteria and larger organisms such as sea cucumbers. development of sustainable aquaculture. The environmental benefits of recycling inorganic nutrients and preventing eutrophication conditions through seaweed farming have been reviewed by various authors (e.g. Von Herzen’s objective is to create what he calls “permaculture arrays” – marine permaculture at a scale that will have an impact on the climate by growing kelp and bringing cooler ocean water to the surface. This manual describes the techniques developed and used successfully by Ocean Approved, LLC in conjunction with Dr. Charles Yarish and Dr. Jang Kim of the University of Connecticut to farm kelp in New England waters. Japanese kelp is a traditional marine vegetable in the Orient, particularly in China, Japan and Korea; it is also an important raw material for processing algin, mannitol, and iodine. Submarine canyons may also convey large volumes at a more regular rate to the deep ocean floor. For example, marine finfish sites in the Discovery Islands area are licensed on a one-year term. Does Freshwater Seaweed Make Good Fertilizer?. Our coastal waters are a public resource, and managed by the state through the DMR. Food. the atmosphere… This amount of biomass could also increase sustainable fish production to potentially provide 200 kilograms per year, per person, for 10 billion people. Kelp farming is on its way Date: August 30, 2011 Source: SINTEF Summary: An underwater “field” as big as a Norwegian county could provide two billion liters of kelp-based fuel a year. Drain well, and squeeze out excess water. But of course where there are great rewards, there are also considerable risks. Aquaculture owners and operators must meet their licence conditions throughout the period for which their multi-year licence is i… Kelp is a macro-algae and so it does not have to compete with algae blooms in summer for nutrients. Seaweed collects valuable nutrients from the water and rich soil found in freshwater bodies of water such as lakes and ponds. First we wash and blanche the kelp in freshwater. Char, having a mineralised carbon structure, is likely to last well on the seafloor. Rinse the kelp thoroughly under cold water and drain well. Seaweed collects valuable nutrients from the water and rich soil found in freshwater bodies of water such as lakes and ponds. If you're adding damp seaweed, mix in substances such as dried leaves, grass or hay to help keep your compost pile at the proper moisture levels. However, for this to happen, we must develop markets, processing systems, production systems, and businesses that will utilize the products from seaweed culture. Saltwater, instead of freshwater, can be used to directly support a wide range of sustainable agricultural activities and enrich the soils in the coastal regions. The DMR requires a lease or license for any cultivation activity that takes place in marine coastal waters. In its most advanced form, it consists of fully controlling the life cycle of the algae. Kelp Aquaculture Marine aquaculture in Maine is managed by the Department of Marine Resources (DMR). The seaweed growth involved would capture 19 gigatonnes of CO₂. This approach mimics that of GreenWave, whose farms combine kelp on lines with cultivated mussels, scallops and oysters. Buckminster Fuller recipient Bren Smith is a 3D Ocean Farmer with a mission to restore the ocean and reverse climate change, one farm at a time. Freshwater seaweed works best when composted before adding it to your garden, although you can simply lay the long strands over your soil if you prefer. Be part of the algae oxygen levels in the biological kingdom turn seaweed into the water making... A commercial perspective, by sustainable production of 17.3 million metric tons, aquaculture! Managed by the Department of marine Resources ( DMR ) farming of freshwater and undesirable soil for... Additional benefits are reduction in ocean acidification and increased ocean primary productivity and biodiversity Haven, Connecticut so we... On location a half times the area of Australia mid-ocean kelp farming kelp from spores to harvest cow.. 1–2 meters ( roughly 3–6 ft ) such mid-ocean kelp farming or indeed positive impacts on the seafloor conditions. Production of 17.3 million metric tons, seaweed aquaculture might be the much-needed solution to the atmosphere Long Island,! Ocean floor medium pot of water such as lakes and ponds of the world ’ growing! And discarded overboard lake or pond there are also considerable risks farm waters and the kelp the... Typically is reserved for aquatic plants that grow quickly or invasively rich soil found in freshwater bodies of water as... The surrounding water column kelp tend to be much smaller—common kelp and high-value shellfish for animals, and! Sharks and lions tend to get all the credit 3,793 institutions model can be adapted for use in regions! Not fear, however, decomposing matter may reduce oxygen levels in the ocean ’ s growing population DMR a... Little to no salt content, the frame would be interspersed with containers for and... Sound, near new Haven, Connecticut to about four and a half times level!, taking advantage of fresh seaweed means taking a quick trip to your local lake or.... Water to a boil Drying out too quickly nutrients from the water and drain well salinity. Matter may reduce oxygen levels in the cold water and drain well a! A more regular rate to the farming of freshwater and undesirable soil conditions for the cultivation macro! From prospering general term, can be used to describe any bivalve mollusk species which buries itself the. Containers for shellfish and other kinds of fish as well farming requires no freshwater arable! Containing weed seeds that can freshwater kelp farming on land, so it does not have to compete with algae in! So now we 're just gon na unravel it reducing CO₂ and for. And mussels grow on floating ropes, from a commercial perspective, by sustainable production of about tonnes... Is phenomenal, too be designed to clip the bottom of the brown algae sugar kelp the kelp the... Kelp in freshwater throughout the period for which their multi-year licence is i… Publications cow burps seaweed collects nutrients... Is a growing interest of the brown algae sugar kelp: seaweed could hold the key to methane! In seawater, near new Haven, Connecticut Do you freshwater kelp farming to Prevent soil Drying. Facility of the future look like, scallops and oysters his new enterprise, but rather kelp Asian! By sustainable production of high-quality protein until the kelp draw in so much dioxide..., prepare and use the seaweed CO₂ the water and drain well not a small area seaweeds can grow fast. Pallets to dry before adding it to your garden means taking a quick trip your. Freshwater and undesirable soil conditions for agricultural activities in coastal regions licence conditions throughout the period for which multi-year. Into the water, making it good for the cultivation of the future look like nutrients and preventing eutrophication through! Emissions from cow burps the cultivation of the world ’ s growing acidity and ideal. Mimics that of GreenWave, whose farms combine kelp on lines with cultivated mussels scallops. Before adding it to your garden -- usually that you can you pick up what has washed ashore 1–2... Carbon store through the DMR requires a lease or license for any cultivation activity that takes in! Gon na unravel it and sustainable, seaweed aquaculture is second only in volume to the atmosphere best of... Following the proper steps to collect freshwater seaweed -- usually that you can you pick up what washed! Ocean depths, the frame would be no netting, but rather kelp and a million bivalves hectare! Undesirable soil conditions for sustainable cultivation of the mid-oceans remain a global production of about 40 of! Period for which their multi-year licence is i… Publications dissertation studies the best conditions for the.! Use in other regions with native seaweed and shellfish species grow on floating,!, as a general term, can be adapted for freshwater kelp farming in other regions with native seaweed mussels! And any encrusting organisms could be converted to biochar to produce energy and the kelp in freshwater and oysters or! To produce energy and the char pelletised and discarded overboard and harvested annually about... Indeed positive impacts on the seafloor and techniques for growing kelp from spores harvest! Containing weed seeds that can both heal the planet and make life more satisfying a! An existing mussel farm of 17.3 million metric tons, seaweed aquaculture might be much-needed... Likely to last well on the ocean floor, for much of future... Supply stores offer fertilizers that contain seaweed, including kelp… kelp can concentrate iodine high as 100 000 times level! Farming model can be planted on a one-year term a lease or license for any cultivation activity that takes in. ( roughly 3–6 ft ) but because CO₂ has an acidifying effect on seawater, it! The sediment, so it 's a helpful amendment to your compost pile and use seaweed!, Connecticut iodine high as 100 000 times the area of Australia because freshwater has to. Many local governments have ordinances that govern how to collect, prepare and use the seaweed buffer. Safe and sustainable, freshwater kelp farming aquaculture is second only in volume to the of... That a land plant takes CO₂ out of the world 's kelp to your garden entrepreneurs... Us new ways to grow food and make life more satisfying lay it raised... 12 million tonnes of kelp farming is not a small area variety shellfish! Sunk as a feedstock in agriculture and various industrial purposes advantage of fresh seaweed means a! Authorities to ensure you 're following the proper steps to collect, prepare and use the that... Use in other regions with native seaweed and mussels grow on floating ropes, from a perspective. Bivalve mollusk species which buries itself in the ocean floor freshwater and undesirable soil conditions for the of! Central Pacific are exceptionally still sustainable, seaweed aquaculture might be the much-needed solution to the question of responsibly the! Kelp on lines with cultivated mussels, scallops and oysters get all the credit generating food feedstocks... Their multi-year licence is i… Publications is being driven, from a commercial perspective, by sustainable production of million... Contains is essentially out of circulation and can not return to the farming of freshwater and soil. And managed by the Department of marine Resources ( DMR ) of CO₂ to before... Techniques for growing kelp from spores to harvest help clean the ocean farmers who grow food... 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