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</html>";s:4:"text";s:35870:"[59] After the First Punic War, Carthaginian possessions in Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal) were limited to a handful of prosperous coastal cities in the south. The businessmen and wealthy magnates grew rich from the cheap labor of their human chattel, giving little thought that these same slaves might harbor a secret desire for freedom. [79] The Roman commanders captured Saguntum in 212 BC and in 211 BC hired 20,000 Celtiberian mercenaries to reinforce their army. In a way, he was lucky. Cisalpine Gaul was the northernmost province of Italy, centered in the Po valley. As the decades passed and Romeâs wars of conquest continued, returning legionaries preferred the pilum (spear) to the plow and sold out to large landowners. In theory, the road to Rome was open, but Spartacus refused to rise to the bait. Freedom was not an end in itself; the fugitives wanted revenge for the humiliations they had endured at the hands of their Roman masters. Brutus - Caesars Assassine, Kirsty Corrigan Brutus - Caesars Assassine, Kirsty Corrigan. [91] Hannibal set an ambush[91] and in the Battle of Lake Trasimene completely defeated the Roman army, killing 15,000 Romans,[92] including Flaminius,[91] and taking 10,000 prisoners. They would be heading away from the Alps and safety, but there was method in Spartacusâs madness. [39][40] When armies were campaigning, surprise attacks, ambushes and stratagems were common. This meant the loss of Carthaginian Sicily to Rome under the terms of the Roman-dictated Treaty of Lutatius. Those who tried to continue farming found themselves under pressure to sell. Henceforth it was clear that Carthage was politically subordinate to Rome. He chose 500 of the runaways who had disgraced themselves by flight and divided them into 50 groups of 10 men each. This was insufficient to challenge Hannibal's army in open battle, but sufficient to force him to concentrate his forces and to hamper his movements. She was the lover of Naphnion, who was later captured and crucified along the Appian Way in 71 BC. The Thracians were feared as fierce warriors, with a reputation as hell-raisers not unlike that of the latter-day Vikings. The walls had defied Hannibal, one of the greatest military geniuses of all time. The final engagement of the war took place between armies under Scipio and Hannibal at the Battle of Zama in 202 and resulted in Hannibal's defeat and in Carthage suing for peace. DA: 33 PA: 94 MOZ Rank: 45 Up or Down: Up, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aulus-Hirtius. To him, heading north without battle was tantamount to turning tail. Spartacus led his countrymen, while Crixus headed the Celts, and Oenomaus became chief of the Germans. [1] The 4,000-foot-high volcanic peak had not exploded for centuries. His status as the founder of the Roman Principate (the first phase of the Roman Empire) has consolidated a legacy as one of the most effective leaders in human history. Farmers were killed and records destroyed. Slavery was big business and could reap huge profits for both buyer and seller. [105][106] However, the majority of Rome's allies remained loyal, including many in southern Italy. Yet beneath the barbarian surface was a man who could think, and think clearly. What was needed was a fresh approach, implemented by a new commander untainted by the stench of recent defeats. Spartacus urged his men to escape Italy at last, but most refused. Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Punic_War&oldid=1048164026, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 4 October 2021, at 16:14. In all, Crassusâs army totaled about 45,000 effectives. [90] Hannibal then cut off the Roman army from Rome, which provoked Flaminius into a hasty pursuit without proper reconnaissance. [70], In 218 BC there was some naval skirmishing in the waters around Sicily. The wily Thracian managed another victory against two of Crassusâs subordinates, but the final outcome was never in doubt. Publius Scipio was the bereaved son of the previous Roman co-commander in Iberia, also named Publius Scipio, and the nephew of the other co-commander, Gnaeus Scipio. [13] Much of Polybius's account of the Second Punic War is missing, or only exists in fragmentary form. The main source for almost every aspect of the Punic Wars[note 1] is the historian Polybius (c. 200 – c. 118 BC), a Greek sent to Rome in 167 BC as a hostage. That was bad enough, but when Marcus Antonius, father of Mark Antony, took on the pirates, he was outmaneuvered and humiliated. In most circumstances Carthage recruited foreigners to make up its army. By 212 BC the full complement of the legions deployed would have been in excess of 100,000 men, plus, as always, a similar number of allied troops. In response, Roman advisers were sent to train his soldiers and he waged war against the Carthaginian ally Gala. Found inside – Page 186Antony Defeated at Mutina (43 BCE). ... had refused to yield Cisalpine Gaul to Antony, who in December forced him into Mutina (modern Modena) and then ... Marcus Junius Brutus was 'n teenstander van Julius Caesar tydens die burgeroorlog tussen Caesar en Pompeius. Cisalpine Gaul (Latin: Gallia Cisalpina, also called Gallia Citerior or Gallia Togata) was the part of Italy inhabited by Celts during the 4th and 3rd centuries BC.After its conquest by the Roman Republic in the 220s BC it was considered geographically part of Roman Italy but remained administratively separated.. Found inside – Page 351Mutina is a town in Cisalpine Gaul, where Brutus was besieged by MarkAntony; Mutina, located in northern Italy, 2 prūdēns, prūdentis – prudent dēbeam ... [145][143] In this battle he attempted to use his cavalry superiority to clear the flanks while enveloping the enemy centre on both sides with his infantry. Probably officially established around 81 BC, the province was governed from Mutina (modern-day Modena ), where, in 73 BC, forces under Spartacus defeated... DA: 69 PA: 33 MOZ Rank: 54 Up or Down: Up. If Spartacus took Sicily, he could use the island as a naval base of sorts. Brutus - Asasinul lui Caesar, Kirsty Corrigan Brutus - Asasinul lui Caesar, Kirsty Corrigan. By the beginning of the first century bc, most of the small farms were gone, replaced by large plantation-like estates called latifundia. Bhí Augustus (63 RC - AD 14) ar cheann de na stáit agus na fir mhíleata ba thábhachtaí san Iarthar. [139] They sailed from Croton[140] and landed at Carthage with 15,000–20,000 experienced veterans. [15][17][16], Several of the city states in southern Italy allied themselves with Hannibal, or were captured when pro-Carthaginian factions betrayed their defences. Spartacusâs first attempt at a breakout ended in defeat. [155] Later the same year a mutiny broke out among Roman troops, which initially attracted support from Iberian leaders, disappointed that Roman forces had remained in the peninsula after the expulsion of the Carthaginians, but it was effectively put down by Scipio. Initially, the Romans isolated the following parts of Gaul: Cisalpine Gaul ( lat. She was killed in 72 BC during the Battle of Mutina, against the legions commanded by Proconsul Gaius Cassius Longinus Varus. Raising fresh troops to replace these delayed the army's departure for Iberia until September. .73 M. H. Ballance, Cumanm Cami'i at Antalya: A Byzantine Church. All 6,000 were crucified along the Appian Way from Capua to Rome, a forest of crosses bearing bitter human fruit. Brutus - Asesino de César, Kirsty Corrigan Brutus - Asesino de César, Kirsty Corrigan. Found inside – Page 130On April 21 Antony is again bested by forces under Hirtius, who is killed in the Battle of Mutina in Cisalpine Gaul. Antony crosses the Apennines mountain ... Found inside – Page 249CHAPTER VIII Antony orders Decimus Brutus to withdraw from Cisalpine Gaul - Decimus retires to Mutina and Antony besieges him there — Cicero urges that ... Extensive conquests brought great wealth to the city on the Tiber, profoundly altering Roman society and politics in the bargain. [141] Mago was also recalled; he died of wounds on the voyage and some of his ships were intercepted by the Romans,[141] but 12,000 of his troops reached Carthage. This combined Roman force attacked at the Battle of the Metaurus and destroyed his army, killing Hasdrubal. In the annals of military history magazines, this is one of those moments. RG 35. Mutina CISALPINE GAUL A LY CORSICA TRANSALPINE GAUL NARBONENSIS IL R CILICIA SE A S YRIA Antioch 46 | Lee L. Brice It is not possible in one chapter to cover all facets of military discipline (disciplina militaris), and other works have explored it fully.3 Instead, in this chapter I examine some of the ways in which military discipline broadly . The Battle of Mutina took place on 21 April 43 BC between the forces loyal to the Senate under Consuls Gaius Vibius Pansa and Aulus Hirtius, supported by the forces of Caesar Octavian, and the forces of Mark Antony which were besieging the troops of Decimus Brutus.The latter, one of Caesar's assassins, held the city of Mutina (present-day Modena) in Cisalpine Gaul. This battle confirmed Roman dominance in Italy. Bold and charismatic, he welded the disparate elements into an effective fighting forceâat least for a time. The Greek writer Plutarch declared that Spartacus ânot only had great spirit and physical strength,â but was âmost intelligent and cultured, being more like a Greek than a Thracian.â This was high praise indeed from a Greek. Gallia Transpadana denoted that part of Cisalpine Gaul between the Padus (now the Po River) and the Alps, while Gallia Cispadana was the part to the south of the river. [164] The Roman and allied Numidian cavalry drove the Carthaginian cavalry from the field. This sealed the fate of the Carthaginians in Iberia. [98][99] Fabius was not popular among the soldiers, the Roman public or the Roman elite, since he avoided battle while Italy was being devastated by the enemy and his tactics would not lead to a quick end to the war. [95] The Carthaginians continued their march through Etruria, then Umbria, to the Adriatic coast, then turned south into Apulia,[96] in the hope of winning over some of the ethnic Greek and Italic city states of southern Italy. His body was so hacked to pieces that it was never recovered or identified. Finally a compromise was reached. The heavily outnumbered Carthaginian infantry held out while this was happening until Hasdrubal charged into the legions from behind. Hostages were taken. [123][124] Both Polybius' and Livy's accounts of the siege focus on Archimedes' invention of war machines to counteract Roman siege warfare, made more difficult by the strong defenses of the city. XHTML: You can use these tags: <a href="" title=""> <abbr title=""> <acronym title=""> <b> <blockquote cite=""> <cite> <code> <del datetime=""> <em> <i> <q cite=""> <s> <strike> <strong>. Found inside – Page 37Antony , being raised by the people to his new government of Cisalpine Gaul ... last besieged in the city of Mutina , of which he sent word to the senate . 0 0 gaul HILIGAYNON. "Shock" troops are those trained and used to close rapidly with an opponent, with the intention of breaking them before, or immediately upon, contact. 6731 Whittier Avenue, Suite C-100 McLean, VA 22101, From Tolkien to Hitler: Famous Soldiers of World War I, The Battle for Omaha Beach: The Men of the D-Day Invasion, Napoleon Bonaparteâs Last Campaign: The Battle of Waterloo, Operation Barbarossa: World War IIâs Eastern Front, The Battle of Gettysburg: Turning Point of the American Civil War, M18 Hellcat Tank Destroyers Failed on the Battlefield, Controversial Allied Escort Carriers were Versatile Weapons, Winston Churchillâs Secret D-Day Weapon, What Made the B-25 Mitchell Bomber so Legendary, What Made the German Luger the Most Famous Pistol in Modern Warfare, Marine Sergeant Mitchell Paige: Valor on Guadalcanal, Jimmy Doolittle: The Warrior from Shangri-La, Donald Malarkey: The Story of Easy Companyâs Brother from Astoria, Soldiers: Ancient Greek General Epaminondas, Fight in the Fog: The Battle of Vercellae on the Raudine Plain, The History of War Elephants: From Ancient India to Vietnam. Could Spartacus, untrained in the art of siege craft and lacking engineers, do better? In centuries past, the Roman legionary was a peasant soldier, but as Romeâs empire expanded, so did its armies. [102] At least 67,500 Romans were killed or captured. In 205 BC a last attempt was made by Mago to recapture New Carthage when the Roman occupiers were shaken by another mutiny and an Iberian uprising, but he was repulsed. Nevertheless, Rome was still a sizable city, with seven miles of walls enclosing 1,000 acres. Rome was master of all it surveyed, but success came at an enormous social cost. After two years, the Spartacus Revolt was over. The gladiators would stay in Italy, at least for the time being, and they would fight Varinius. Sometimes, Romans even bought captives from pirates who sailed the Mediterranean like predatory sharks. Sooner or later, the Roman legionsâreal, battle-tested, veteran legionsâwould return, and the rebels would be destroyed. [161] Hannibal was placed in command of another army, formed from his veterans from Italy and newly raised troops from Africa, but with few cavalry. However, only part of the besieging force left for Rome and Capua fell soon afterwards. In 138 bc, several thousand ill-treated wretches rose up but were quickly crushed. Spartacusâs men knew that crucifixion would be their fate if they were captured alive. With proper weapons and training, they could be molded into the backbone of the insurgent force. [14] However, the classicist Adrian Goldsworthy notes that Livy's "reliability is often suspect";[15] the historian Phillip Sabin refers to Livy's "military ignorance";[16] and he is generally considered untrustworthy by modern historians. Spartacus tried to reach Crassus in an effort to personally kill his rival. AUGUSTUS Authentic Ancient 27BC Rome Vintage Roman Coin LUGDUNUM BULL NGC i89612. Marcus Junius Brutus fue un oponente de Julio César durante la guerra civil entre César y Pompeyo. By admin, October 2, 2021 ʻO Augustus (63 BC - AD 14) kekahi o nā mokuʻāina nui a me nā kāne koa i ke komohana. Both battles ended in complete defeat for the Romans, as Hasdrubal had bribed the Romans' mercenaries to desert. (Crassus may have bought them off, or else they simply betrayed Spartacus on their own.) But Spartacus insisted that their insurgent army was not yet ready to tackle the praetor. They were well armed and well equippedâmuch to Spartacusâs later delightâbut it was all a showy façade. He staged a march towards Rome, hoping to compel the Romans to abandon the siege in order to defend their home city. There, gladiators such as Spartacus perfected a savage craft of hand-to-hand combat designed to entertain their Roman masters. Map showing the approximate location of the Boii in Bohemia and in Italy. Bhí Augustus (63 RC - AD 14) ar cheann de na stáit agus na fir mhíleata ba thábhachtaí san Iarthar. Found inside – Page 286C. Brutus besieged in Mutina Battle of Mutina Defeat and retirement of ... and in particular the measure by which he claimed possession of Cisalpine Gaul, ... Scipio was awarded a triumph and received the agnomen "Africanus". The majority were deployed in southern Italy in field armies of approximately 20,000 men each. [46], The Roman Republic had been aggressively expanding in the southern Italian mainland for a century[47] and had conquered peninsular Italy south of the Arno River by 272 BC, when the Greek cities of southern Italy (Magna Graecia) submitted after the conclusion of the Pyrrhic War. [162] Hannibal attempted to use 80 elephants to break into the Roman infantry formation, but the Romans countered them effectively and they routed back through the Carthaginian ranks. [26][27] When they did they fought as well-armoured heavy infantry armed with long thrusting spears, although they were notoriously ill-trained and ill-disciplined. [134] Hannibal then fought the inconclusive Battle of Numistro, but the Romans stayed on his heels, fighting the also inconclusive Battle of Canusium in 209 BC. The Roman fortifications were not continuous, but they were formidable. [76] At the Battle of Rhone Crossing, Hannibal defeated a force of local Allobroges which sought to bar his way. Soon Italy was awash with slavesâsome two million in a population of only six million. Without the expected reinforcement the Carthaginians were compelled to evacuate allied towns and withdraw to Bruttium. Spartacusâs band included Thracians, Celts, and Germans, and it was natural that they wanted their own leaders. [34][45], Both states possessed large fleets throughout the war, but there were no large-scale naval clashes and Carthage never attempted to use its fleet decisively, effectively giving the Romans naval superiority for the course of the war. After this, as the Romans pursued Sparticus, he soundly defeated them in three engagements, then a local governor Caius Casius in Mutina (Cisalpine Gaul in northern Italy) raised an army of about 10,000 men to stop the rebels, but was defeated and the captives were forced to fight each other as gladiators to avenge the death of Crixus and his men. He was one of the richest men in Rome, with a fortune reckoned at 170,000,000 sesterces. Overconfident, he wanted to attack Varinius. [note 5][32][38], Garrison duty and land blockades were the most common operations. Silver Double Shekel of Carthage Diameter: 25 mm. [83] As a result, most of the Gallic tribes declared for the Carthaginian cause, and Hannibal's army grew to more than 40,000 men. 115 Joyce Reynolds, Inscriptions of Roman Tripolitania : A Supplement 124 D. A» Bullough, The Counties of the Regnutn Italiae in the Carolingian [159], Rome and Carthage entered into peace negotiations, and Carthage recalled Hannibal from Italy. The warrior is armed with a, 2nd century BC marble bust, identified as the younger Scipio, now in the. The rest of the slave army was similarly annihilated. Mago left Iberia for northern Italy with his remaining forces. Some of the walls reached heights of 13 feet. [163], The peace treaty the Romans subsequently imposed on the Carthaginians stripped them of all of their overseas territories, and some of their African ones. See also: Roman Republic (18th century) and Roman Republic (19th century) Roman Republic Official name (as on coins): Roma after ca. Hannibal was left largely free to ravage Apulia for the next year. [4][5] Polybius's work is considered broadly objective and largely neutral as between Carthaginian and Roman points of view. It soon received Gallic and Ligurian reinforcements. Found inside – Page 187He himself was anxious to occupy his province of Cisalpine Gaul , and since Decimus Brutus ... refused to yield to Antony and was blockaded in Mutina . Brutus - Sezarın qatili, Kirsty Corrigan Brutus - Sezarın qatili, Kirsty Corrigan. 1 . The consuls retreated, but there was still a piece of unfinished business left to complete. The Capuans were easily sent packing, but they left behind good weapons and armor. La batalla de Placentia se libró en 194 a. C., cerca de Placentia , entre la República Romana y los Boios . His intention was to cross over to Sicily, but what he intended beyond that is mere speculation. There are moments in military history that forever alter the flow of human events. He could have ended up nailed to a cross, as other deserters-turned-bandits had been. There were so many slaves that the Roman Senate quickly rejected an idea that slaves wear some kind of distinctive garb. He released the captured population and liberated the Iberian hostages held there by the Carthaginians, in an attempt to ensure the loyalty of their tribes;[150][152] although many of them were subsequently to fight against the Romans. [152] In 203 BC Carthage succeeded in recruiting at least 4,000 mercenaries from Iberia, despite Rome's nominal control. Reinforced by Gallic allies, he obtained crushing victories over the Romans at the battles of Trebia (218) and Lake Trasimene (217). Gallia Narbonensis (English: Narbonese Gaul, from the chief settlement of Narbonne) was a Roman province located in what is now Languedoc and Provence, in southern France. [93][94] Hannibal hoped some of these allies could be persuaded to defect. Caught literally napping, the Roman soldiers had little chance, especially against expert warriors who reveled in hand-to-hand fighting. However, the Romans broke through the thinned-out center of the Carthaginian line and then defeated each wing separately, inflicting severe losses and taking heavy losses themselves. It was a Roman province from c. 81 BC until 42 BC, when it was ''de jure . [35] Slingers were frequently recruited from the Balearic Islands. This was harsh even by Roman standards, but soon the legionaries feared their commander more than they feared Spartacus. [88], In early spring 217 BC, the Carthaginians crossed the Apennines unopposed, taking a difficult but unguarded route. [112] When the port city of Locri defected to Carthage in the summer of 215 BC it was immediately used to reinforce the Carthaginian forces in Italy with soldiers, supplies and war elephants. Cis - "on this side", lat. The Philippics are a collection of 14 speeches delivered by Cicero against the character of Marc Antony. [117] Hannibal repeatedly defeated Roman armies, but wherever his main army was not active the Romans threatened Carthaginian-supporting towns or sought battle with Carthaginian or Carthaginian-allied detachments; frequently with success. Instead, Spartacus became a heavyweight, or murmillo, gladiator, burdened with a staggering 35 to 40 pounds of arms and armor, including the well-known crested helmet. Found insideAntony orders Decimus Brutus to withdraw from Cisalpine Gaul — Decimus retires to Mutina and Antony besieges him there — Cicero urges that Antony be ... It was a salutary lesson. Siege of Mutina - Cisalpine Gaul - Antony goes to his province but D. Brutus is still there - Antony besiges D. Brutus and brutus appeals to senate for help - Octavian helps them by helping wounded. [17][14], Other, later, ancient histories of the war exist, although often in fragmentary or summary form. Spartacus was not born into slavery, but rather started his career as an auxiliary in the Roman Army. Hannibal arrived with 20,000 infantry, 6,000 cavalry, and an unknown number of elephants – the survivors of the 37 with which he left Iberia[80][81] – in Cisalpine Gaul (northern Italy). Marcus Junius Brutus was 'n teenstander van Julius Caesar tydens die burgeroorlog tussen Caesar en Pompeius. The vast pasturelands were where slave shepherds tended flocks. Rome was simultaneously bogged down in two costly wars on either end of the Mediterranean. In 215 Hasdrubal eventually acted, besieging a pro-Roman town and offering battle at Dertosa. The Romans were not only routed, but some literally threw away their weapons in panic as they ran. Found inside – Page 37Antony , being raised by the people to his new government of Cisalpine Gaul ... last besieged in the city of Mutina , of which he sent word to the senate . Somehow, Spartacus and 74 others managed to escape into the countryside. [2][11] The modern historian Andrew Curry sees Polybius as being "fairly reliable";[12] while Craige Champion describes him as "a remarkably well-informed, industrious, and insightful historian". In 211 BC, Hannibal sent a force of Numidian cavalry to Sicily, which was led by the skilled Liby-Phoenician officer Mottones, who inflicted heavy losses on the Roman army through hit-and-run attacks. But this calmed once Sempronius arrived, to preside over the consular elections in the usual manner. [98] Toni Ñaco del Hoyo describes the Trebia, Lake Trasimene and Cannae as the three "great military calamities" suffered by the Romans in the first three years of the war. Ua lawelawe ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he emepera Roma mua, a ʻo ia ka mea i paʻa i kēia kūlana no ka manawa lōʻihi loa i waena o ka poʻe āpau e paʻa ana ia. [79] The Carthaginians reached the foot of the Alps by late autumn[76] and crossed them, surmounting the difficulties of climate, terrain[76] and the guerrilla tactics of the native tribes. [146] This strategy resulted in the Battle of Castulo and the Battle of Ilorca, usually referred to jointly as the Battle of the Upper Baetis. Found inside – Page 351Mutina is a town in Cisalpine Gaul, where Brutus was besieged by Mark Antony; Mutina, located in northern Italy, 2 prūdēns, prūdentis – prudent dēbeam ... Something went wrong, however, and the pirates never showed up. Meanwhile, the Carthaginian army was crippled by plague. Both legionary sub-units and individual legionaries fought in relatively open order. 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Of occupations were raised resisted operating away from their Roman masters to his strength Spartacusâs breakout was perfectly even. 26 up or Down: up, https: //quizlet.com/46553343/classics-33-battle-of-mutina-flash-cards/ many were from Africa!";s:7:"keyword";s:26:"razor rsf350 electric bike";s:5:"links";s:1100:"<a href="https://digiprint-global.uk/site/pwvjf/susanville-evacuation">Susanville Evacuation</a>,
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