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";s:4:"text";s:28839:"… [62], Prussian ambassador's letter to Frederick the Great[g], The Treaty of Breslau of June 1742 ended hostilities between Austria and Prussia. [6] In total, Great Britain, France, Saxony, United Provinces, Spain, Prussia, Russia, Denmark, Sardinia, Bavaria and the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire recognised the sanction. [134] Nevertheless, high rates of illiteracy persisted in some parts of Austria, half of the population was illiterate well into the 19th century,[136] The teacher training colleges (in particular the Vienna Normal School) produced hundreds of new teachers who spread the new system over the following decades. 100. [54][55], In 1741, the Austrian authorities informed Maria Theresa that the Bohemian populace would prefer Charles Albert, Elector of Bavaria to her as sovereign. She was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Transylvania, Mantua, Milan, Lodomeria and Galicia, the Austrian Netherlands, and Parma. She disliked Leopold's reserve and often blamed him for being cold. Maria Theresia, Teil eins und zwei heute; Teil drei und vier morgen, jeweils ab 20.15 Uhr bei Arte Quelle: F.A.Z. This development was symbolized by the building of the new auditorium of the University of Vienna (today the seat of the Austrian Academy of Sciences), which was decorated programmatically with allegories of Maria Theresa’s reformist activities in the field of education. Collected themes - browse stories and anecdotes from the history of the Habsburg Monarchy. She also promoted commerce and the development of agriculture, and reorganised Austria's ramshackle military, all of which strengthened Austria's international standing. She had spent months honing the equestrian skills necessary for the ceremony and negotiating with the Diet. She has, as you well know, a terrible hatred for France, with which nation it is most difficult for her to keep on good terms, but she controls this passion except when she thinks to her advantage to display it. Although some of these individuals moved on a voluntary basis, others, for example Protestants or social outsiders who were not tolerated by the state in the central parts of the Monarchy, were relocated by force. [151], Emperor Francis died on 18 August 1765, while he and the court were in Innsbruck celebrating the wedding of his second surviving son, Leopold. Durch die weitreichenden Reformen als Regentin prägte Maria Theresia nicht nur die Habsburgermonarchie, sondern auch den Landsitz Schloss Hof. She decided to rely on her father's advice to retain his counselors and to defer to her husband, whom she considered to be more experienced, on other matters. He had ignored the advice of Prince Eugene of Savoy who had urged him to concentrate on filling the treasury and equipping the army rather than on acquiring signatures of fellow monarchs. This was an important event that had great symbolic effect: Maria Theresa was now a rightfully crowned monarch and was able to secure the loyalty of the Hungarian Estates. The Viennese rioted at the cost of the war. [b] Maria Theresa developed a close relationship with Countess Marie Karoline von Fuchs-Mollard, who taught her etiquette. It was considered of the utmost importance that the child be baptized while still living, since according to traditional Catholic belief unbaptized infants would be condemned to eternity in limbo. Moreover, upon his death, Saxony, Prussia, Bavaria, and France all repudiated the sanction they had recognised during his lifetime. Publication date 1881 Publisher W. Braumüller Collection americana Digitizing sponsor Google Book from the collections of University of Michigan Language Multiple. Die große Habsburgerin, Köln 1994, Iby, Elfriede: Maria Theresia (1717–1780). [a], Maria Theresa was a serious and reserved child who enjoyed singing and archery. Read biographical notes and explore the historical context. Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2011 im Fachbereich Geschichte Europa - and. Following the indecisive Battle of Lobositz in 1756, he was replaced by Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine, Maria Theresa's brother-in-law. Maria Theresa herself decided to focus on domestic reforms and refrain from undertaking any further military operations. [63] French troops fled Bohemia in the winter of the same year. The Battle of Kolin that followed was a decisive victory for Austria. She delivered her last child, Maximilian Francis, during the Seven Years' War, aged 39. [2] Most descriptions of her baptism stress that the infant was carried ahead of her cousins, Maria Josepha and Maria Amalia, the daughters of Charles VI's elder brother and predecessor, Joseph I, before the eyes of their mother, Wilhelmine Amalia. Die sechsjährige Maria Theresia aus dem Hause Habsburg sieht ihren Lebensweg klar vor sich. [72] However, he was appointed only because of his familial relations; he turned out to be an incompetent military leader, and he was later replaced by Leopold Joseph von Daun, Franz Moritz von Lacy and Ernst Gideon von Laudon. 0 comments. Joseph slept in one of his mother´s antechambers and hardly left her bedside. The French overran the Austrian Netherlands in May. [38], In December, Frederick II of Prussia invaded the Duchy of Silesia and requested that Maria Theresa cede it, threatening to join her enemies if she refused. She criticized Maria Carolina for her political activities, Ferdinand for his lack of organization, and Maria Amalia for her poor French and haughtiness. The Turks reversed Austrian gains in Serbia, Wallachia and Bosnia. When the news came in early June that she had survived the crisis, there was huge rejoicing at the court and amongst the populace of Vienna. She also advocated for the state church and refused to allow religious pluralism. [162] She even once argued, "What right have we to rob an innocent nation that it has hitherto been our boast to protect and support? Maria Theresa's ally, the Elector of Saxony, now became her enemy,[51] and George II declared the Electorate of Hanover to be neutral. "[177], Her body is buried in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna next to her husband in a coffin she had inscribed during her lifetime.[178]. [82] In December 1762, her twelve-year-old daughter Johanna likewise died in agony from the disease. It takes at least a week for the smallpox rash to appear after a person is infected. [37], The first display of the new queen's authority was the formal act of homage of the Lower Austrian Estates to her on 22 November 1740. "[54] However, she managed to show her gift for theatrical displays by holding her son and heir, Joseph, while weeping, and she dramatically consigned the future king to the defense of the "brave Hungarians". Geburtstags Maria Theresias am 13. Eventually, Charles VI left behind a weakened and impoverished state, particularly due to the War of the Polish Succession and the Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739). The decisive victory won by the Austrian army at Kolín in 1757 confirmed the success of these changes. [21] The couple were married on 12 February 1736. The mural shows the four little girls crowned with floral wreathes sitting on clouds: in the foreground is Johanna Gabriele, who died at the age of twelve, behind her Maria Elisabeth (the firstborn) at the age of three years, then Maria Carolina, who died shortly after her first birthday, and in the far background, only visible as a shadowy putto (cherub), the second Maria Carolina, who did not live an hour. Länder - Mittelalter, Frühe Neuzeit, Note: 1,7, Universität Osnabrück, Veranstaltung: Reformen in der Habsburgermonarchie unter Maria Theresia und Josef II. One of the most important aspects of Jansenism was the advocation of maximum freedom of national churches from Rome. This was the first step towards compulsory universal primary education for broad sectors of the population. Many schools were run by Catholic orders (particularly the Jesuits). Thus, she established a Chastity Commission (Keuschheitskommission) in 1752[127] to clamp down on prostitution, homosexuality, adultery and even sex between members of different religions. Three years later, she prohibited the use of lead in any eating or drinking vessels; the only permitted material for this purpose was pure tin. The administrations of the various different territories of the Monarchy were to be unified and the autonomy of the individual Crown Lands curtailed in favour of a centralized administrative machinery controlled from Vienna. In order to effect this, the powers of the Estates within the individual Crown Lands had to be limited. She controlled the selection of archbishops, bishops and abbots. [150] Against this opposition, Maria Theresa was unable to carry out the planned reform. In the educational sector the ‘Studien- und Bücher-Zensur-Hofkommission’, established in 1760, marked the beginning of a centrally administered educational policy. They would also continue the war in Continental Europe until Prussia could be compelled to abandon Silesia and Glatz. Neither the gallows nor the, In German: Maria Theresia von Gottes Gnaden Heilige Römische Kaiserinwitwe, Königin zu Ungarn, Böhmen, Dalmatien, Kroatien, Slavonien, Gallizien, Lodomerien, usw., Erzherzogin zu Österreich, Herzogin zu Burgund, zu Steyer, zu Kärnten und zu Crain, Großfürstin zu Siebenbürgen, Markgräfin zu Mähren, Herzogin zu Braband, zu Limburg, zu Luxemburg und zu Geldern, zu Württemberg, zu Ober- und Nieder-Schlesien, zu Milan, zu Mantua, zu Parma, zu Piacenza, zu Guastala, zu Auschwitz und Zator, Fürstin zu Schwaben, gefürstete Gräfin zu Habsburg, zu Flandern, zu Tirol, zu Hennegau, zu Kyburg, zu Görz und zu Gradisca, Markgräfin des Heiligen Römischen Reiches, zu Burgau, zu Ober- und Nieder-Lausitz, Gräfin zu Namur, Frau auf der Windischen Mark und zu Mecheln, Herzoginwitwe zu Lothringen und Baar, Großherzoginwitwe zu Toskana, Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples and Sicily, Maximilian Francis, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne, Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Countess Marie Karoline von Fuchs-Mollard, Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, DC. & d. 1748). Having investigated the methods of inoculation then being practised in England, she ordered that the procedure be tried on thirty-four newborn orphans and sixty-seven orphans between the ages of five and fourteen years. During the course of the war, Maria Theresa successfully defended her rule over most of the Habsburg Monarchy, apart from the loss of Silesia and a few minor territories in Italy. [179][k], Ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg. [126], She was particularly concerned with the sexual morality of her subjects. [139] Maria Theresa crushed the dissent by ordering the arrest of all those opposed. [10] Unlike many other members of the House of Habsburg, neither Maria Theresa's parents nor her grandparents were closely related to each other. [139] Education was to be multilingual; children were to be instructed first in their mother tongue and then in later years in German. Repräsentation, Reform und Reaktion im habsburgischen Vielvölkerstaat (= Österreichische Geschichte 1699–1815, hg. On 12 May 1743, Maria Theresa had herself crowned Queen of Bohemia in St. Vitus Cathedral. An increase in population would also provide more soldiers for the army. Five children were born during the peace between the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War: Maria Johanna, Maria Josepha, (the third) Maria Carolina, Ferdinand and Maria Antonia. She promoted inoculation in Austria by hosting a dinner for the first sixty-five inoculated children in Schönbrunn Palace, waiting on the children herself. Their eldest son, Joseph, became Holy Roman Emperor. Maria Theresa Walburga Amalia Christina (German: Maria Theresia; 13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions, ruling from 1740 until her death in 1780. Maria Theresa´s physician Gerard van Swieten assured her that the infant was still living when baptized, but many at court doubted this. Maria Theresa’s position was strengthened by her coronation in Hungary in June 1741. Team during the project period 2008 to 2010, Maria Theresa in the eyes of her contemporaries, Maria Theresa’s final years: widowhood and death, Maria Theresa as the Habsburg ‘Übermutter’: traces of a life. mit dem Schwerpunkt der Kirchenreform (German Edition) Kindle Edition by Andreas Freye (Author) Format: Kindle Edition. Most importantly, she was ready to recognise the mental superiority of some of her advisers and to give way to a superior mind while enjoying support of her ministers even if their ideas differed from her own. [142] The reform of the primary schools largely met Maria Theresa´s aim of raising literacy standards, as evidenced by the higher proportions of children who attended school; this was particularly the case in the Archdiocese of Vienna, where school attendance increased from 40% in 1780 to a sensational 94% by 1807. [156] From then on, mother and son had frequent ideological disagreements. By marriage, she was Duchess of Lorraine, Grand Duchess of Tuscany and Holy Roman Empress. [131], From an institutional perspective, in 1749, she founded the Supreme Judiciary as a court of final appeal for all hereditary lands. [91] However, she never allowed the Church to interfere with what she considered to be prerogatives of a monarch and kept Rome at arm's length. [89] A devoted but self-conscious mother, she wrote to all of her children at least once a week and believed herself entitled to exercise authority over her children regardless of their age and rank. It is hardly credible how many books and productions of every species, and in every language, are proscribed by her. [81] In November 1763, Joseph´s first wife Isabella died from the disease. Besides, Maria Theresa herself agreed with the partition when she realised that Frederick II of Prussia and Catherine II of Russia would do it with or without Austrian participation. Once she had verified the safety and success of the procedure, she ordered the construction of an inoculation centre, and had herself and two of her children inoculated. [11] Her spelling and punctuation were unconventional and she lacked the formal manner and speech which had characterised her Habsburg predecessors. [8] The portraits of the imperial family show that Maria Theresa resembled Elisabeth Christine and Maria Anna. Somewhat surprisingly, the nobles were supported by Maria Theresa´s son and co-ruler Joseph II, who had earlier called for the abolition of serfdom. [161], Joseph and Prince Kaunitz arranged the First Partition of Poland despite Maria Theresa's protestations. Joseph, however, was never able to establish rapport with the same advisers, even though their philosophy of government was closer to Joseph's than to Maria Theresa's. These plans were forestalled by his death from smallpox. The central government was responsible for funding the army, although Haugwitz instituted taxation of the nobility, who had never before had to pay taxes. Maria Theresa started her 40-year reign when her father, Emperor Charles VI, died in October 1740. ... Nenne wichtige Reformen von Maria Thersia. [48] Her coronation as Queen of Hungary took place in St. Martin's Cathedral, Pressburg (today's Bratislava), on 25 June 1741. Since 1761, Kaunitz had tried to organise a diplomatic congress to take advantage of the accession of George III of the United Kingdom, as he did not really care about Germany. As a consequence of the lack of state administration on a local level the sovereign relied on the cooperation of the Estates in many important areas such as the collection of taxes or jurisdiction. When Maria Theresa assumed the reins of government following the sudden death of her father in 1740 it was soon obvious that Charles’s lifelong efforts to secure the continuation of the Habsburg Monarchy through diplomatic agreements had had little success. 100. [157], According to Austrian historian Robert A. Kann, Maria Theresa was a monarch of above-average qualifications but intellectually inferior to Joseph and Leopold. One of the demands of this economic doctrine, known as physiocracy, was an improvement in the situation of the peasants, specifically the limitation of obligatory labour for feudal overlords. English author Sir Nathaniel Wraxall once wrote from Vienna: "[T]he injudicious bigotry of the Empress may chiefly be attributed the deficiency [in learning]. [120], After the smallpox epidemic of 1767, she promoted inoculation. However, the queen's ministers convinced her that the order posed a danger to her monarchical authority. Mai 2017 den Höhepunkt des zu ihren Ehren vom ORF gestalteten Programmschwerpunkts. Glanz und Elend eines Herrscherhauses (Ungekürzte Taschenbuchausgabe, 12. Accept all cookies. [129] They were authorised to raid banquets, clubs, and private gatherings, and to arrest those suspected of violating social norms. Leopold Clement of Lorraine was first considered to be the appropriate suitor, and he was supposed to visit Vienna and meet the Archduchess in 1723. von Herwig Wolfram), Wien 2001, Yonan, Michael E.: Empress Maria Theresa and the Politics of Habsburg Imperial Art, The Pennsylvania State University Press 2011. [90], In April 1770, Maria Theresa's youngest daughter, Maria Antonia, married Louis, Dauphin of France, by proxy in Vienna. [164] As a result, his territories were coveted by ambitious men, including Joseph, who tried to swap Bavaria for the Austrian Netherlands. [24][25] She was very jealous of her husband and his infidelity was the greatest problem of their marriage,[26] with Maria Wilhelmina, Princess of Auersperg, as his best-known mistress. "[144] The censorship particularly affected works that were deemed to be against the Catholic religion. [80], Smallpox was a constant threat to members of the royal family. Die Josephinischen Reformen in Österreich unter Maria Theresia und Joseph II. She completely withdrew from court life, public events, and theater. Maria Theresa's favourite child, Maria Christina, was born on her 25th birthday, four days before the defeat of the Austrian army in Chotusitz. [147] In 1771–1778, Maria Theresa issued a series of "Robot Patents" (i.e. "[56] She bitterly vowed to spare nothing and no one to defend her kingdom when she wrote to the Bohemian chancellor, Count Philip Kinsky: "My mind is made up. Maria Theresia von Österreich (* 13. Unbestritten hat sie den Reformbedarf ihrer Zeit wahrgenommen. STUDY. [113] She also refounded the Hofkammer in 1762, which was a ministry of finances that controlled all revenues from the monarchy. Hungarian and Croat light hussars led by Count Hadik raided Berlin in 1757. Declaratory Rescript of the Illyrian Nation, Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria, Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Albert Ernest I, Prince of Oettingen-Oettingen, "Pragmatic Sanction of Emperor Charles VI", "Making Maria Theresia 'King' Of Hungary", "What made Austria's Maria Theresa a one-of-a-kind ruler", "Maria Theresa: the empress who left a mixed impression on the Czech lands – Radio Prague", "Illyrian privileges and the Romanians from the Banat", Maria Theresa, (1717–1780) Archduchess of Austria (1740–1780) Queen of Hungary and Bohemia (1740–1780), Archduchess Maria Anna, Abbess of Imperial and Royal Convent for Noble Ladies, Archduchess Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_Theresa&oldid=1011548167, Knights of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary, 18th-century women of the Holy Roman Empire, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 11 March 2021, at 14:04. Her title after the death of her husband was: Maria Theresa, by the Grace of God, Dowager Empress of the Romans, Queen of Hungary, of Bohemia, of Dalmatia, of Croatia, of Slavonia, of Galicia, of Lodomeria, etc. Austrian and Russian troops even occupied Berlin for several days in August 1760. Ironically, for this purpose, she was aided by Gerard van Swieten who was considered to be an "enlightened" man. Länder - Neuzeit, Absolutismus, Industrialisierung, Note: Sehr Gut, , Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Maria Theresia war eine Reformerin, ihre Motive aber sind zu hinterfragen. It was assumed that she had caught the infection when she went with her mother to pray in the Imperial Crypt next to the unsealed tomb of Empress Maria Josepha (Joseph´s wife). These included the abolition of internal tariffs with the goal of joining the individual Lands of the Monarchy in a large-scale economic area with unitary rules. Warum Reform? This was a product of deep religious devotion and was not kept secret in her time. Nachdem bereits 1742 die Geheime Haus-, Hof- und Staatskanzlei für die Bereiche der Außenpolitik und dynastischer Angelegenheiten eingerichtet worden war, kam es nun zu einer Fokus… Read this book using Google Play Books app on your PC, android, iOS devices. Maria Theresa in a blue fur-trimmed dress, oil painting, ca. Maria Theresa, desperate and burdened by pregnancy, wrote plaintively to her sister: "I don't know if a town will remain to me for my delivery. [144], Maria Theresa endeavoured to increase the living standards of the people, since she could see a causal link between peasant living standards, productivity and state revenue. The Treaty of Aachen, which concluded the eight-year conflict, recognised Prussia's possession of Silesia, and Maria Theresa ceded the Duchy of Parma to Philip of Spain. Maria Theresa promulgated institutional, financial, medical and educational reforms, with the assistance of Wenzel Anton of Kaunitz-Rietberg, Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz and Gerard van Swieten. Another aim was the professionalization of the civil service, with intake of middle-class professionals being increased to replace the aristocratic functionaries for whom leading positions had hitherto been reserved. [119] Maria Theresa also banned the creation of new burial grounds without prior government permission, thus countering wasteful and unhygienic burial customs. 0 comments. [113] The Directory was transformed into the United Austrian and Bohemian Chancellery in 1761, which was equipped with a separate, independent judiciary and separate financial bodies. [c] Francis Stephen was to receive the Grand Duchy of Tuscany upon the death of childless Grand Duke Gian Gastone de' Medici. Francis Stephen was inclined to consider such an arrangement, but the Queen and her advisers were not, fearing that any violation of the Pragmatic Sanction would invalidate the entire document. [106], Maria Theresa's government confirmed (1743) and continued to uphold old privileges granted to their Eastern Orthodox subjects by previous Habsburg monarchs (emperors Leopold I, Joseph I and Charles VI), but at the same time, new reforms were enforced, establishing much firmer state control over the Eastern Orthodox Metropolitanate of Karlovci. 3523 views 0 comments 0 likes . PLAY. Archduchess Josepha started showing smallpox rash two days after visiting the crypt and soon died. [3] It was clear that Maria Theresa would outrank them,[3] even though their grandfather, Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I, had his sons sign the Mutual Pact of Succession, which gave precedence to the daughters of the elder brother. [67] France had successfully conquered the Austrian Netherlands, but Louis XV, wishing to prevent potential future wars with Austria, returned them to Maria Theresa. Kultur im Österreich. The Geheime Haus-, Hof- und Staatskanzlei having already been established in 1742 for the spheres of foreign policy and dynastic affairs, the focus was now on the internal administration. Nach seinem Tod ließ sie das Schloss um ein Stockwerk erhöhen und neu einrichten. Monarchical rule was legitimized by descent. "[163] The duo argued that it was too late to abort now. [5] Charles sought the other European powers' approval for disinheriting his nieces. Joseph argued that it was difficult to find a middle way between the interests of the peasants and nobles; he suggested instead that the peasants negotiate with their landlords to reach an outcome. Maria Theresia von Österreich war eine Fürstin aus dem Hause Habsburg. [46] Maria Theresa reluctantly agreed to negotiations. [100] She also ordered the deportation of around 20,000 Jews from Prague amid accusations that they were disloyal at the time of the Bavarian-French occupation during the War of the Austrian Succession. She gave her son absolute control over the military following the death of Leopold Joseph von Daun. [103], The policies of Maria Theresa's government toward their Eastern Orthodox subjects were marked by special interests, relating not only to complex religious situations in various southern and eastern regions of the Habsburg Monarchy, inhabited by Eastern Orthodox Christians, mainly Serbs and Romanians, but also regarding the political aspirations of the Habsburg court toward several neighbouring lands and regions in Southeastern Europe still held by the declining Ottoman Empire and inhabited by an Eastern Orthodox population. Both decisions later gave cause for regret. The implementation of these reforms proved a lengthy process, but resulted in a strengthening of the core Lands of the Monarchy, which were unified by the administrative reforms. How Maria Theresa kept the memory of her deceased children is documented in a mural by Franz Anton Maulbertsch in the "Giant Hall" of the Hofburg in Innsbruck, which Maria Theresa commissioned to be painted as a monumental place of remembrance for her family after the sudden and unexpected death there of her husband in 1765. She believed that religious unity was necessary for a peaceful public life and explicitly rejected the idea of religious toleration. [135], Austrian historian Karl Vocelka observed that the educational reforms enacted by Maria Theresa were "really founded on Enlightenment ideas," although the ulterior motive was still to "meet the needs of an absolutist state, as an increasingly sophisticated and complicated society and economy required new administrators, officers, diplomats and specialists in virtually every area. [h][87] The last in the family to be infected with the illness was the fourteen-year-old Elisabeth. Maria Theresia , Alfred von Arneth. She is most unusually ambitious and hopes to make the House of Austria more renowned than it has ever been. After the continuation of the Monarchy and the international recognition of Maria Theresa as ruler had been guaranteed by the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748, systematic reform of the state administration was undertaken from 1749 under the supervision of Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz (1702–1765). [107][108], Maria Theresa was as conservative in matters of state as in those of religion, but she implemented significant reforms to strengthen Austria's military and bureaucratic efficiency. [95] Although Maria Theresa was a very pious person, she also enacted policies that suppressed exaggerated display of piety, such as the prohibition of public flagellantism. November 1780 ebenda) war eine Fürstin aus dem Hause Habsburg. [42], As Austria was short of experienced military commanders, Maria Theresa released Marshall Neipperg, who had been imprisoned by her father for his poor performance in the Turkish War. [109][116] These financial reforms greatly improved the economy. Contemporaries thought her Latin to be quite good, but in all else, the Jesuits did not educate her well. She used them as pawns in dynastic games and sacrificed their happiness for the benefit of the state. [43] Neipperg took command of the Austrian troops in March. Details on the individual cookies can be found under “Cookie settings”. Thus, in nomenclature, Maria Theresa was archduke and king; normally, however, she was styled as queen. In 1764, she ordered the release of those Jews who had been jailed for a blood libel in the village of Orkuta. The Austrians suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Mollwitz in April 1741. ";s:7:"keyword";s:23:"maria theresia reformen";s:5:"links";s:998:"<a href="https://friendstravel.al/wp-content/uploads/bjjjaq/viewtopic.php?page=43a60f-trust-headset-review">Trust Headset Review</a>,
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