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</body></html>";s:4:"text";s:36097:"The third thing is vocabulary where there are basically no common vocabulary items with other languages, except for some other Asian languages. Before long, grammar won’t seem so scary anymore! “After I started to use your ideas, I learn better, for longer, with more passion. While there are dozens of classifiers, which must be memorized individually for each noun, a majority of words use the general classifier gè (个; 個). The phenomenon is sometimes called double verbs. [45] The copula shì (是) is placed before the element of the sentence which is to be emphasized, and the optional possessive particle de (的) is placed at the end of the sentence. The auxiliary normally follows an adverb, if present. [2] Loanwords from other languages may be polysyllabic; they are usually written using selected pre-existing characters that have the right phonetic values, for example, shāfā (沙发; 沙發, "sofa") is written with the characters shā (沙, originally "sand") and fā (发; 發, originally "to send/to issue"). ), 你有男朋友吗？ Nĭ yŏu nán péngyou ma? This frequently involves either verbal complements appearing after the main verb, or coverb phrases appearing before the main verb, but other variations of the construction occur as well. ), (b) 因为我是中国人呗！ Yīnwèi wŏ shì zōnguórén bei! [h] It is generally possible to move these adverbs to the start of the clause, although in some cases this may sound awkward, unless there is a qualifier such as hěn (很, "very") and a pause after the adverb. [32], In coverb constructions, the negator may come before the coverb (preposition) or before the full verb, the latter being more emphatic. ), 要不要看电影？ Yào bú yào kàn diànyĭng? Such connectors may appear at the start of a clause or before the verb phrase.[48]. Learn how to speak the Chinese language with Chinese classes, courses and audio and video in Chinese, including phrases, Chinese characters, pinyin, pronunciation, grammar… For further details of this, see the bǎ construction section. The situation is complicated somewhat by the fact that location markers—which also have meanings similar to those of certain English prepositions—are often called "postpositions". When used alone, it usually means "things to eat". This phenomenon is more typically found in subject–object–verb languages, such as Turkish and Japanese. The head noun of a noun phrase comes at the end of the phrase; this means that everything that modifies the noun comes before it. Of course, without conjugation, you may be wondering how the Chinese language communicates the timing of the action in any given sentence. There are two aspect markers that are especially commonly used with past events: the perfective-aspect le (了) and the experiential guò (过; 過). Similarly, superlatives can be expressed using the adverb zuì (最, "most"), which precedes a predicate verb or adjective. Three uses of 才 (cái) in Chinese grammar: only, just now / not until, … (a) How are you? ), 明天我要去 Míngtīan wŏ yào qù (I’ll go tomorrow), 明天我会去 Míngtīan wŏ huì qù (I’ll go tomorrow), 他已经走了 Tā yĭjīng zŏu le (He has already gone), 他还没走 Tā hái méi zŏu (He still hasn’t gone yet), 你想去吗？ Nĭ xiăng qù ma? Thanks for the life-change!” – Dallas Nesbit. So if we go through the parts of speech, the good news in is that Chinese grammar is quite simple. Otherwise, Chinese is chiefly a head-final language,[citation needed] meaning that modifiers precede the words that they modify. Here there are three coverbs: zuò (坐 "by"), cóng (从; 從, "from"), and dào (到, "to"). ), 这是你的手机，对不对？ Zhè shì nĭ de shŏujī, duì bú duì? With our online Chinese Mandarin courses, you can get started with the fundamentals of Chinese vocabulary, grammar, conversation, pronunciation and tone. The word zài (在), like certain other prepositions or coverbs, can also be used as a verb. [12] It is never used when the noun has indefinite reference, or when it is qualified by a numeral.[13]. The typical Chinese word order "XVO", where an oblique complement such as a locative prepositional phrase precedes the verb, while a direct object comes after the verb, is very rare cross-linguistically; in fact, it is only in varieties of Chinese that this is attested as the typical ordering. Zhe follows the verb, and is used mostly for static situations. The version with zài, on the other hand, plays an adverbial role. This page was last edited on 18 November 2020, at 19:21. There are exceptions, such as "to be unable to get out of bed" (起不来床; 起不來床; qǐ bù lái chuáng or 起床不来; 起床不來; qǐ chuáng bù lái). For answering yes-no questions, Chinese has words that may be used like the English "yes" and "no" – duì (对; 對) or shì de (是的) for "yes"; bù (不) for "no" – but these are not often used for this purpose; it is more common to repeat the verb or verb phrase (or entire sentence), negating it if applicable. Each entry has simple, clear explanations and practical examples (with sound clips for pronunciation and listening practice). [我幫你找他。]. For negation of a verb intended to denote a completed event, méi or méiyǒu is used instead of bù (不), and the aspect marker le (了) is then omitted. Mandarin Chinese is a tonal language where intonation and the pitch matter a lot. The word qù (去, "go") or lái (来; 來, "come") may be inserted between the two verb phrases, meaning "in order to". A main verb may be preceded by an auxiliary verb, as in English. In the following examples, the main verb is tīng (听; 聽 "to listen"), and the complement of result is dǒng (懂, "to understand/to know"). The coverb phrase, being an adverbial, precedes the main verb in most cases. [46] These may be called pseudo-cleft sentences. An example: Chinese is also to some degree a pro-drop or null-subject language, meaning that the subject can be omitted from a clause if it can be inferred from the context. So, surprisingly, the Chinese grammar is really simple. Since they indicate an absolute result, such double verbs necessarily represent a completed action, and are thus negated using méi (没; 沒): The infix de (得) is placed between the double verbs to indicate possibility or ability. The second is hǎo le (好了, "complete"). This de is called 白勺的 (báisháo de) in Chinese, as those are the components that make up the character. ). Buy Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar New Ed by Li, Charles N. (ISBN: 9780520066106) from Amazon's Book Store. They are often called modal particles or yǔqì zhùcí (语气助词; 語氣助詞), as they serve chiefly to express grammatical mood, or how the sentence relates to reality and/or intent. In shortened sentences an auxiliary may be used without a main verb, analogously to English sentences such as "I can.". ", which can stand alone as an object or a possessive, or may follow a personal pronoun for emphasis. Also, méi[yǒu] is used to negate verbs that take the aspect marker guo (过; 過); in this case the aspect marker is not omitted. A further possibility is reduplication followed by kàn (看 "to see"); this emphasizes the "testing" nature of the action. See Particles for more. Chinese auxiliaries include néng and nénggòu (能 and 能够; 能夠, "can"); huì (会; 會, "know how to"); kéyǐ (可以, "may"); gǎn (敢, "dare"); kěn (肯, "be willing to"); yīnggāi (应该; 應該, "should"); bìxū (必须; 必須, "must"); etc. [k] With two-syllable verbs, sometimes only the first syllable is repeated: xǐ-bu-xǐhuān ( 喜不喜欢; 喜不喜歡, "like or not like"), from xǐhuān (喜欢; 喜歡, "like"). 我(wǒ) 坐(zuò) 飞机(fēijī) 从(cóng) 上海(Shànghǎi) 到(dào) 北京(Běijīng) 去(qù) 。(.) However, the verb yǒu (有)—which can mean either possession, or "there is/are" in existential clauses—is negated using méi (没; 沒) to produce méiyǒu (没有; 沒有; 'not have'). The adjective itself is not modified. [j] Certain causative markers can replace bèi, such as those mentioned in the Other cases section, gěi, jiào and ràng. [42][43] The fact that they are now written the same way in Mandarin can cause ambiguity, particularly when the verb is not followed by an object. (Are you going or not? (lit. [26] Both le and guò immediately follow the verb. However, zài is usually omitted when the locative expression begins a sentence with the ergative structure, where the expression, though having an adverbial function, can be seen as filling the subject or noun role in the sentence. “go not go”)), 要不要？ Yào bú yào? Sometimes it develops into idiomatic phrases, as in è sǐ le (饿死了; 餓死了, literally "hungry-until-die already", meaning "to be starving") and qì sǐ le (气死了; 氣死了, literally "mad-until-die already", meaning "to be extremely angry"). Get my best fluency-boosting, grammar-busting. Adverbs and adverbial phrases that modify the verb typically come after the subject but before the verb, although other positions are sometimes possible; see Adverbs and adverbials. In the following example the construction is used twice: Chinese has a number of sentence-final particles – these are weak syllables, spoken with neutral tone, and placed at the end of the sentence to which they refer. The best way to learn Chinese is to master the basics of the language. For instance, zhuōzi shàng can be regarded as short for zhuōzi shàngmiàn, meaning something like "the table's top". These are generally obligatory constituents, such that the sentence would not make sense if they were omitted. Each verb may independently be negated or given the le aspect marker. However jǐ (几; 幾, "some, several, how many") takes a classifier.[15]. This includes attributive adjectives, determiners, quantifiers, possessives, and relative clauses. Don't miss out! But Chinese grammar is a whole ‘nother ball game. We have a special deal for our live, 1-on-1 lessons this winter. With certain nouns that inherently denote a specific location, including nearly all place names, a locative phrase can be formed with zài together with the noun: However other types of noun still require a locative particle as a postposition in addition to zài: If a noun is modified so as to denote a specific location, as in "this [object]...", then it may form locative phrases without any locative particle. Jump to: A1, A2, B1, B2, C1. The demonstratives are zhè (这; 這, "this"), and nà (那, "that"). Chinese prepositions are commonly known as coverbs – see the Coverbs section. All grammar points from HSK 1 are explained in a way that is clear and easy to understand. It can be used with nouns representing humans, most commonly those with two syllables, like in péngyoumen (朋友们; 朋友們, "friends"), from péngyou (朋友, "friend"). (Compare the similar use of to or for in English.). Chinese grammar is both extremely similar to and ridiculously different than English grammar. This is actually a verb, so you don't need to use any other words to talk about something being somewhere. See the Negation section for more. There is a reflexive pronoun zìjǐ (自己) meaning "oneself, myself, etc. For example, "What did you say?" An alternative is hùxiāng (互相, "mutually"). The sentence-final particle ba (吧) can be used to form first-person imperatives, equivalent to "let's...". Possessives are formed with de (的), such as wǒde (我的, "my, mine"), wǒmende (我们的; 我們的, "our[s]"), etc. Another example, in a whole sentence: If the preceding verb has an object, the object may be placed either before or after the directional complement(s), or even between two directional complements, provided the second of these is not qù (去).[36]. Looking for world-class training material to help you make a breakthrough in your language learning? Some examples: The most commonly used negating element is bù (不), pronounced with second tone when followed by a fourth tone. (lit. A free relative clause is produced if the modified noun following the de is omitted. For example, "yesterday was the time he bought food" can be said zuótiān shì tā mǎi cài de shíjiān (昨天是他买菜的时间; 昨天是他買菜的時間, literally "yesterday is he buy food DE time"). 的 is probably the easiest to … Another case is the causative or pivotal construction. This self-study grammar book is designed for you to learn Chinese with no prior knowledge. They are optionally pluralized by the addition of xiē (些). For noun phrases with pronouns rather than nouns as the head, see the Pronouns section. Some authors, however, do not regard guo zhe as markers of aspect. Even if you don’t use Chinese grammar exercises online as part of your daily Mandarin practice, they still offer a fun and more tangible way to stay well-versed in Chinese grammar. If the relative item is governed by a preposition in the relative clause, then it is denoted by a pronoun, e.g. There are also two imperfective aspect markers: zhèngzài (正在) or zài (在), and zhe (着; 著), which denote ongoing actions or states. For example: There are also certain adverbial "stative complements" which follow the verb. However, they are often considered to be lexically verbs, and some of them can also function as full verbs. From investment banks and technology giants to … The perfective le presents the viewpoint of "an event in its entirety". Two or more nouns may be joined together by the conjunctions hé (和, "and") or huò (或 "or"); for example dāo hé chā (刀和叉, "knife and fork"), gǒu huò māo (狗或貓, "dog or cat"). There are also location markers, which are placed after a noun and so are often called postpositions; they are often used in combination with a coverb. (Do you want to go? The phrases for "hatred" (看不起; kànbùqǐ), "excuse me" (对不起; 對不起; duìbùqǐ), and "too expensive to buy" (买不起; 買不起; mǎi bùqǐ) all use the character qǐ (起, "to rise up") as a complement of result, but their meanings are not obviously related to that meaning. [我坐飛機從上海到北京去。]. In Chinese, the concept of words and the boundaries between them is not always transparent,[b] and the Chinese script does not use spaces between words. A common feature in Chinese is reduplication, where a syllable or word is repeated to produce a modified meaning. However, with most common classifiers, when the number is "one", it is also possible to place adjectives like "big" and "small" before the classifier for emphasis. You can form very simple sentences with just two words (who said Chinese was difficult? Aspect markers can then appear only on the second instance of the verb. So if you’ve ever tried to tackle one of the so-called easy languages like French or German, you’re probably wondering what horrors lie in wait when you start grappling with Chinese grammar. Handy Chinese lessons to answer any questions you might have about the Chinese sentence structured and grammar rules classified by levels. There is usually no relative pronoun in the relative clause. ), (a) 你怎么会说中文？ Nĭ zĕnme huì shuō zhōngwén? As in many other East Asian languages, classifiers or measure words are required when numerals and sometimes other words, such as demonstratives, are used with nouns. Indirect normally precedes direct, as in English: With many verbs, however, the indirect object may alternatively be preceded by prepositional gěi (给; 給); in that case it may either precede or follow the direct object. These may form compounds with other verbs that further specify the direction, such as shàng qù (上去, "to go up"), gùo lái (过来; 過來, "to come over"), which may then be added to another verb, such as zǒu (走, "to walk"), as in zǒu gùo qù (走过去; 走過去, "to walk over"). [10] These cannot both follow the verb – typically the outer object will be placed at the start of the sentence (topicalized) or introduced via the bǎ construction. For example, "he is at school" (他在学校; 他在學校; tā zài xuéxiào, literally "he at school"). You’ll learn how to speak Mandarin, as well as how to have a basic conversation. (Why do you want to go? In many cases the complement is liǎo, represented by the same character as the perfective or modal particle le (了). Chinese makes frequent use of serial verb constructions, or verb stacking, where two or more verbs or verb phrases are concatenated together. ), 你是德国人吗？ Nĭ shì déguórén ma? So for our first basic Chinese grammar point, we’re going to show you the simplest sentence structure in the Chinese language. Chinese Grammar Lessons. For example: shòu bù liǎo (受不了, "to be unable to tolerate"). The third-person pronouns are not often used for inanimates, with demonstratives used instead. It is also possible for an object to be moved to a position in front of the verb for emphasis.[6]. Nouns, there’s no plural. Chinese prepositions behave similarly to serialized verbs in some respects,[a] and they are often referred to as coverbs. (Are you a teacher? [9] This generally denotes an action that results in a change of state in the object. For example: If an object following the verb, is to be emphasized in this construction, the shì precedes the object, and the de comes after the verb and before the shì. 以前 (yǐqián) and 以后 (yǐhòu) in Chinese grammar: before and after, past and future. The first verb may be something like gěi (给, "allow", or "give" in other contexts), ràng (让; 讓, "let"), jiào (叫, "order" or "call") or shǐ (使, "make, compel"), qǐng (请; 請, "invite"), or lìng (令, "command"). Many nouns that are associated with other classifiers can also use gè if the speaker chooses. It is used with personal pronouns, as in wǒmen (我们; 我們, "we" or "us"), derived from wǒ (我, "I, me"). (Is this your telephone? Chinese morphemes, or minimum units of meaning, are mostly monosyllabic. (Do you want (to/some) or not? Some words consist of single syllables, but many words are formed by compounding two or more monosyllabic morphemes. There are many different classifiers in the language, and each countable noun generally has a particular classifier associated with it. By changing the intonation you change the meaning of what you are saying. There is also nín (您), a formal, polite word for singular "you". Instead, it stays in the position in the sentence that would be occupied by the item being asked about. In compounds that are verb–object combinations, like tiào wǔ (跳舞; 'to jump a dance', "dance"), a delimitative aspect can be marked by reduplicating the first syllable, creating tiào-tiào wǔ (跳跳舞), which may be followed with kàn (看). Because coverbs essentially function as prepositions, they can also be referred to simply as prepositions. Syllables, and thus in most cases morphemes, are represented as a rule by single characters. The de may be omitted in phrases denoting inalienable possession, such as wǒ māma (我妈妈; 我媽媽, "my mom"). It is also possible to use the A-not-A construction with prepositions (coverbs) and phrases headed by them, as with full verbs. However this use of classifiers is optional. Categories such as number (singular or plural) and verb tense are frequently not expressed by any grammatical means, but there are several particles that serve to express verbal aspect and, to some extent, mood. We mentioned a moment ago that Chinese grammar has no verb conjugation, and that’s true. You’ve now got access to my most effective [level] Italian tips…, Perfect! In Chinese, adverbs of degree can modify adjectives or mental verbs. Disjunctive questions can be made using the word háishì (还是; 還是) between the options, like English "or". Some verbs can take both an indirect object and a direct object. However, shì is normally only used when its complement is a noun or noun phrase. The word shénme (什么; 什麼, "what" or "which"), remains in the object position after the verb. For this use of shì (是), see the Cleft sentences section. Basic Chinese: A Grammar and Workbook is the third book we’re looking at and is also a good option. They appear with a following object (or complement), and generally denote relationships that would be expressed by prepositions (or postpositions) in other languages. You’ve now got access to my most effective [level] Japanese tips…, Perfect! If there is no standard of comparison—i.e., a than phrase—then the adjective can be marked as comparative by a preceding adverb bǐjiào (比较; 比較) or jiào (较; 較), both meaning "more". Sentences of this type often parallel the equivalent English pattern, except that English may insert the infinitive marker "to". However, some adverbs cannot be moved in this way. However, certain nouns representing units of measurement, time, or currency are themselves classifiers. It is also possible, with many classifiers, to omit the yī and leave the classifier on its own at the start of the noun phrase. Zŏu bù zŏu? When multiple adjectives are used, the order "quality/size – shape – color" is followed, although this is not necessary when each adjective is made into a separate phrase with the addition of de.[17]. Adverbs of manner can be formed from adjectives using the clitic de (地). For example, chī de (吃的) may mean "[those] who eat" or "[that] which is eaten". (you think the person doesn’t want to go)), 我是工程师，你呢？ Wŏ shì gōngchéngshī, nĭ ne? This is similar to the English "by", though it is always followed by an agent. Variants include dāng ... yǐqián (当...以前; 當...以前 "before ...") and dāng ... yǐhòu (当...以后; 當...以後, "after ..."), which do not use the relative marker de. [18] This is similar to the cleft sentence construction. It is even possible for the two kinds of le to co-occur:[44]. Chinese grammar rules do exist, they are just very different to those in Indo-European or other language systems. Many monosyllabic words have alternative disyllabic forms with virtually the same meaning, such as dàsuàn (大蒜, literally "big garlic") for suàn (蒜, "garlic"). Sentences with similar meaning can be produced using relative clauses. Comparative sentences are commonly expressed simply by inserting the standard of comparison, preceded by bǐ (比, "than"). You’ve now got access to my most effective [level] [language] tips…, Perfect! Word arrangement, morphology, sounds, … ), for example: 我忙 (wǒ máng）- I’m busy. The directional suffixes indicate "up" and "towards". There is a strong tendency for monosyllables to be avoided in certain positions; for example, a disyllabic verb will not normally be followed by a monosyllabic object. The delimitative aspect denotes an action that goes on only for some time, "doing something 'a little bit'". ), The plural marker xiē (些, "some, several"; also used to pluralize demonstratives) is used without a classifier. Certain other markers can be used in a similar way to bǎ, such as the formal jiāng (将; 將) and colloquial ná (拿). Here bāng corresponds to the English preposition "for", even though in other contexts it might be used as a full verb meaning "help". Beginner-Friendly Grammar Points. On the other hand, the progressive aspect marker zài (在) may be applied to the first verb, but not normally the second alone. If you continue to use this site we will assume you are happy with it. Our aim is not to train you to a grammar expert, but enable you to speak the language after even 5 minutes' learning. In wh-questions in Chinese, the question word is not fronted. Transitive verbs precede their objects in typical simple clauses, while the subject precedes the verb. Its use in such cases is optional. The English existential phrase "there is" ["there are", etc.] All our teachers are native Chinese speakers and are university graduates with majors in Chinese language education or literature. Adjectives can also be used predicatively. Grammatically, some strings of characters behave as single words in some contexts, but are separable in others. Whether you want to learn Chinese for work or fun, mastering Chinese grammar is an important step. You’ve now got access to my most effective [level] German tips…, Perfect! For constructions that involve more than one verb or verb phrase in sequence, see Serial verb constructions. The bǐ (比, "than") phrase is an adverbial, and has a fixed position before the verb. Using 了 (le) and 过 (guò) in Chinese grammar. [38] If both verbs would have the same object, it is omitted the second time. All examples are additionally recorded by a Chinese native speaker to let you improve your listening comprehension and pronunciation. Consequently, the locative expression without zài can be used in places where a noun phrase would be expected – for instance, as a modifier of another noun using de (的), or as the object of a different preposition, such as cóng (从, "from"). Chinese nouns require classifiers called liàngcí (量词; 量詞; 'measure words') in order to be counted. ), 你没明白，对不对？ Nĭ méi míngbái, duì bú duì? Some of these cannot take an aspect marker such as le when used in this construction, like lìng, ràng, shǐ. Both markers may occur in the same clause, however. Some more examples of resultative complements, used in complete sentences: Double-verb construction where the second verb, "break", is a suffix to the first, and indicates what happens to the object as a result of the action. [27] It is sometimes considered to be a past tense marker, although it can also be used with future events, given appropriate context. Instead, a gap is left in subject or object position as appropriate. [8] In the following example, the subject of the verbs for "hike" and "camp" is left to be inferred—it may be "we", "I", "you", "she", etc. 接 (jiē) and 接到 (jiēdào) in Chinese grammar: answering and receiving B1 The difference between 拿 (ná) and 带 (dài) in Chinese grammar B2 All levels Chinese has a class of words, called coverbs, which in some respects resemble both verbs and prepositions. As a project of iChineseLearning, our Chinese grammar lessons use a progressive approach to help you learn basic Chinese grammar. [21] To express both, the verb may be repeated in a special kind of serial verb construction; the first instance taking an object, the second taking the complement. There are also similar constructions for conditionals: rúguǒ /jiǎrú/zhǐyào ... dehuà (如果/假如/只要...的话, "if ... then"), where huà (话; 話) literally means "narrative, story". In the next example the subject is omitted and the object is topicalized by being moved into subject position, to form a passive-type sentence. If the verb has an object, kàn follows the object. The Swedish linguist Bernard Karlgren believed that the dictionary recorded a speech standard of the capital Chang'an of the Sui and Tang dynasties. In English. ). [ 6 ] a sentence-final le ( 好了, `` for him '' ) which... Possessive, or verb phrases are concatenated together will gain an understanding of syntax, semantics, and some,. Fun with a marker such as Turkish and Japanese for immediate repetition of clause. Contexts, but essentially no plural '' which follow the verb or adversity relative clauses the delimitative.. To nouns that are associated with it nouns representing units of measurement,,! Be interpreted as either the suffixal perfective marker or the sentence-final particle le ( 了 ) should distinguished. Pinyin exists – to give a reliable pronunciation guide for learners ( 帮 ; ). 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