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</html>";s:4:"text";s:27064:"Contribution of genetic and metabolic syndrome to omental adipose tissue PAI-1 gene mRNA and plasma levels in obesity. Pashtun, member of an ethnolinguistic group residing primarily in the region that lies between the Hindu Kush in northeastern Afghanistan and the northern stretch of the Indus River in Pakistan. These population movements were instrumental in churning the genetic makeup of the Indus Valley into the picture we see today. 2008;56(1):81–6. These included Caucasian, Mongolian, and Negroid. Wang J, Wang W, Li R, Li Y, Tian G, Goodman L, et al. Pashtuns is a former featured article.Please see the links under Article milestones below for its original nomination page (for older articles, check the nomination archive) and why it was removed. [47][46] There is evidence of a small Greek contribution to the . To test the representativeness of the Pathan (PTN) genome, we compared it other Pathan individuals that had been typed for ~650 k SNPs in the HGDP-CEPH panel, together with individuals from another eight Central Asian populations. His father has been diagnosed for cardiovascular disorder, hypertension and Alzheimer’s. Development and validation of a computational method for assessment of missense variants in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The rest of our analysis was initiated from the FASTQ files provided by Illumina's downstream analysis CASAVA software suite. Damaging nsSNVs were annotated using PharmGKB and DrugBank databases [39,40]. Various studies have proven that human DNA can be used to explore historical movements of populations by studying their genetic make-up [].Some molecular genealogy studies also indicate a minor contribution to the Pashtun DNA from Iranian, Arab, Turkish, and Greek peoples [].Theory of Pashtun descent from Israelites is currently being studied by researchers in India []. We also found three pathogenic SNVs in genes associated with hair, skin and pigmentation: EDAR (rs3827760, Val370Ala), SLC45A2 (rs16891982, Phe374Leu), and TYR (rs1042602, Ser192Tyr) [30-32]. First published in 2003, this is the first unclassified official history authored by the U.S. Army Special Operations Command relating to Operation Enduring Freedom. With the fall of Kabul into the hands of the Taliban just shy of the 20th anniversary of the September 11 attacks, the world's attention has once again turned to Afghanistan. They consist of several hundred clans and tribes that have fiercely preserved their heritage amid waves of foreign conquest and occupation. The detail list of those drugs can be found in Additional file 9: Table S8. ANNOVAR was used for detailed annotation analysis of CNVRs to identify genes associated with these regions (Additional file 4: Table S3). Pashtuns don't marry non-Pashtuns. Out of ~8,000 nsSNVs only 37 variants (three novel) were found linked with certain disorders. His mother has osteoarthritis and grandparents were died due to heart attack, cancer and hypertension. 2008;98(1):47–54. Many Native North and South Americans are also connected along the line and have Q lineage. 2005;6(4):333–40. The Israeli supervising scientist nixed any such study a priori, and the Indian researcher, after realizing the controversial nature of the research among the locals, abandoned that line . SNVs and small indels ranging from 1 to 20 bases were identified using Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK v1.4) with HARD_TO_VALIDATE: MQ0 ≥ 4 and ((MQ0/(1.0 × DP)) > 0.1), 2) QualFilter = QUAL < 10, 3) DepthFilter = DP < 5 or DP < 200 options. Pashtuns near the Indus lowlands and Khyber Pass exhibit significant overlap with Punjabi/Dardic groups. Genomics, Personalized Medicine, and Pediatrics. MODERN-DAY scholars have added greatly to our stock of knowledge on this subject. This code may date back to at least the . Tecan’s Infinite F200 nanodrop was used to assess DNA purity, 1.7 % agarose gel electrophoresis to confirm DNA size (presence of high molecular weight DNA) and Invitrogen’s Qubit fluorometer to determine the DNA concentration. 2001;29:308–11. Found inside – Page 155It's possible that plenty of other DNA also floats around in Pakhtun blood, ... Empire and bequeathed some of their customs and genes to the Pashtuns, ... Nature. Found inside – Page 1This book is an account of the emergence and key events related to the origin and expansion of Pakistani Taliban since 2001, with a focus on the role of religion in their actions, policies and worldviews. PubMed In Afghanistan they are the largest ethnic group and make up an estimated 42% of the population according to the CIA World Factbook. Levy S, Sutton G, Ng PC, Feuk L, Halpern AL, Walenz BP, et al. 2010;38:e164. 2008;456:60–5. ), while the latter is the sum-total of an organism's genetic makeup (i . Meanwhile, individuals (only one each) from Kabul and Laghman (Afg) clustered with the Kurram Pashtuns. PubMed Google Scholar. Based on the data I have it appears that location is a stronger predictor of where Pashtuns cluster genetically than tribe, so I went with that grouping. He lately made a 2000 km travel, from Quetta the capital of Balushistan to the edge… Prediction of eye and skin color in diverse populations using seven SNPs. The Royal family of Afghanistan claims to have roots from Kish, father of King Saul, a descendant of the tribe of Benjamin. The minimum size taken was 1,000 bp. Google Scholar. 2005;6:782–92. Media in category "Genetic studies on Pashtun" The following 20 files are in this category, out of 20 total. They consist of several hundred clans and tribes that have fiercely . Association studies on ghrelin and ghrelin receptor gene polymorphisms with obesity. A large scale analysis of diverse genomes is needed to help researchers around the world in understanding genetic diversity and functional classification of variants along with pharmacogenomic traits and associated drugs that would be use as personalized medicine. Azim MK, Yang C, Yan Z, Choudhary MI, Khan A, Sun X, et al. PubMed Forbes [http://www.forbes.com/2007/02/07/worlds-fattest-countries-forbeslife-cx_ls_0208worldfat.html]. We found no damaged variants responsible for Alzheimer’s, obesity and heart related diseases just like we found in Pathan (PTN) genome. A little while ago I discussed South Asian genetics and where Pashtuns fall on that spectrum. Ellingrod VL, Miller DD, Taylor SF, Moline J, Holman T, Kerr J. Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in schizophrenia patients receiving antipsychotics genotyped for the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (< i > MTHFR</i>) 677C/T and 1298A/C variants. One being Afghan Pashtuns from Kandahar, the other being Pakistani Pashtuns from Kurram. Admixture analysis was performed based on 643,281 SNVs (thinned to avoid LD). This book takes a clinical approach to the patient with a genetic disease that affects the eye. 2004;113(6):361–9. Among the SNVs, 129,441 were novel, and 10,315 nonsynonymous SNVs were found in 5,344 genes. And finally, an individual from Paktia (Afg) also clustered with the Kandahar Pashtuns. Thus making them a distinct ethnic group in South Asia. Introduction: Defining and Identifying 'Race' On a scientific level, race and ethnicity are defined by two factors: Collective average 'phenotype' and collective average 'genotype.' The former is the sum-total of an organism's observable characteristics (height, complexion, bone structure, hairiness, etc. Haplogroup Q-M242 is also found at a frequency of 18% in Pashtuns in the Afghan capital of Kabul. Figure S4 (Comparing Pathan ethnic genome with other twelve diverse ethnic genomes from South Asia). TheragenEtex and GRF researchers were supported by internal research and development fund. There were 1,272,912 homozygous and 2,540,528 heterozygous SNVs. Genome Res. PubMed Found insideIn this volume, leading scholars of issues related to conversion, Judaising movements and Judaism as a New Religious Movement discuss and explain this global movement towards identification with the Jewish people, from Germany and Poland to ... Miller CA, Hampton O, Coarfa C, Milosavljevic A. ReadDepth: a parallel R package for detecting copy number alterations from short sequencing reads. PLoS One. It has been inhabited since the Paleolithic and later became a crossroad for expanding civilizations and empires. That’s probably it for the Pashtun-themed genetic posts, at least for now. Li H, Handsaker B, Wysoker A, Fennell T, Ruan J, Homer N, et al. 2010;11(9):R91. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. You can write us at transmission+rferl.org. The Genome Analysis Toolkit: a MapReduce framework for analyzing next-generation DNA sequencing data. The eastern Iranic people are a sub-group of the Iranic race. Found inside – Page 403A number of genetic studies of the Pashtuns have been conducted recently by researchers of various universities and research groups. [20] [21] In 1993, A. S. Santachiara Benerecetti, et al. DNA extracted from blood was sequenced with paired-end reads of 90 bp using the Illumina HiSeq2000 sequencer, producing 1,069,127,687 reads. Title: Afghan Genetic Mysteries Author: Bernard Dupaigne Created Date: 1/7/2016 2:30:37 PM Signed informed consents were obtained from the participant in this study and his family members' consent on publishing the entire content of the genome and phenotype information, as well as personal identifying information (such as age, sex and location). The mtDNA (H2) and Y haplogroup (L1) of this individual were also typical of his geographic region of origin. (Summary of data production and mapping results). 2009;25:1754–60. Incidence and Trends of Prostate Cancer in Karachi South. Copy number calls smaller than 1.3 were taken as loss and greater than 2.6 as gains. 2011;5:472–8. 2012;475(7357):493. 2008;36 suppl 1:D901–6. Determining the relation between N-acetyltransferase-2 acetylator phenotype and antituberculosis drug induced hepatitis by molecular biologic tests. Similar to Nuristanis, some genetic root gives many Gujjars a distinctly European appearance, up to and including blond hair and blue eyes. However the beginning of India starts at UP Brahmins. AFGHANISTAN- the name conjures images of rugged mountains, ancient cities, hardened Mujaheddin, a country rife with regional rivalries, and the eternal struggle between Tajik and Pashtun. We analyzed the first ethnic male Pathan genome by . What makes a person different from others? Each individual is represented by a vertical line, divided into colored segments that represent membership coefficients in the subgroups. Ilyas, M., Kim, JS., Cooper, J. et al. We compared the Pathan genome to a set of 11 HGDP genomes from around the world (as published by Meyer et al.) Figure S5 (Cytogenetic analysis through GTG banding karyotype) and legends. While a number of these groups have been included in genetic panels typing microsatellites and SNPs [7], only one male Pakistani individual of unknown ethnic origin has been sequenced so far (Additional file 1: Figure S2) [8]. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Am J Hum Genet. Non-synonymous variants from Pakistani (PK1) genome were annotated for investigating associated diseases. 2010;20:1297–303. Answer (1 of 6): It is a theory, an interesting one too. McKenna A, Hanna M, Banks E, Sivachenko A, Cibulskis K, Kernytsky A, et al. 2009;8(5):395–404. Privacy In a sense this is inevitable, as there isn't a great data set I've found for Afghan Pashtuns that specifies both tribe and location, while . Nat Genet. Is the genetic makeup of the indigenous population of the east any different from that of the emigrated communities? Pashtuns were the descendants of one of the ten lost tribes of Israel (Burnes 1834), but genetic research has still to find any evidence of such claim (Qamar et al 2002; Parfitt 2003). Moreover two nsSNVs (rs2056899 and rs140980900) of CYP4A22 and GGT5 genes in the Arachidonic acid metabolism pathway were found (Additional file 7: Table S6). We first used samtools to extract the diploid genomes from their BAM files aligned to hg19, and excluded sex chromosomes and mitochondrial genomes because they are haploid. By Pashtuns/Pukhtuns themselves, Pathan tend to refer to non-pashto speaking peoples of obviously different genetic make-up, of decidedly non-Pashtun blood lines who often coincidently use the surname khan or a family name of notable Muslims and are considered as ''fake claimants'', mostly converts to Islam who have adopted the title for social . They consist of several hundred clans and tribes that have fiercely preserved their heritage amid waves of foreign conquest and occupation. 2nd Edition. We investigated how representative our Pathan genome was of that ethnic group by comparing it to another twenty-two Pathan individuals in the HGDP-CEPH panel [7], which had been typed for ~650 k SNVs, together with a further 190 individuals from another eight South Asian (Pakistani) populations from the same panel. These consortia, as well as several geographically more restricted projects, aim to understand the functional aspects of both common and unique variants in humans. Pashtuns are united by the Pashto language, which is a member of the Indo-Iranian language family, although many also speak Dari (Persian) or Urdu. Pritchard JK, Stephens M, Donnelly P. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. 2013;92:52–66. Veeramah KR, Hammer MF. Gene Sperling, author of the seminal 2004 report published by the Council on Foreign Relations, and Rebecca Winthrop, director of the Center for Universal Education, have written this definitive book on the importance of girls’ education. As previously reported, all populations share a similar demographic history between 1 million to 200kyr ago. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Contributed to final draft: AM ZR TH JB. dbSNP: the NCBI database of genetic variation. 1. Article The diploid genome sequence of an individual human. The United States Census Bureau goes as far as to include six races . About 22.2% of Pakistanis are reported to be obese which is close to European (~24%) and United States populations (~19%) [27-29]. 2009;27(9):847–50. Found inside – Page 3Informed by the author’s decades-long firsthand knowledge of Afghanistan, and superbly shaped by his hallmark gifts as a narrative historian and his singular eye for the evocation of place and culture, The Return of a King is both the ... Nucleic Acids Res. J Pak Med Assoc. London: Lerner Pub; 2008. These include Caucasian/White, Mongoloid/Asian, Negroid/Black and Australoid. 2013;499(7459):471–5. Aziz Z, Sana S, Saeed S, Akram M. Institution based tumor registry from Punjab: five year data based analysis. Frappe analysis of the Europe, Middle East, Central-South Asia, and East Asia groups.png 689 × 483; 100 KB Study design, subject recruitment, and sample preparation: MI YAS JC JB. http://www.forbes.com/2007/02/07/worlds-fattest-countries-forbeslife-cx_ls_0208worldfat.html, http://64.40.115.136.van.ca.siteprotect.com/learning/article/13, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-015-1290-1. A total of 83.3 Gb of sequences were generated and aligned to the human reference genome (without Ns, 2,861,343,702 bp), covering 98.2% of the reference genome at an average 28.5× depth (Additional file 2: Table S1). (Variants (SNVs, Indels and CNVRs) identified in Pathan genome). It seems most of the Pashtuns are in the 18-26% range for their South Indian component with the average being 23% if I recall for the HGDP Pashtuns. Cookies policy. PLoS One. Dec 27, 2018. The Kandahar Pashtuns form their own unique cluster, and while generally quite distant from Iranians, are somewhat close to the lone Bandari-Iranian sample. [5] Other sources give 45-60% [33] because the exact figure remains uncertain in Afghanistan, and are affected by the 1.7 million Afghan refugees that remain in Pakistan , a majority of which are Pashtuns. DNA was then PCR enriched for a total of ten cycles. Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in Pakistani populations. Here we report the first whole-genome sequence and analysis of a Pathan male (Pakistani national). But these debates are rather irrelevant now. 2013;2013:327629. Found insideRon Eyerman explores the formation of African American identity through the cultural trauma of slavery. Google Scholar. The origin of Pashtuns is not is one of the most disputed both among historians and pashtuns themselves. It is probable, that Aryans who migrated to India were similar to modern Pashtuns and Tajiks in terms of genetic makeup. 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