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The long scoli of young instars may provide protection from some insect predators. The sex ratio bias against females of some species at lights has been found to be reduced when lights are in close proximity to host plants (Frank 2006). Fascicle 20.2A. Hampton, England. Synonyms for Eacles imperialis include Phalaena imperatoria and Basilona imperialis. 1979. Females are reluctant to mate in small cages, but ones reared in captivity may be tethered outside to attract males. Lv 5. Here we will consider the caterpillar (larva) and the adult (moth) of the imperial moth (Eacles imperialis). Provide the Right Housing. (1996), the surfaces of the cell are formed with larval secretions. The puss moth is generally medium sized species of moth that is found across Europe and in parts of North Africa. Imperial moth, Eacles imperialis (Drury), female pupa. Adult moths have a reduced mouth and do not eat. 611 pp. Photograph by Donald W. Hall, University of Florida. Figure 7. Well, they will, because in the morning, the maple leaf was gone. 250 pp. Examples include corn borers and bollworms. This is the follow up video to the imperial moth caterpillar video I did. 1987. Cornell University Press. Favorite Answer. 496 pp. Monograph of the bombycine moths of North America, including their transformations and origin of the larval markings and armature. In fact, some species of adult moths lack the apparatus to chew food at all—they don’t have mouthparts to feed on anything! Photograph by Lyle Buss, University of Florida. According to Tuskes et al. ... and their freshly molted skin. Related posts: Heppner JB. + 57 plates. Within one to two weeks, adults emerge and begin mating. Natural History 74(5): 50-51. These caterpillars go through 5 different instars (molts) before finally pupating to finish their transformation. The Imperial Moth Caterpillar feeds on a wide range of trees, and it is the only caterpillar we can think of that eats deciduous as well as coniferous trees. Tussock Moth Caterpillars. Bombycoidea. … Moths from more northern areas tend to have fewer dark markings, but both light and dark forms are found in both northern and southern areas (Tuskes et al. Villiard P. 1975. Photograph by Donald W. Hall, University of Florida. Adults emerge before sunrise and mate after midnight (Tuskes et al. Packard AS. Volume 17 of Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. CARE OF SATURNIID MOTHS Beginner-level info for rearing Polyphemus, Luna, Cynthia, Cecropia, Promethea, Io, Regal, and Imperial moths. Figure 9. General survey; sex proportion; phenology; and time of flight. Imperial moth larvae are polyphagous with many recorded hosts. Photograph by Donald W. Hall, University of Florida. This article was reprinted with permission from Liz Day's personal home page.Our thanks to Liz for this fine article. Saturniidae (Bombycoidea). The area immediately around the spiracles is white in brown larvae and yellow in green larvae. Caterpillars will feed on a variety of plant species in captivity (Tuskes et al. pp. Imperial Moth caterpillar chowing down. and Cercis canadensis Linnaeus) have leaves that are similar in shape to an imperial moth in its typical resting position (Figure 26). Figure 2. Life history of the Imperial Moth Eacles imperialis (Drury) (Saturniidae: Ceratocampinae) in New England, U.S.A.: distribution, decline, and nutritional ecology of a relictual islandic population-----Congrats on the good brood results, they are an awesome species. They are often seen in late summer, and it’s common for them to reach up to 4 … The scoli of third instar larvae are even shorter in relation to body length and pigmentation of the head is darker. Lintner JA. Parasitoids: At least five species of tachinid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae) (Arnaud 1978 [p. 620]) and one species of ichneumonid (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) (Krombein et al. … Newly laid eggs are white (later becoming yellow), and the chorion (egg shell) is transparent. Stratton-Porter (1921) reported that the pupae emerge from the soil abdominal tip first. 1971. Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 25(2): 137-139. 1869. (pp. Adults: The imperial moth has a wingspan of 80-174 mm (approx. Photograph by Donald W. Hall, University of Florida. Second instar larvae are dark and the scoli are shorter in relation to body length. In fact, adults do not eat. The life histories of certain moths of the families Ceratocampidae, Hemileucidae, etc., with notes on the armature of the larvae. Behold, The giant imperial moth. 2014. Doubleday, Page, & Company. Pupae probably gain protection from birds by pupating in underground cells. Life History: Females glue eggs singly or in clumps on leaves of the host plant. 3-7 in.) Thanks for also providing the name of the food plant, the coco plum. Available for free download. Eggs: The eggs are flattened elliptical and 3 mm in length (Packard 1905, Peterson 1965). Imperial moth caterpillars, after growing to maximum size and maturity, leave the tree and go to the ground. There exist at least 150,000 species of moths in the world, including the Giant Moth, Sphinx Moth, and Owlet Moth.After the larvae have accomplished their primary survival tasks, they progress into the pupal stage and finally bloom into the final stage of their ephemeral lives. Imperial moth, Eacles imperialis (Drury), fifth instar larval (prepupal) exuviae after emergence of pupa (exuviae stretched for photography). They may reinforce this cocoon with bark and remain inside it for one or more years depending on environmental conditions. What Do Caterpillars Eat? A number of plant species (e.g., Vitis spp. pp. 2006. You do not need to worry about moths or butterflies eating the leaves of your tree. 1979. Dear Carol, These are positively gorgeous photos of an Imperial Moth Caterpillar, Eacles imperialis.. Classey. Part 1. Figure 23. Imperial Moth Caterpillar. 2012. Perennials for Caterpillars in the Butterfly Garden. The low density of imperial moth populations (Tuskes et al. Princeton, New Jersey. Appendix D. Entomological Contributions. ... Imperial moths are univoltine, meaning they have just one brood a year. Imperial moth, Eacles imperialis (Drury), fifth instar larva. Inset = female gonopores. The scoli of fourth instar larvae continue the progression of shortening in relation to body length and the hairs on the body are much longer. Good luck finishing them out. Figure 14. Instead, they focus all energy and attention on mating before dying. Tuskes PM, Tuttle JP, Collins MM. What do they eat? Covell CV. Photograph by Donald W. Hall, University of Florida. Imperial moth, Eacles imperialis (Drury), newly laid egg. Frank KD. The imperial moth, Eacles imperialis imperialis (Drury, 1773), is one of our largest and most beautiful moths. A recent posting of this species from September shows a brown coloration that could be either a color variation, or more likely, the darkening of the pre-pupal caterpillar that usually leaves its food … Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. Luna Moth, Actias luna. You might also try more extensive searching on the internet to see if there are any more posts about someone successfully rearing imperial moth caterpillars specifically. 2012). If you have captured a moth caterpillar, place a layer of peat moss and leaves in its container. The antennae of males are quadripectinate for the basal two-thirds and simple for the remaining length. ... What do adult moths eat? The prodigious appetites of Imperial moth caterpillars ensure that larvae acquire adequate nutrients to sustain them both during larval development and also as adults. 2 I like This 2005. A Host-Parasite Catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera), http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Eacles-imperialis, Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. A classification of the Lepidoptera based on characters of the pupae, HOSTS - a Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants, The Natural History of the Rarser Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia. Predators: The imperial moth probably has a variety of predators during its life cycle including birds, mammals, and insects. Worth (1980) designed a harness for tethering large moths that he used to successfully obtain mating of reared female imperial moths. We gave them a maple leaf just to see if they'd eat something different, since I'd read that once they start on one type, they don't change. Females of many species of moths are reported to be less common at lights than males (Williams 1939). The larvae feed on pine (preferred source), maple, oak, sweetgum and sassafras. (undated), and Tietz (1972). The pupa escapes the prepupal exuviae by splitting the top of the thorax (Figure 25). The author would like to acknowledge Howard Frank for reviewing this article and offering helpful suggestions. 1987). This is true for imperial moths and other large saturniids (Worth 1979) and is probably the result of females not flying as far as males from the vicinity of host plants where they developed. Figure 25. In fact, they count on various methods to protect themselves from being attacked by predators. Imperial moth caterpillars with all their spines and spikes and color variations are very cool caterpillars. For more photographs of adults, see the North American Moth Photographers Group website (References Cited section below). A Field Guide to Moths of Eastern North America. Mature larvae come in a variety of colors ranging from light to dark brown, burgundy, or green. Basically a huge yellow moth that is really cool. Adults do not feed and are short-lived. 12 Worst Vegetable Garden Pests. Females are reluctant to mate in small cages, but ones reared in captivity may be tethered outside to attract males. They swallow air and expand to a length of 7-8 mm within about five minutes of hatching. Photograph by Donald W. Hall, University of Florida. Having mated, the female searches out a spot to lay eggs where the larvae will be able to find food. Note the maple foliage in the background. Dover Publications, Inc. New York, New York. The seeds are FREE. Some eggs of moths among the Sphingidae, Saturniidae, and Citheroniidae (Lepidoptera). The caterpillar of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) causes severe damage to forests in the northeastern United States, where it is an invasive species.In temperate climates, the codling moth causes extensive damage, especially to fruit farms. Several reasons for its disappearance from these northern areas have been proposed - increased usage of attractive artificial light sources, wide-spread use of insecticides and introduction of parasitoids for control of the gypsy moth (Goldstein 2003 [2010]). Figure 15. Transformations of Eacles imperialis (Drury). Ferguson DC. Figure 10. In tropical … Figure 12. Once on terra firma, the caterpillar finds a suitable crevice, hole, or spot of soft soil and heads below ground to spend the winter as a pupa. What do adult moths eat? Figure 18. Photograph by Donald W. Hall, University of Florida. After a perilous journey across … Inset = larva eating exuviae. Peterson A. Figure 6. (pp. folivore; Plant Foods; leaves; ... "Luna, Io, Imperial, … New York, N. Y. When threatened, late instar larvae swing the thorax back and forth striking the potential predators with the thoracic scoli. Answer Save. Photograph by Donald W. Hall, University of Florida. For complete lists of synonyms, see Heppner (2003) or Ferguson (1971). 385 pp. ... *You can see the action in the eggs, the caterpillar chew its way out … Immediately prior to hatching, the larval scoli (horns) are also visible through the chorion and in some specimens have already assumed their dark color (Eliot and Soule1902, Soule 1902). The Emperor Gum Moth glues its eggs onto eucalypt leaves, which the large green caterpillars eat when they emerge. Cedar, elm, persimmon, hickory, beech, honeylocust and cypress are other less common hosts as well as a slew of other plants. Often the presence of feeding late instar larvae of imperial moths and other large saturniids can be detected by the presence of their characteristic fecal pellets on surfaces (particularly on pavement) under the host trees (Figure 23). Imperial moth, Eacles imperialis (Drury), fifth instar larva. Members of the imperial moth complex are found from Canada to Argentina (Goldstein 2003 [2010]), Janzen et al. Female pupae have a notched posterior margin of the fourth abdominal segment behind the segment that is partially covered by the developing wings. An Index to the Described Life Histories, Early Stages and Hosts of the Macrolepidoptera of the Continental United States and Canada. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. 32-33. Captures of large moths by an UV light trap. Caterpillar hosts: Conifers and deciduous trees and shrubs including pine (Pinus), oak (Quercus), box elder (Acer negundo), maples (Acer), sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua), and sassafras (Sassafras albidum). Photograph by Donald W. Hall, University of Florida. Mouthparts of Imperial moths are vestigial; adults do not feed. Males are somewhat smaller, but have more patches of color. At night, females lay rows of 4-10 eggs on the upperside of host plant leaves. For detailed descriptions of each instar, see Lintner (1869) and Packard (1893 and 1905). Milkweed is the only kind of plant Monarch caterpillars eat, and without them they'll die. Compguy. Martinsville, Virginia. Missouri Department of Conservation. Figure 26. Worth (1980) designed a harness for tethering large moths that he used to successfully obtain mating of reared female imperial moths. The caterpillars are covered in protective spines and build a tough cocoon in which to pupate. The final instars will be provided soil and leaf litter to crawl into where they will form their cocoons. I have included a link at the bottom to the complete webpage, however, here is the pertinent part excerpted from that webpage regarding the conditions for imperial moths to pupate. Princeton University Press. After eight weeks of feeding and molting, the caterpillar pupates, usually on tree bark. Los Angeles, California). Figure 17. Females lay eggs singly or in small groups on both sides of leaves (Butterflies and Moths of North America web page, Tuskes et al. Once it spins a cocoon, you can remove any remaining leaves. Tietz HM. The other abdominal segments and the first thoracic segment have shorter scoli. However, there are probably regional differences in food preferences (Ferguson 1971). 1965. 670 pp. Garden City, New Jersey. Butterflies and moths of Missouri. 1996). There exist at least 150,000 species of moths in the … Worth CB, Muller J. Effects of artificial lighting on moths. Suspect he has some more growing to do. ***** Pupae Regal and imperial larvae do not make cocoons - they burrow into the ground, and need different treatment (below). Imperial moth, Eacles imperialis (Drury), mature egg. Historically, its distribution extended farther north, but it has retreated from these areas beginning in the middle of the twentieth century. NOTE: Butterflies and Moths are part of the Lepidopteran order as they share many similarities. In a day's time, these 11 caterpillars will eat nine large sweet gum leaves! (The first 3 species are the easiest to rear.) Luna moth caterpillars are so hefty that they seem to be an excellent meal for diverse predators. In late summer and early autumn, Imperial moth caterpillars depart their lofty feeding grounds in the canopies of trees. Scientific name: Eacles imperialis. There are also fine hairs on the body. Once the Imperial Moth actually pupates into a winged adult, it has a rather short life span. Photograph by Donald W. Hall, University of Florida. The Emperor Gum Moth glues its eggs onto eucalypt leaves, which the large green caterpillars eat when they emerge. A few of the larvae he reared even switched from brown to green at one molt and then switched back to brown at the next molt. Overview of Tiger Moths, Subfamily Arctiinae. Invertebrate Systematics 26(5-6): 478-505. That's nearly one leaf each per day. Figure 3. It may no longer occur in Massachusetts except for Martha’s Vineyard. Caterpillars and their Moths. Donahue RJ. 1987. Map by Donald W. Hall, University of Florida (based on map from Tuskes et al 1996). 1 decade ago. Packard AS. in length (Godfrey et al. Photograph by Donald W. Hall, University of Florida. During these stages, individual Imperial Moth caterpillars can consume a lot of foliage but are seldom present in large enough numbers to do really serious damage. Jefferson City, Missouri. This caterpillar is probably the larvae of a giant Imperial moth (Eacles imperialis). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 34(1): 61-63. Favorite Answer. Imperial moth, Eacles imperialis (Drury), fifth instar larva. Females are larger than males, and males tend to be more heavily marked than females - especially in the South (Covell 2005). Adults remain motionless much of the time (Tuskes et al 1996) and mimic the dead yellow leaves that are common in forests about the time the moths are emerging. Pesticides used by modern agriculture can poison and kill milkweed plants, so you can help Monarchs by planting milkweeds yourself. 1893. Caterpillars of Eastern North America. The adult is a large beautiful yellow and maroon moth. Â They feed during the fall and early winter season and spent the winter in the pupal stage. ("Polyphemus Moth", 2005; Day, 2007) Primary Diet; herbivore. At about six weeks, it looked very different, was about four inches long, and almost ready to go underground to make a pupa. Brown larvae are more common than green ones (Donahue 1965, Goldstein 2003 [2010]). Pieris brassicae, the large white, also called cabbage butterfly, cabbage white, cabbage moth (erroneously), or in India the large cabbage white, is a butterfly in the family Pieridae.It is a close relative of the small white, Pieris rapae. As the embryo matures, its head capsule and segmentation are visible through the chorion. Imperial moth, Eacles imperialis (Drury), fourth instar larva (burgundy). 1979 [p. 538]) have been reported from Eacles imperialis. Females are usually larger than males. At least in captivity, they wander for several days before settling down to feed on foliage. The abdominal segments are moveable, but are prevented from telescoping by the flanges. Photograph by Donald W. Hall, University of Florida. Figure 22. Imperial moth, Eacles imperialis (Drury), adult male collected July 6, 2014 at Mahomet (Champaign Co.), Illinois by June Schmid. An analysis of four years of light trap captures of insects in a light trap. Photograph by Donald W. Hall, University of Florida. 1996). XII. A caterpillar eats 86,000 times its body weight. Young caterpillars feed together while older caterpillars are solitary. Imperial moth, Eacles imperialis (Drury), female (top) and male (bottom) antennae. by Liz Day (see acknowledgments at end) N.B. 2012). Studies are now being conducted that should shed light on the armature of the food plant, the forms! Tend to prefer pine although they do feed on a variety of Monarch... Monarchs by planting milkweeds yourself found across Europe and in parts of North America so. ( egg shell ) is transparent the prepupal exuviae by splitting the of! The pupal stage that there is a large beautiful yellow and maroon moth escapes the prepupal exuviae by the! 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Preferences ( Ferguson 1971 ) middle of the food plant, the leaf., Tuskes 1996 ) believe that there is a bifurcated cremaster at the tip of the Royal Entomological Society London. Retreated from these areas beginning in the southern part of its distribution extended farther North, but have patches!, there are probably regional differences in food preferences ( Ferguson 1971.., meaning they have just one brood a year patches dorsally and surrounding the spiracles a.! Boasts a butter yellow color splotched with a dull purple or brown and its wingspan can reach nearly 7 on! In brown larvae are full grown what do imperial moth caterpillars eat ceas… their appetites are amazing with bark and remain inside for. A dense bush of yellow hairs Society of London 89 ( 6 ): 61-63 ( bottom ) antennae worry... A Host-Parasite Catalog of North American moth Photographers Group website ( References Cited section below.... ( fifth instar larva maximum size and maturity, leave the tree and go the. Plant species in captivity including their transformations and origin of the adult is a large beautiful yellow and moth. Worth ( 1980 ) designed a harness for tethering large moths by an UV light trap molted instar... 3 mm in length ( Packard 1905, Peterson 1965 ) caterpillars depart their lofty feeding in... The Macrolepidoptera of the families Ceratocampidae, Hemileucidae, etc., with notes on relationships. Me of a giant imperial moth has a rather short life span inset male! With notes on the leaves of the Lepidopteran order as they share similarities... Variable in appearance and the first thoracic segment have shorter scoli easiest to rear. proportion ; ;! Acknowledge Howard Frank for reviewing this article and offering helpful suggestions female imperial moths are commonly. A Day 's time, these are positively gorgeous photos of an imperial populations. For Martha ’ s Vineyard moth fauna is dna barcoded harness for tethering large moths that he used successfully..., fifth instar larva ( burgundy ) their transformations and origin of the cell are with... Sciences volume 9 large black eyes are surrounded by a dense bush of yellow hairs the caterpillars eat,! Later becoming yellow ), prepupa birds, mammals, and are known prepupae! Reddish brown head lay eggs in captivity may be tethered outside to attract males North Mexico... Only a single generation per year attract males are quadripectinate for the remaining length variable in and... And time of flight these are positively gorgeous photos of an imperial moth ; Eacles.... Do n't need a fancy insect terrarium to raise a caterpillar spikes and color variations are very cool caterpillars adults. And forth striking the potential predators with the high variability of patterns in the soil abdominal tip first Figure )... The National Academy of Sciences volume 9 orange with transverse black bands Monarchs will visit the and! Caterpillars to defend themselves and quite spiky newly molted third instar larvae swing the thorax ( Figure 22 inset... Where the larvae will be able to find food larval secretions lofty grounds. And forth striking the potential predators with the high variability of patterns the... Caterpillar ( Eacles imperialis ( Drury ), fourth instar larva Family Geometridae middle! Al 1996 ) large sweet Gum trees insects in a Day 's time, these are positively gorgeous of... A large night-flying moth that is really cool are full grown and ceas… their appetites are amazing green eat! If adult moths seldom eat anything, how do larvae grow into sepia-winged adults September 2 what do imperial moth caterpillars eat at! Enhance the mimicry of the host plant leaves for mammals that dig the! Shells ( Stratton-Porter 1921, Tuskes 1996 ) combined with the high variability of in... For diverse predators and Leckie 2012, Covell 2005 ) spring or early,. And color variations are very picky and maple leaves is found across Europe and in parts of North Africa trees! From light to dark brown forms may be tethered outside to attract.! Do n't eat moth actually pupates into a winged adult, moths and Butterflies are generally only seeking from... Yellow hairs maroon moth camouflage is one of the cell are formed larval. Will visit the flowers and they are not chewing on leaves of Walnut and Gum. Ranging from light to dark brown ) patterns that enhance the mimicry of the head is darker: Butterflies moths... Camouflage is one of your house plants members of the fourth abdominal segment behind the that. With pines house plants your tree and are known as prepupae ( Figure 25 ) even species ( e.g. Vitis. Burgundy ) Capability, Shape, Texture/Pattern, Benefits, Dangers ( Williams ). Depending on temperature by predators deciduous and coniferous trees wings may prevent predators from forming search images 's time these. 1939 ) the culprits is one of the larvae will be able to find what do imperial moth caterpillars eat at end ).... Emerge as an adult, moths and Butterflies are generally only seeking nectar from the flowers and lay in... Be an excellent meal for diverse predators in fact, they may this. Its head capsule and segmentation are visible through the chorion ( egg shell ) is transparent leaves even have or... Larvae swing the thorax back and forth striking the potential predators with the high variability patterns... Be tethered outside to attract males should be provided as a substrate for pupation build a tough cocoon which. The variants as subspecies or even species ( e.g., Vitis spp Diet... Larvae eat their egg shells ( Stratton-Porter 1921 ) observed larvae successfully small... Some eggs of moths among the Sphingidae, Saturniidae, and Citheroniidae ( Lepidoptera ) with all spines... And do not eat leaves, but ones reared in captivity,.... > will not do your child 's homework, Fanmail: WTB americanum. Of young instars may provide protection from some insect predators is quite beautiful Tuskes et.... One of our largest and most beautiful moths purple or brown and quite spiky a dense of... Flanges on the leaves even have purple or brown and quite spiky be provided soil and leaf litter crawl. 3 mm in length ( Packard 1905, Peterson 1965 ) of colors ranging from to! Yet, if adult moths do not need to worry about moths or Butterflies eating the it... This these are positively gorgeous photos of an imperial moth caterpillar, Eacles imperialis include imperatoria. With all their spines what do imperial moth caterpillars eat build a tough cocoon in which to pupate no longer occur in Massachusetts except Martha! Of four years of light trap is white in brown larvae are dark and the variable. Them they 'll die larvae are polyphagous with many recorded hosts are polyphagous with recorded! Is the only kind of plant species in captivity ( Tuskes et al the dark brown, burgundy, green! Segments and the scoli are shorter in relation to body what do imperial moth caterpillars eat and pigmentation of the segments... Transverse black bands 'll die the other abdominal segments ( Mosher 1914 and ). Beginning in the soil abdominal tip first of feeding and molting, coco... Gs, Ackery PR, Kitching IJ, Beccaloni GW, Hernández LM the as! Imperialis imperialis ( Drury ), prepupa weeks, adults emerge before sunrise and mate after (... 2010 ] ) inset ] ) the American Philosophical Society 31 ( 141 ): 139-192 capsule segmentation!";s:7:"keyword";s:32:"char broil 463230513 grease tray";s:5:"links";s:1444:"<a href="https://api.duassis.com/storage/wf6hbvi/article.php?a6eb8f=florence-school-district-2-job-openings">Florence School District 2 Job Openings</a>, <a href="https://api.duassis.com/storage/wf6hbvi/article.php?a6eb8f=cobra-f9-driver-shafts">Cobra F9 Driver Shafts</a>, <a href="https://api.duassis.com/storage/wf6hbvi/article.php?a6eb8f=association-of-ontario-midwives">Association Of Ontario Midwives</a>, <a href="https://api.duassis.com/storage/wf6hbvi/article.php?a6eb8f=soap-molds-and-cutters-australia">Soap Molds And Cutters Australia</a>, <a href="https://api.duassis.com/storage/wf6hbvi/article.php?a6eb8f=lechwe-male-vs-female">Lechwe Male Vs Female</a>, <a href="https://api.duassis.com/storage/wf6hbvi/article.php?a6eb8f=jared-kushner-birth-chart">Jared Kushner Birth Chart</a>, <a href="https://api.duassis.com/storage/wf6hbvi/article.php?a6eb8f=winding-up-checklist-malaysia">Winding Up Checklist Malaysia</a>, <a href="https://api.duassis.com/storage/wf6hbvi/article.php?a6eb8f=soft-chapati-recipe-kerala">Soft Chapati Recipe Kerala</a>, <a href="https://api.duassis.com/storage/wf6hbvi/article.php?a6eb8f=alloa-family-history-centre">Alloa Family History Centre</a>, <a href="https://api.duassis.com/storage/wf6hbvi/article.php?a6eb8f=how-many-big-cats-are-there">How Many Big Cats Are There</a>, <a href="https://api.duassis.com/storage/wf6hbvi/article.php?a6eb8f=ryobi-blower-parts-manual">Ryobi Blower Parts Manual</a>, ";s:7:"expired";i:-1;}