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";s:4:"text";s:26102:"He succeeded his father on May 14, 1643. Anne confessed to her participation of in some of the plots around the throne and of communicating with her brother the king of Spain. Some pamphleteers imagined that the mask was Louis XIV’s punishment for the lovers of his wife, Marie-Thérèse of Austria. During the Nine Years’ War (1688-1697) the Dutch, fighting to protect their republic from French expansion, exploited the rumor to undermine the legitimacy of Louis XIV. The last great female presence in the life of Louis XIV, Madame de Maintenon was first brought to the king’s attention by Madame de Montespan. In any case, Cinq-Mars has never been named as a possible father for the reasons I showed above. Soon other candidates were accused of being the real father. The vital importance of producing an heir to the throne. One particularly fantastic suggestion is that the man was one Nabo, a pygmy page who had supposedly impregnated Louis’s queen. The series follows King Louis XIV of France as he tries to quash the rebellious nobility by trapping them in the luxurious cage of his new palace – his father’s old hunting lodge at Versailles. Fouquet died there in 1680, and there is no indication that he was ever transferred to the Bastille. His reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest recorded of any monarch of a sovereign country in European history. © 1996-2015 National Geographic Society, © 2015- Louis appoints Aramis to find the general of the Order of J… You say that it's probably 99.9% certain Louis XIII was the father. It has been suggested that he might have been Louis XIV’s brother, or even his son, while others claim that he might have been an English nobleman. Few monarchs have ruled for longer. … In the drama, which is set between 1667 and 1670, we first meet King Louis … Cardinal Mazarin was accused (he had died in 1661) but documentary evidence shows that he was in Italy from 1636 until 1640. Henri de Cinq-Mars was not appointed master of the king’s wardrobe until March 1638 when the queen was already pregnant. They named him Louis Dieudonné because his parents had been unable to have children for 23 years before they had him. In France itself, suspicions about the man’s identity fell on several members of the extensive royal family. She promised to cease such behavior. After being found guilty of treason and corruption, he was imprisoned in the Fortress of Pignerol, the same location where Saint-Mars first guarded the mysterious masked prisoner. Get a Haunting Look at Croatia's Abandoned Island Prison. General survey. Some sources say she may even have been instrumental in exposing the Cinq-Mars conspiracy to Richelieu. Mazarin served as a surrogate father to his godson and taught the young king about everything from statesmanship and power to history and the arts. To Enlightenment thinkers the masked man was a potent symbol of oppression and tyranny, the embodiment of the Sun King’s worst vices. This whole story shows the power of propaganda to drive people’s imaginations without a shred of historical evidence. Louis de France, known as “Le Grand Dauphin” or “Monseigneur”, died before his father, Louis XIV, and so never inherited the throne. Louis XIV’s Assault of Privilege: Nicolas Desmaretz and the Tax on Wealth, University of Rochester Press/Boydell & Brewer, Frazzled much? My go-to-person for questions regarding Sun Court history is historian Gary McCollim. (Related: read about Marie Antoinette's style revolution at Versailles.). During his reign Louis XIV controlled power, his power, like a master craftsman. Louis XIV was born in September 1638.  Related: read about Marie Antoinette's style revolution at Versailles. His book discusses the difficult situation of royal finances at the end of the reign of Louis XIV, and how the king was forced to turn to Nicolas Desmaretz, a man who had been dismissed from the royal government in 1683 following the death of his uncle, the great Colbert. The powerful Cardinal Mazarin, who was born Italian, was actually the one holding the real power in France at the time of Louis’s youth. www.sandragulland.com › the-queens-black-baby-fact-or-fiction In 1662, the three musketeers have retired. Doctors had estimated in January that the queen was six weeks pregnant which meant that conception took place in late November 1637. This massive book was the last in a series of novels that began with The Three Musketeers. In 1955, Hugh Ross Williamson argued that the man in the iron mask was the natural father of Louis XIV. De Bourbon then tried to regain his father’s favor in campaigns in Flanders, where he fell ill and almost certainly died. A cousin of the king, François had been one of the leaders of the Fronde, the faction that conspired against the king early in his reign and hardened his tendency toward absolutism. And it was most likely worn only at very specific times, such as transferal from one prison to another. Louis was born on 5 September 1638 at St Germain-en-Laye. Wily, scheming, spirited and secretive, Louis XIV is a brilliant statesman, however, haunted by childhood memories of the Fronde, a bitter coup where nobles attempted to overthrow his father… Famed for her virtue and piety, she was only barely able to fulfill her duty as queen by producing a male heir to the throne, since five of her six children died in early childhood. Also, Anne of Austria for reason explained below was reluctant to join any conspiracy after the birth of her son. According to this theory, the "miraculous" birth of Louis XIV in 1638 would have come after Louis XIII had been estranged from his wife Anne of Austria for 14 years. For the new season of “Versailles” we collaborated with Canal+ to bring King It was said that the walls of his cell were even scraped and whitewashed. French novelist Alexandre Dumas took Voltaire’s description and used it as the basis for a secondary character in The Vicomte of Bragelonne (published in serialized form from 1847 to 1850). Even more compelling are the contemporary portraits – Louis XIV appears to bear no resemblance to Louis XIII but has similarities to Mazarin, notably the rather oriental eyes. In any case, after the birth of Louis XIV the royal government put out the propaganda that his birth was miraculous, a result of prayers and supplications to God and the Virgin Mary. This contained descriptions of everything from the structure of his skull, to the shape of his vocal cords and lungs and even a mouth operation that forever changed his speech. This real-life fairy tale is told with flair and compassion in Veronica Buckley’s The Secret Wife of Louis XIV. . Louis XIV’s birth pushed them further back in the line of succession. Repeating, "Confirmation is not absolute proof." The king and queen had been at Saint-Germain-en-Laye throughout the month of November and returned to Paris on 1 December. Louis XV, byname Louis the Well-Beloved, French Louis le Bien-Aimé, (born February 15, 1710, Versailles, France—died May 10, 1774, Versailles), king of France from 1715 to 1774, whose ineffectual rule contributed to the decline of royal authority that led to the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789.. Louis was the great-grandson of King Louis XIV (ruled 1643–1715) and … His identity was unknown, and his face could not be seen because he was forced to wear an iron mask. Louis XIV is often called the ‘King of the Sun’, and was born in 1638 as the eldest son of King Louis XIII and Anna of Austria. Versailles TV Drama: Premise. This theory gained traction in the 20th century when several popular Hollywood films depicted the tale of the unjustly imprisoned twin brother. One propaganda piece said the father was someone with the initials Le C. D. R. meaning Cardinal de Richelieu. Laughter is said to have greeted her birth. There are a long list of people who could have been his father. Cinq-Mars also was, coincidentally, “the Favorite” in the biblical sense with the gay Louis XIII. Please help support ... Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more — all for only $19.99... King of France, b. at Saint-Germain-en -Laye, 16 September, 1638; d. at Versailles, 1 September, 1715; was the son of Louis XIII and Anne of Austria, and became king, upon the death of his father, 14 May 1643. Through his research, Sonnino determined that Dauger was a valet for the treasurer of Cardinal Mazarin, who was principal minister of France during Louis XIV's early life. Louis was the son of Louis XIII and his Spanish queen, Anne of Austria. The disfigured corpse of the man who was supposed to rule France after his father Louis XIV, was hastily put into a coffin the next day. To his supporters, Louis was le Roi Soleil—the Sun King—in whose reign France expanded and strengthened her borders. She lived in a house with her father, where she also was killed by Father Etienne. From the very outset, the “masked man” stories were more than just lurid tales: They played directly into anti-Louis propaganda. Would you have a reference for this letter? He is famous from his real name: Louis XIV of France, Nick Name(s): Sun King , Birthdate(Birthday): September 5, 1638 , Age on September 1, 1715 (Death date): 76 Years 11 Months 26 Days Profession: Kings (King of France), Address: France, Father: Louis XIII of France, Mother: Anne of Austria, Married: Yes, Children: Yes As an indirect result, 150 years later, Leonardo DiCaprio thought that Louis XIV had an American accent. This 1789 engraving names the prisoner as the Count of Vermandois, Louis XIV’s illegitimate son—just one among many imaginative theories as to the masked man’s identity. Rumors of a mysterious prisoner during the reign of King Louis XIV became legend after Alexandre Dumas wrote his famous tale. During his imprisonment, Dauger was transferred to several sites, always accompanied by Saint-Mars. The former was an Italian count who had betrayed Louis XIV politically in the 1670s. He returned to the French government in 1703 as an assistant to the finance minister and became finance minister himself in February 1708. There was speculation that he was Louis de Bourbon, Count of Vermandois, son of the Sun King himself and his mistress Louise de La Vallière. You see, Louis XIII was quite old at the time of the “miraculous” birth of Louis XIV. After his death, the unknown prisoner’s story began to take on a life of its own as gossips said that his punishment stemmed directly from the French throne. The challenges of writing fact-based fiction, On Plague, Sweating Sickness, and Covid-19, Reporting in: the charms and challenges of day-to-day life, On turning 75, NaNoWriMo and Day of the Dead. Dumas’s version puts forward what became the most popular theory of the prisoner’s identity: Louis XIV’s twin brother, Philippe, who had been born first and jeopardized the Sun King’s legitimacy. Yet, Gaston and the Condes never made any accusations about Anne of Austira’s surprise pregnancy at the time or later during the Fronde. Louis XIV, King of France, was born at Saint Germain-en-Laye on the 5th of September 1638. Historians even believe the iron mask itself was an exaggeration. The research confirms they are full brothers but it is totally inaccurate to say that the research confirms with DNA that Louis XIII is the father. WATCH: Haunting scenes of an abandoned island prison in Croatia recall a time of political repression. We might even say, at the risk of sounding anachronistic, he was a master of social networks. Cardinal Mazarin was accused (he had died in 1661) but documentary evidence shows that he was in Italy from 1636 until 1640. After the war, Desmaretz was working to alleviate France’s debts in a way that could have changed the history of the eighteenth century except that Louis XIV died and Desmaretz was dismissed as the government turned to riskier schemes that boxed the royal government in for the rest of the eighteenth century leading to the Revolution. Claudine Masson was the daughter of Dr. Masson and Louis XIV's personal doctor who later assumed the position herself. In the case of Louis XIV his father Louis XIII and his mother Ann of Austria could not stand each other and when he was born they had been born 23 years with no living off spring though maybe 4 births had been still born. Due to the infectious state of the body, the funeral of Monseigneur was not a grand affair. There were people, such as the king’s brother Gaston and his cousins the Condes who had strong reasons to be wary of a surprise pregnancy as they were the heirs to the throne. Philippe de France, brother of Louis XIV, known as “Monsieur”, played no part in the political affairs of the kingdom. King Louis XIV is the main antagonist in Alexandre Dumas' novel The Man in the Iron Mask and its 1998 film adaptation. Cardinal Mazarin was a sort of chief minister (prime minister) of young Louis XIV and held a position similar to the one of Cardinal Richelieu in the time of Louis’s father (Louis … Perhaps it was a glimpse of such a man, when coupled with the tense atmosphere in France, that snowballed to become the intriguing legend known today. Her near brush with disgrace persuaded her to abandon her plots and become the wife of her husband in fact and deed, so to speak. Groomed for power nonetheless, he occupied various political and military posts while also maintaining a keen interest in the arts as well as the pleasures of life in the Court. The Bust of Louis XIV is a marble portrait by the Italian artist Gian Lorenzo Bernini.It was created in the year 1665 during Bernini's visit to Paris.This sculptural portrait of Louis XIV of France has been called the "grandest piece of portraiture of the baroque age". It is believed that Dauger worked as a valet who served Nicolas Fouquet—and may have learned of sensitive information while in Fouquet’s service. Gary is the author of: Louis XIV’s Assault of Privilege: Nicolas Desmaretz and the Tax on Wealth, published by the University of Rochester Press/Boydell & Brewer. Mazarin’s presence in Paris, nine months before Louis’s birth, may be established by the copy of a letter from Mazarin to Walter Montagu dated “Paris 16th September 1637”. We know that is not true. Doctors expected the child’s birth sometime between 23 to 28 August 1638. Louis XIV Miraculous Child, Episode Summary. Louis XIV. Many other historians favor a much more unassuming character: Eustache Dauger, arrested for an unknown crime in 1669 and also held in the Fortress of Pignerol. At the start of Louis XIV’s reign, Versailles was just a humble hunting lodge 12 miles from Paris along a bumpy track. It has been fashionable among people today at a time when gay rights are in demand to think of Louis XIII as a homosexual and thus imply that he was somehow unable to father a child. About the author: Gary is a retired former employee of the US federal government  He was educated at Muskingum College and received his doctorate in history from The Ohio State University studying under John C. Rule, a recognized expert on Louis XIV. Louis XIV's France was emblematic of the age of absolutism in Europe. Books that can shed light on this subject are: A. Lloyd Moote, Louis XIII, the Just (1989), Ruth Kleinman, Anne of Austria, Queen of France (1985), Jean-Christian Petitfils, Louis XIII (2008). In fact, he was bisexual. Conspiracy theorists speculated that he had, in fact, survived and was secretly imprisoned by his father. Louis XIII was convinced by Richelieu that the plotting would continue as long as he had no male heir. Without being embalmed first as it was custom. I n the show, Louis XIV is embroiled in a passionate affair with his brother’s wife, Henrietta, who was also the daughter of England’s Charles I. However, it is a certainty that the Man in the Iron Mask was a real person, and over the centuries many historians and authors have tried to solve the mystery of who, exactly, was this mysterious man. Louis XIV’s France is where perfume really starts, and so in terms of hygiene they probably would have smelled very floral, and there might have been quite a strong sub-odour of sweat." There are countless unproven theories and attempts to solve the mystery of the Man in the Iron Mask and there are numerous candidates proposed, including a French General, an Italian diplomat, a French playwright, and actor Molière, the father of … “L’Homme au Masque de Fer” (“The … A story emerged of the king Louis XIII being trapped in a terrible rainstorm on the night of 5 December 1637 and being forced to seek shelter in the Louvre where the only bed fit for the king was Anne of Austria’s. House: Bourbon Affiliations: The Dauphin and Louis Kingdom of France Louis de Bourbon is the son of Louis XIV and Marie-Thérèse and is heir to the French throne, the Dauphin. Select from premium Louis Xiv Of France of the highest quality. Yet, it lives on in the popular imagination, plays have been written about it. Vive le Roi ! He was crowned in Reims at just 15 years old. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine/2017/09-10/who-was-the-man-in-the-iron-mask-dumas.html. I do agree that Louis XIV looks a lot more like Mazarin than Louis XIII. If so, I will amend a note to this post. To Enlightenment thinkers, the masked man embodied the worst vices of King Louis XIV, depicted on this bronze medal. King Louis XIV, aka The Sun King, Louis the Great – played by George Blagden. The Jesuits have taken action and have attempted to assassinate the king but with no luck. Both guard and his prisoner had previously lived at the fortresses of Pignerol and Exilles in the Alps. There was plenty time left for Gaston to roll in bed and make a legitimate heir himself with the wife. He became king at the age of four on the death of his father, Louis XIII. At the time of his birth, his parents had been married for 23 years. She belonged to the Spanish branch of the House of Habsburg , and is best-known for being the Queen of France as a result of her marriage to the French king, Louis XIV.She is known as a woman who was accepting of being married off to her cousin, … Personally, I think that it's somewhat of a possibility that James Scott, Duke of Monmouth -- Charles II's bastard son and Louis XIV's second cousin -- was the man in the Iron Mask. On November 16 1664 Maria Teresa of Spain wife of Louis XIV of France the Sun king gave birth to a daughter named Marie-Anne de France in public in the Louvre one month prematurely. By the 18th century the number of possible identities kept increasing. There were holes in both theories. There is enough evidence to show that Louis XIII was indeed the father of Louis XIV. When he died in the Bastille in 1703, it was recorded that a man in his 50s was buried at the Saint-Paul Cemetery in Paris, and his belongings and clothes were burned at dawn. Its ending centered on the mysterious man in the iron mask. Jul 27, 2015 - Maria Theresa of Spain (Spanish: María Teresa; French: Marie-Thérèse; 10 September 1638 – 30 July 1683) was Queen of France and Navarre as the first wife of King Louis XIV. In the 16th and 17th centuries, women wore mourning white, but by the 18th century black was firmly established as the colour of mourning. Without being embalmed first as it was custom. It was not iron at all, but black velvet. Then perhaps my issue is over the way DNA research is being applied because the research in this case does not confirm that Louis XIII is the father of Louis XIV and Philippe. One year later, Anne was with child. The disasters of the war were so great that, in 1709, France came close to losing all the advantages gained over the preceding century. As for other theories, Voltaire theorized that the Man in the Iron Mask was the illegitimate older brother of Louis XIV, the son of Cardinal Jules Mazarin and the Queen of France, but Voltaire was a pot-stirrer who had a crush on his niece . The princess Louis XIV married was his first cousin. Portrait of a Child Presumed to be Louis XIV, French school c. 1638 She was extremely dark-skinned and, furthermore, bore a resemblance to him [Louis XIV]. The bust is on display at the Versailles Palace, in the Salon de Diane in the King's Grand Apartment. At the age of four years and eight months, he was, according to the laws of the kingdom, not only the master but the owner of the bodies and property of 19 million subjects. The mysterious prisoner’s arrangements had not changed from earlier accounts: A Bastille official wrote in his memoirs of his surprise at the arrival of his new superior who was accompanied by a man “who is always masked and whose name is never pronounced.”. Another candidate for the masked man was François de Bourbon, Duke of Beaufort. Having succeeded his father in 1643 at the age of 5, the young Louis Dieudonné received a complete education befitting a future sovereign.         2021 National Geographic Partners, LLC. In any case, Louis XIV grew up surrounded by this myth of his miraculous conception. Some said the man in the iron mask was a bastard son of Anne of Austria (Louis’s mother) and half brother to the king. Your email address will not be published. Cinq-Mars was given the title “master of the wardrobe” which provided him access to the royal bedroom. Has anyone given serious consideration to the possibility that Henri d’Effiat, Marquis de Cinq-Mars, was the biological father of Louis XIV? Louis XIV’s father Louis XIII put an end to this practice, which he considered unacceptably pagan. Another theory is that he was actually the real father of King Louis XIV. The fourth musketeer, D'Artagnan is now the captain of the guard. He was served fine food, kept away from any contact with the other prisoners, and was only visited by the governor. Desmaretz had been critical of the royal government’s policies that increased the tax burden of the poorest elements of French society. Documentary evidence shows that Louis XIII and his wife, Anne of Austria, made up their differences in August 1637. Louis XIV was given the name Dieudonné (God-given). After 6 years of being in power, France is at war with the Dutch and Louis is letting his own people starve and does not care about them at all. Born in 1638, Louis XIV became king at age 4 following the death of his father, Louis XIII, and remained on the throne for the next 72 years. Out of this atmosphere of declining tax revenues, increasing defeats in the War of the Spanish Succession, and the refusal of France’s enemies to make a reasonable peace offer, Desmaretz decided to create a tax on the income produced by the ownership of property, in other words, a tax on the wealthiest elements of French society, to provide the funds necessary for France to survive the war and bargain for a reasonable peace. In recent years historians have put forward other more plausible candidates, including Nicolas Fouquet, the powerful superintendent of finances. How could the real mother and father be mute spectators is anybody’s guess.The names of the father and mother given are the foster parents entrusted with his upbringing till the time he apparently would pose a threat to the future king. Louis XIV (Louis Dieudonné; 5 September 1638 – 1 September 1715), known as Louis the Great (Louis le Grand) or the Sun King (le Roi Soleil), was King of France from 14 May 1643 until his death in 1715. All rights reserved. Although François later died in battle, gossipmongers spread the (unlikely) tale of his kidnapping and imprisonment by the king. Votes: 1,483 Required fields are marked *. Sincerely, Sandra, Your email address will not be published. Louis XIV was born on 5 September 1638 in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, to Louis XIII and Anne of Austria. Details were hazy, but the tale was arresting: An anonymous man had been locked up on the express orders of the French king Louis XIV. He had one brother, Philippe I, Duke of Orleans, and many illegitimate half-brothers and sisters from his father's affairs. The series follows King Louis XIV of France as he tries to quash the rebellious nobility by trapping them in the luxurious cage of his new palace – his father’s old hunting lodge at Versailles. The king had dedicated his kingdom to the Virgin Mary in February 1637 while praying for a male heir. Louis XIV - Louis XIV - Final years: In the War of the Spanish Succession the anti-French alliance was reactivated by William of Orange before his death. Either way, Gaston already showed he was able to father kids and if Louis XIII died without heir, he would become King. The king’s first true love was Mazarin’s … Whereas earlier sources had described a mask of cloth or velvet, Voltaire specified that the mask was made of iron and gave specific details of this cruel contraption: “the chin of [the mask] was composed of steel springs, which gave him liberty to eat with it on.”, Voltaire was imprisoned in the Bastille in 1717 and claimed that he had heard the prisoner’s story from the oldest inmates. There is no proof that this story is true. Aramis is now a Jesuit priest, Porthos runs a brothel, and Athos lives at home with his son, Raoul. Cardinal Mazarin was a sort of chief minister (prime minister) of young Louis XIV and held a position similar to the one of Cardinal Richelieu in the time of Louis’s father (Louis XIII). I wasn’t aware of the letter establishing Mazarin in Paris at the “right” time. Louis XIV: Louis XIV was the longest-reigning king of France. Dear Gerald, My apologies for being so late in responding to your thoughtful comment. 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