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</html>";s:4:"text";s:25357:"As erosion is a primary concern with soil degradation, there are a variety of ways to control the erosion effects … Sequential and Unanticipated Cause-effect Situations 4.5 International Research Efforts 5. Loss of soil fertility results in low productivity. Deforestation and forest degradation are responsible for around 15% of all greenhouse gas emissions. Land degradation occurs when the crucial ecosystem processes are disturbed in a negative way due to use of land, causing lost of vegetation cover, and soil fertility affecting the main processes and functions of the ecosystems. There are a range of environmental issues in Southern Africa, such as climate change, land, water, deforestation, land degradation, and pollution.The Southern Africa region itself, except for South Africa, produces less carbon emissions but is a recipient of climate change impacts characterized by changes in precipitation, extreme weather events and hot temperatures. livestock populations coupled with the effects of recurrent drought have led to a serious degradation of vegetational cover, erosion, and the depletion of soil fertility on a large scale in many parts of sub -Saharan Africa. effects of the degradation are massive unemployment, migration of labour, regional and intergenerational disparities, loss of natural resource base and ecological imbalance. However, integration of bioenergy Land degradation also has serious knock-on effects for humans, such as malnutrition, disease, forced migration, cultural damage and, even, war. What does land degradation mean for the planet? 2 billion people and the impact of its effects will only grow with time. In 2001, soil compaction, a form of land degradation common on croplands, was estimated to be responsible for on-farm losses of US1.2 billion per year in the United States (Steinfeld, 2007). Effects ofLand Degradation The most important on-farmeffects oflanddegrada tion are declining potential yields. 6) Human impact on land degradation. Ruinous Agricultural Practices. Action in the land's capacity to provide resources for human livelihoods. Most of the soil is lost through the surface runoff. Erosion 4. Excessive Population Pressure on Land: India’s population of over 1000 million people is more than that of […] The book provides information for researchers, educators, graduate students, policy makers, practitioners, and advocates interested in land degradation and sustainable use of soils. At its worst, land degradation … Download this complete Project material titled; Effects Of Land Degradation On Agricultural Activities with abstract, chapters 1-5, references and questionnaire. The issue is compounded by the difficulty in providing solutions for this problem and misunderstanding of the causes and effects of … Hence, when there is overuse of fertilizer chemicals or lands are degraded through chemical and solid waste dumping, the upper layer of the soil is damaged, causing soil pollution.The effects of agricultural, healthcare, and chemical wastes are the principal land pollution aspects causing soil pollution. Less vegetation cover ADVERTISEMENTS: 3. Also mentioned when discussing these are nutrient loss and soil structure decline. In India alone, about 188 million hectares or almost 57% of total land area is degraded (Sehgel and Abrol, 1994). 3. alkalinisation, soil salination, soil water logging, de- Land degradation, especially natural forest land degradation (NFLD), is a severe environmental concern in China. Degradation is currently affecting 25% of Earth's land and 40% of Earth's agricultural land. These greenhouse gas emissions contribute to rising temperatures, changes in patterns of weather and water, and an increased frequency of extreme weather events. Meanwhile, forest degradation, which includes logging, understory fires, and forest fragmentation, may affect as large an area as deforestation, yet its effects … One of the biggest causes of land degradation is overgrazing. Overgrazing occurs when animals such as cattle, goats, sheep, etc feed on the grass excessively. According to the concept of Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN), multi-sensor data has … Land degradation, declining soil fertility, unsustainable water use, overfishing and marine environment degradation are all lessening the earth’s ability to supply food (Nino & Intern, 2016). growing many times faster than the area of land being farmed. In a simplified sense, the NAP addresses the causes and effects of land degradation events such as erosion, flooding, landslide, Desertification, a phenomenon referring to land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid regions as a result of climatic variations and human activities, is considered as one of the most severe environmental and socio-economic problems of recent times. Arable land is any land that can be used to grow crops. As erosion is a primary concern with soil degradation, there are a variety of ways to control the erosion effects … 4. The threat ofdeg radation may also be reflected in the need to use a higher level of inputs in order to maintain yields. Soil pollution is categorized under land pollution. Land degradation results in the loss in ecosystem functioning and productivity. The major types of land degradation are soil ero-sion, soil salinity, soil acidity and soil contamination. On the other hand, this paper contributes to the literature on the impact of exogenous conditions or “shocks” in childhood. Some authors examined the risk of degradation in climatic factors and land use rather than the present state of the land. Ultimately, land degradation stresses the world’s … (which is often caused by land use practices) and its effect on land use is central to nearly all published definitions of land degradation. The NAP was first developed and formally launched in 2006. Read More. Land degradation may be caused by erosion, loss in soil organic matter, soil acidity, deforestation, desertification, salinization, soil compaction and such more phenomena that make agricultural land unfavorable for crop production. Ecological degradation can have serious effects on many animals, plants and also for humanity. Land Degradation Processes. These results point to the need to have focused policies on integrated land and water resource management strategies in the Mara River Basin. Land degradation, indicated by its state of soil degradation, vegetation degradation and ... to a lesser degree than the effects of land use changes. Effects of land degradation in Calabar. To explore the possible impacts of land degradation on food security, we compared the baseline results with two alter-native scenarios: (1) reduced losses in cropped area, and (2) reduced losses in crop yields. The main outcome of land degradation is a substantial reduction in the productivity of land. The land degradation processes include soil erosion, nutrient depletion, salinization, desertification and soil acidification or alkalinisation. Both figures 3 and 4 show that agricultural activities and overgrazing combined account for more than 50 per cent of this problem. Desertification affects as much as one-sixth of the world's population, seventy percent of all drylands, and one-quarter of the total land area of the world. 4. This can be measured from … 5. Ofulla, A. V.O. Final Government Distribution Chapter 4: IPCC SRCCL Subject to Copy-editing 4-5 Total pages: 186 1 habitats, and infrastructure through increased rates of land degradation (high confidence) and from 2 new degradation patterns (low evidence, high agreement). One of the most dangerous and unsettling effects of deforestation is the loss of animal and plant species due to their loss of habitat. Surface runoff reduces or even prevents percolation of water into the ground. Soil and Land Pollution. The erosion process is thus accelerated, creating soil degradation as well as water pollution. Serious degradation sometimes leads … The results indicated that the five land use types affected land degradation differently along the Mara River, while adjacent land degradation affected water physico-chemical properties. Land degradation particularly in the study area and generally in Ethiopia highlands has been a concern for many years and these consisted fundamental bases of … Net primary productivity decreased by an average of 29 kg C/ha/year over the period 1981-2003(Bai and Dent 2007). Land Degradation: Effects on Food and Energy Resources David Pimentel, Elinor C. Terhune, Rada Dyson-Hudson, Stephen Rochereau, Robert Samis, Eric A. Smith, Daniel Denman, David Reifschneider, Michael Shepard Because land is absolutely essential to agriculture, the relationship of cropland degradation to food production and ener- Land degradation is a consequence of socioeconomic, demographic and climatic factors that, together, have harmful and far-reaching effects on environmental and human welfare. Shrub encroachment in semi‐arid savannas is induced by interacting effects of climate, fire suppression, and unsustainable livestock farming; it carries a severe risk of land degradation and strongly influences natural communities that provide key ecosystem functions. Floods and Droughts 6. Land degradation can cause physical, chemical and biological changes to an environment. Land degradation is, usually, the result of … A comprehensive analysis of the effects associated with the project on land degradation is necessary. Deforestation accounts for the major land degradation problem as it results in severe soil erosion, flood, and loss of fertile soil. GLASOD global survey and FAO’s global forest resource assessment (2005) identified five main types of land degradation predominant across SSA countries (Table 1). Five Ways to Help Stop Desertification of the World. pollution, and natural resource degradation, as well as to more recent work that looks at longer-term effects of environmental degradation (see Pattannayak and Pfaff (2009) and Greenstone and Jack (2015) for review). Principal processes of land degradation include erosion by water and wind, chemical degradation (comprising acidification, salinization, leaching etc.) high confidence (These ). Overpopulation will place great demands on resources and land, leading to widespread environmental issues in addition to impacting global economies and standards of living. 8) Rehabilitation of degraded land. Environmental Effects of Deforestation From Above Loss of Habitat. Eighty-five percent of the 70 million people in Ethiopia depend, albeit insufficiently, on land for survival. Causes of Soil Degradation: The main reasons for unproductiveness or degradation of soils are as follows: 1. Changes in the characteristic of soil. Globally, about 60 percent of area is degraded. Land degradation also has serious knock-on effects for humans, such as malnutrition, disease, forced migration, cultural damage, and even war. Preview Abstract or chapter one below Format: PDF and MS Word (DOC) pages = 65 ₦ 3,000 Runoff levels vary greatly from region to region and from soil to soil. The enjoyment of human rights and its relation with the people who live in it was the first time addressed at the UN conference on the Human Environment in 1972. The estimate obtained for the on-site effects of land degradation upon productivity is equivalent to 2 % of the gross domestic product of the region, or 7% of its agricultural gross domestic product. 7) Policy and legal framework. ... Twenty-five years ago only around 15 per cent was considered degraded. Land degradation means: 1) Loss of natural fertility of soil because of loss of nutrients. Land Degradation . 43 bioenergy crops that displace other land uses can result in land competition, with adverse effects for 44 food production, food consumption, and thus food security, as well as adverse effects for land 45 degradation, biodiversity, and water scarcity (medium confidence). This article throws light upon the seven main causes of land degradation in India. In some humid regions, losses are as high as 50-60% of the annual rainfall. soil erosion by wind and water, soil acidification, soil. Mining activities. The natural balance of plant life and wildlife is disrupted and often destroyed. While annual runoff losses are muc… 2. Drought, deforestation and climate change. The inclusion of off-site effects of water erosion would increase this value substantially. 2.1. Land degradation, particularly soil erosion, is currently a major challenge for Nepal. Salinity and water are inextricably linked. 1. 39 effects depend on the scale of deployment, initial land use, land type, bioenergy feedstock, initial 4.6 Land degradation and migration in China 17 4.7 Dams, mega-disasters, and displacement 18 4.8 Indirect impacts of land degradation on urban ecological decline and migration 19 4.9 Drought, land degradation, migration, and violent conflict 19 4.10 Out-migration as a cause of land degradation 19 5. Land degradation—the deterioration or loss of the productive capacity of the soils for present and future—is a global challenge that affects everyone through food insecurity, higher food prices, climate change, environmental hazards, and the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. The annual loss of land is expected to go up to 10 million hectares by 2000 A.D.(Yadava 1996). ... Land degradation is a broad, composite, and value-laden term that is complex to define but ... wrongly ignores possible price effects of differences in total agricultural production resulting from land degradation. The causes are: 1. Pollution. Excessive Population Pressure on Land 2. In Australia, about two thirds of agricultural land is degraded. Many parts of the Australian landscape are naturally salty but human activities can cause salt levels to rise. Soil erosion is a natural process that removes soil from the land. Among them, water erosion and wind erosion are the most widespread types of land degradation (46% and 38%, respectively), followed by chemical and physical deterioration of soils (16%). Effects focus on atmosphere, human health and nature.Environmental degradation means reduction in the quality of the environment due to man made and natural factors. LAND DEGRADATION EFFECT ON DEVELOPMENT IN MALAWI BY HERBERT RAUL NYIRENDA MSc ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF MALAWI, CHANCELLOR COLLEGE heraul.nyirenda@gmail.com +2659 992 882 440 / +265 888 669 965 2014 LAND DEGRADATION EFFECT ON DEVELOPMENT IN MALAWI Land includes not only the soil resource, but also the … It was the UN’s first … Research into the causes of land degradation 4.1. Over-Irrigation 5. Reduced area losses to land degradation Arable land in Asia, Africa, and Latin America has followed by reducing degradation and finally reversing past degradation.”2 The framework has five modules (Figure 2): • Module A - articulates the goal of LDN; ... Identify the causes and effects of land degradation: • Identify the land degradation processes – what forms of land degradation are affecting Land degradation in this area impacts food and water security, economic development, and natural resources. However, the on-site impacts of land degradation on productivity are easily masked due to use of additional inputs and adoption. soil erosion and other forms of land degradation. Leaving more land alone, despite the challenges of a growing population, would really help: it takes around 500 years for just 2.5cm of topsoil to be created. The emphasis on land, rather than soil, broadens the focus to include natural resources, such as climate, water, landforms and vegetation. The few Because of deforestation and forest fires, soils lose their vegetation cover. {4.1.6, 4.2.1, 4.7} 3 Land degradation is a driver of climate change through emission of greenhouse gases and Convention to combat Desertification (UNCCD) and Land Degradation and to mitigate the Effects of Droughts. Soil and land pollution are the direct result of contamination. Grazing 7. INTRODUCTION Land degradation may have significant adverse effects, particularly in developing countries (Scherr and Yadav, 1996; Rosegrant and Ringler, 1997). Land degradation here mainly refers to the loss of life-supporting land resource through soil erosion, desertification, salinization, acidification, etc. The productivity of grassland and forest resources, Even though our country is blessed with wide varieties of soils with high fertility, it is being degraded day by day by various natural and human activities. The effects of soil degradation can often be mitigated, prevented and even reversed through the use of sustainable farming techniques and better land management practices. To deal with the increasingly severe land degradation in the downstream of the Heihe River Basin (HRB) in northwest China, an Ecological Water Diversion Project (EWDP) was implemented since 2000. ). The indirect ... induced soil degradation, GLASOD identified five different causes of … Consequences of land degradation 6. and physical degradation (comprising crusting, compaction, hard-setting etc. Pollution of water resources from the contamination of soil through which water sweeps into ground or runoff to the... 5. Leave land alone. 3.4 Land degradation and ecologically sustainable 3.5 Farmer incentives and agricultural land degradation 3.6 A private or a social problem? Some of the causes of soil and land pollution include, landfills, sstrip mining, sewage spills/seepage, non … Deforestation 3. The effect of land degradation includes accelerated. Land degradation affects 1, 5 billion people globally. The threat of degradation may also be reflected in the need to use a higher level of inputs in order to maintain yields. erosion) and off site where sediments are deposited. Suggested methods in reducing land degradation include the following: Gardening, Conservation Tillage, Using Fertilizers, Afforestation and Reforestation, Constructing Wind Breakers and Responsible Industrial and Chemical Waste Management. Land degradation means: 1. Productivity impacts of land degradation are due to a decline in land quality on site where degradation occurs (e.g. Along with harming the environment, land degradation often has negative economic effects. This study tried to assess the effect of land degradation on farmer’s livelihood options in Sinan Woreda, East Gojam zone, Ethiopia. Land pollution is defined as a degradation or even destruction of the earth’s surface and soil as a result of human activities. One-quarter of Earth’s ice-free land area is subject to human-induced, anthropocentric degradation. Land degradation effects on a global scale 2.6 billion people depend directly on agriculture, but 52% of the land used for agriculture is moderately or severely affected by soil degradation. The contamination of the environment due to human activities could cause malnutrition and diseases, insalubrious and shortening of lifespan. Intensive agricultural practices have led to the decline in quality of … The environment plays a very essential role in the life of human beings. The resources get depleted and the quality of … 5) Managing land quality to reduce degradation. It has a direct connection with the health and well-being of human whether they reside in urban areas or rural areas. Serious degradation sometimes lead to temporary or permanent abandonment of land. Desertification in the West Sahel 4.3. Reversing land degradation can improve agricultural production and slow climate change. The effects of land degradation. Assessment of Soil Degradation in Zaria Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria ABSTRACT This study aimed at an assessment of soil degradation in the Zaria area. in that regard, the land degradation focal area strategy for GeF-5 specifically included a learning objective on the catalytic effect of the GeF integrated approaches—practices focused on integrating the management of land, soil, water, biodiversity, and biomass—in production systems (agriculture, range - lands, and forest landscapes). 4) Pollution of water resources from the contamination of soil through which water sweeps into ground or runoff to the water bodies. Effects of Land Use Change on Land Degradation Reflected by Soil Properties along Mara River, Kenya and Tanzania A By Frank Gelder and Douglas Anyona Influence of Anthropogenic Activities on Microbial and Nutrient Levels along the Mara River Tributaries, Kenya In many parts of the world, mining activities or rather improper mining activities … In its most severe form, it can lead to desertification, which seriously threatens agricultural production and food security. Soil compaction, low organic matter, loss of soil structure, poor internal drainage, salinisation and soil acidity problems are other serious soil degradation conditions that can accelerate the soil erosion process. In the following, the types, causes, effects and solutions for environmental degradation are examined. Deforestation leads to the loss of the land’s value as, once converted into a dry or barren land, it can never be made fertile again. Arable land loss estimated at 30 to 35 times the historical rate. Salinity is the accumulation of salt in land and water to a level that damages the natural and built environment. It also contributes to desertification, impaired water supply, poor sanitation conditions and reduced water quality. Cultivating Steep Slopes 4.2. Nutrient disorder. The major perceived effects of land degradation include decrease in farmland available for cultivation, reduction in farm yield (output), reduction in farmer’s income and loss of nutrients/organic matter. The land is degraded as the desert areas are expanding in western China because of the overgrazing and along the border of Iran and Afghanistan an oasis that supported a million livestock turned barren in just five years. From the various effects of land and soil degradation observed, lost productivity of the land/soil is one, and some estimates indicate that productivity may have reduced by 20 to 30%. Soil Erosion The direct cause of land degradation is mismanagement of the land by man. Taking land out of production would allow soil carbon to rebuild and become stable. Desertification includes land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub humid areas resulting from various factors, including climatic variations and human activities. So much could be written about the effects of climate change on the health of our lands, as climate change can lead to land degradation for many reasons, and it is very often climate change that exacerbates the progress of desertification in increasingly many places. So reports the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), an independent intergovernmental body set up by UN member states, in a new summary for policy makers. Not only does deforestation threaten species known to us, but also those unknown. Land degradation—the loss of goods and services derived from our ecosystems, such as soil, vegetation, and other plant and animal life—not only poses a serious threat to long-term food security but puts wildlife diversity in grave danger.Taking the form of des Loss of Arable Land. 70% of land animals and plant species live in forests. Effects of Land Degradation: The most important on-farm effects of land degradation are declining potential yields. With a high rate of population growth, subsistence-based rural economy, and increasingly intense rainfall events in the monsoon season, Nepal is prone to several forms of land degradation, such as floods, landslides, and soil erosion. Thus, in order to prevent these adverse consequences, we should take several measures in our daily life. Recent estimates of the global loss of ecosystem services due to land degradation and desertification are between US$ 6.3 and 10.6 trillion annually. Deforestation: Forests play an important role in maintaining fertility of soil by shedding their leaves … 2) Less vegetation cover 3) Changes in the characteristic of soil. The lack of waste disposal systems leading to Other Complex Causes 4.4. Loss of natural fertility of soil because of loss of nutrients. Erosion as a result of overgrazing can lead to severe land degradation. Since there is an exposed and empty soil without its vegetal cover its operational state diminishes, since the roots can not deepen and they do not count also with the required humidity. This Factsheet looks at the causes and effects of water, wind and tillage erosion on agricultural land… 2. The land degradation in China coupled with a variable climate including arid land endangers food supply and the well-being of the population, China loses 6.5 billion a year from … The effects of soil degradation can often be mitigated, prevented and even reversed through the use of sustainable farming techniques and better land management practices. The document further goes on examining the serious and complex web of problems that have arisen from worsening land degradation of the earth’s drylands, which are home to 2,000 million people, comprise of 44 percent of all the world’s cultivated land and should sustain 50 percent of the world’s livestock [13]. ";s:7:"keyword";s:32:"five effects of land degradation";s:5:"links";s:839:"<a href="https://api.geotechnics.coding.al/pvwqg/pittsburgh-style-pizza">Pittsburgh-style Pizza</a>,
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